ingilazi yehora yamakhemikhali
Ukusabela kwehora kuwushintsho olumphumela (isibonelo, ukushintsha kombala) ungaveli ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ngemva kokuxuba ama-reagents. Kukhona futhi ukusabela okukuvumela ukuthi ubone umphumela izikhathi ezimbalwa. Ngokufanisa "newashi lamakhemikhali" bangabizwa ngokuthi "i-hourglass yamakhemikhali". Ama-reagents kwesinye sezivivinyo akunzima ukuwathola.
Ukuze sihlole sizosebenzisa i-magnesium oxide, i-MgO, i-3-4% ye-hydrochloric acid, i-HClaq (i-asidi egxilile, ehlanjululwe ngamanzi 1: 9) noma uviniga wokudla (isixazululo esingu-6-10% se-acetic acid CH3COOH). Uma singenayo i-magnesium oxide, izidakamizwa zokulwa ne-acidity kanye nesilungulela zizoyithatha ngokuphumelelayo - enye yezithako i-magnesium hydroxide (i-MgO iphenduka le nhlanganisela ngaphansi kwezimo zokusabela).
Unomthwalo wemfanelo wokushintsha umbala ngesikhathi sokusabela i-bromthymol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - inkomba iphenduka ibe phuzi kwisixazululo esine-acidic futhi icishe ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ngengilazi engu-100 cm3 uthele amathisipuni angu-1-2 we-magnesium oxide (isithombe 1) noma uthele cishe ngo-10 cm3 ukulungiswa okuqukethe i-magnesium hydroxide. Bese wengeza 20-30 cm.3 amanzi (isithombe 2) bese wengeza amaconsi ambalwa esikhombisi (isithombe 3). Hlanganisa okuqukethwe engilazini enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (isithombe 4) bese uthela ama-cm ambalwa3 isixazululo se-asidi (isithombe 5). Ingxube engilazini iba phuzi (isithombe 6), kodwa ngemva kwesikhashana liphenduka libe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi (isithombe 7). Ukwengeza enye ingxenye yesisombululo se-asidi, siphinde sibheke ukushintsha kombala (isithombe 8 no-9). Umjikelezo ungaphinda izikhathi eziningana.
Ukusabela okulandelayo kwenzeke ebhekileni:
1. I-Magnesium oxide ihlangana namanzi ukuze yakhe i-hydroxide yale nsimbi:
MgO + N2O → Mg(OH)2
Inhlanganisela ewumphumela ayincibiliki kahle emanzini (cishe i-0,01 g nge-dm eyi-13), kodwa kuyisisekelo esiqinile futhi ukuhlushwa kwe-ion hydroxide kwanele ukufaka umbala wenkomba.
2. Ukusabela kwe-magnesium hydroxide ngokungezwa kwe-hydrochloric acid:
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2 amahora2O
kuholela ekunciphiseni kwawo wonke ama-Mg (OH) ancibilike emanzini2. I-HCl eyeqileaq ishintsha imvelo ibe yi-acidic, esingayibona ngokushintsha umbala wenkomba ubephuzi.
3. Enye ingxenye ye-magnesium oxide ihlangana namanzi (isibalo 1.futhi inciphisa i-asidi eningi (isibalo 2.). Isixazululo siba yi-alkaline futhi inkomba iphenduka ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umjikelezo uyaphindwa.
Ukuguqulwa kokuhlangenwe nakho ukushintsha inkomba esetshenzisiwe, okuholela emiphumeleni ehlukene yombala. Emzamweni wesibili, esikhundleni se-bromthymol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, sizosebenzisa i-phenolphthalein (engenambala kwisisombululo se-asidi, okusajingijolo kwisisombululo se-alkali). Silungiselela ukumiswa kwe-magnesium oxide emanzini (okuthiwa ubisi lwe-magnesia), njengasekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini. Engeza amaconsi ambalwa esixazululo se-phenolphthalein (isithombe 10) bese ugoqa okuqukethwe engilazini. Ngemva kokwengeza ezimbalwa3 i-hydrochloric acid (isithombe 11) ingxube iba ingenambala (isithombe 12). Ngokugqugquzela okuqukethwe ngaso sonke isikhathi, umuntu angabona ngokunye: ukushintsha kombala ku-pink, futhi ngemva kokwengeza ingxenye ye-asidi, ukuguquguquka kokuqukethwe komkhumbi (isithombe 13, 14, 15).
Ukusabela kuqhubeka ngendlela efanayo nasemzamweni wokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenzisa inkomba ehlukile kubangela imiphumela ehlukene yombala. Cishe noma iyiphi inkomba ye-pH ingasetshenziswa ekuhloleni.
I-Chemical Hourglass Ingxenye I:
I-Chemical Hourglass Ingxenye I
I-Chemical Hourglass Ingxenye II:
I-Chemical Hourglass Ingxenye XNUMX
