Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kaphethiloli AI 92, 95, 98

Ukwakhiwa kwe-petroli kuhlanganisa izakhi ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali nezinhlanganisela: ama-hydrocarbon alula, isulfure, i-nitrogen, i-lead. Ukuze uthuthukise izinga likaphethiloli, izithasiselo ezihlukahlukene zengezwa kuwo. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukubhala ifomula yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli, ngoba ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuncike kakhulu endaweni yokukhishwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa - uwoyela, endleleni yokukhiqiza kanye nasezithasiselweni.

Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kohlobo olulodwa noma olunye lukaphethiloli akunawo umthelela omkhulu endleleni yokusabela komlilo ovuthayo enjini yemoto.

Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, izinga likaphethiloli lincike kakhulu endaweni yokukhishwa. Isibonelo, amafutha akhiqizwa eRussia abi kakhulu ngekhwalithi kunamafutha avela ePersian Gulf noma e-Azerbaijan efanayo.

Inqubo yokuhluzwa uwoyela ezindaweni ezihluzwayo zaseRussia iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi iyabiza, kuyilapho umkhiqizo wokugcina ungahlangabezani namazinga emvelo e-EU. Yingakho uphethiloli eRussia ubiza kangaka. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga layo, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa konke lokhu kuthinta izindleko.

Amafutha avela e-Azerbaijan nasePersian Gulf aqukethe inani elincane lezinto ezisindayo, futhi, ngokufanele, ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli kuyo ishibhile.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, uphethiloli watholwa ngokulungiswa - ukucwiliswa kwamafutha. Uma sikhuluma nje, yayishisiswe ngokwezinga elithile lokushisa futhi uwoyela wahlukaniswa waba izingxenyana ezihlukahlukene, enye yazo okwakunguphethiloli. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza yayingeyona eyonga kakhulu futhi enobungani bemvelo, ngoba zonke izinto ezisindayo ezivela kuwoyela zangena emkhathini kanye namagesi okukhipha umoya wemoto. Ayequkethe inqwaba yomthofu nopharafini, okwabangela kokubili imvelo nezinjini zezimoto zangaleso sikhathi.

Kamuva, kwatholakala izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza uphethiloli - ukuqhekeka nokulungiswa kabusha.

Kude kakhulu ukuchaza zonke lezi zinqubo zamakhemikhali, kodwa cishe kubukeka kanjena. Ama-hydrocarbon angama-molecule "amade", izakhi zawo eziyinhloko umoya-mpilo nekhabhoni. Lapho uwoyela ushiselwa, amaketanga ala ma-molecule ayaphuka bese kutholakala ama-hydrocarbon alula. Cishe zonke izingxenyana zikawoyela ziyasetshenziswa, futhi azilahlwa, njengasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ngokukhipha uwoyela ngendlela yokuqhekeka, sithola uphethiloli, uphethiloli wedizili, uwoyela wezimoto. Amafutha kawoyela, amafutha egiya e-viscosity aphezulu atholakala kumfucumfucu we-distillation.

Ukuguqula kabusha kuyinqubo ethuthuke kakhulu yokukhishwa kwe-distillation kawoyela, ngenxa yalokho kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola uphethiloli ngenombolo ye-octane ephakeme, nokususwa kwazo zonke izakhi ezisindayo emkhiqizweni wokugcina.

Ukuhlanza uphethiloli otholwe ngemva kwazo zonke lezi zinqubo ze-distillation, izinto ezinobuthi obuncane ziqukethwe kumagesi aphumayo. Futhi, cishe akukho ukungcola ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli, okungukuthi, zonke izingxenye zikawoyela zisetshenziselwa injongo yazo.

Ikhwalithi ebalulekile kaphethiloli, okufanele inakwe ngesikhathi sokufaka i-refueling, inombolo ye-octane. Inombolo ye-octane inquma ukumelana nophethiloli ekuqhumeni. Uphethiloli uqukethe izakhi ezimbili - isooctane ne-heptane. Eyokuqala iqhuma ngokwedlulele, kanti okwesibili, ikhono lokuqhunyiswa liziro, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kunjalo. Inombolo ye-octane ivele ikhombise isilinganiso se-heptane ne-isooctane. Kulandela ukuthi uphethiloli onesilinganiso esiphezulu se-octane umelana kakhulu ne-detonation, okungukuthi, uzoqhuma kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezenzeka ku-cylinder block.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kaphethiloli AI 92, 95, 98

Isilinganiso se-octane singanyuswa ngosizo lwezithako ezikhethekile eziqukethe izakhi ezifana nomthofu. Nokho, umthofu uyikhemikhali engenabungane ngokwedlulele, hhayi eyemvelo noma enjinini. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo eziningi okwamanje akuvunyelwe. Ungakwazi futhi ukwandisa inombolo ye-octane ngosizo lwenye i-hydrocarbon - utshwala.

Isibonelo, uma ungeza ikhulu lamagremu otshwala obumsulwa ilitha le-A-92, ungathola i-A-95. Kodwa uphethiloli onjalo uzobiza kakhulu.

Okubaluleke kakhulu yiqiniso elinjengokuguquguquka kwezinye izingxenye zikaphethiloli. Isibonelo, ukuthola i-A-95, i-propane noma i-butane gases yengezwa ku-A-92, eshintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-GOST idinga uphethiloli ukuze igcine izakhiwo zayo iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa lokhu akwenziwa njalo. Ungakwazi ukufaka uphethiloli ku-A-95, okuvele kube yi-A-92.