Ukugebenga imvelo

Imvelo ngokwayo ingasifundisa indlela yokugebenga imvelo, njengezinyosi, uMark Mescher kanye no-Consuelo De Moraes we-ETH Zurich abaphawule ukuthi bayakwazi ukugwinya amaqabunga ukuze “bakhuthaze” izitshalo ukuthi ziqhakaze.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imizamo yokuphindaphinda lezi zinambuzane sisebenzisa izindlela zethu ayizange iphumelele, futhi ososayensi manje bayazibuza ukuthi imfihlo yokulimala kweqabunga ephumelelayo yalezi zinambuzane isephethini eyingqayizivele eziyisebenzisayo, noma mhlawumbe ekwethulweni kwezinye izinto yizinyosi. . Kwabanye izinkambu ze-biohacking nokho, senza kangcono.

Ngokwesibonelo, onjiniyela muva nje bathole ukuthi kanjani guqula isipinashi sibe izinhlelo zezinzwa zemvelookungakuqaphelisa ngokuba khona kweziqhumane. Ngo-2016, unjiniyela wamakhemikhali uMing Hao Wong nethimba lakhe e-MIT bafaka ama-carbon nanotubes emaqabunga esipinashi. Imikhondo yeziqhumaneisitshalo esimunca emoyeni noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, senza ama-nanotubes khipha isignali ye-fluorescent. Ukuze uthwebule isignali enjalo esitshalweni, ikhamera encane ye-infrared ikhonjwe eshidini futhi yanamathiselwa ku-chip ye-Raspberry Pi. Lapho ikhamera ithola isignali, iqalise isexwayiso se-imeyili. Ngemva kokuthuthukisa ama-nanosensors esipinashi, u-Wong waqala ukwenza ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo ukuze uthole izexwayiso zesomiso noma izinambuzane.

isenzakalo se-bioluminescence, isibonelo. kuma-squid, i-jellyfish nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Umklami waseFrance uSandra Rey wethula i-bioluminescence njengendlela engokwemvelo yokukhanyisa, okungukuthi, ukwakhiwa kwezibani "eziphilayo" ezikhipha ukukhanya ngaphandle kukagesi (2). URay ungumsunguli kanye ne-CEO ye-Glowee, inkampani yokukhanyisa i-bioluminescent. Ubikezela ukuthi ngelinye ilanga bangashintsha izibani zasemgwaqweni ezisebenza ngogesi.

2. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukukhanya kweGlowee

Ukukhiqiza ukukhanya, ochwepheshe be-Glowee baqasha i-bioluminescence gene atholakala ku-cuttlefish yaseHawaii angena kubhaktheriya i-E. coli, bese ekhulisa amagciwane. Ngokuhlela i-DNA, onjiniyela bangakwazi ukulawula umbala wokukhanya, lapho sicisha futhi sikhanya, nezinye izinguquko eziningi. Lawa magciwane ngokusobala adinga ukunakekelwa nokondliwa ukuze aqhubeke ephila futhi ekhanya, ngakho inkampani isebenzela ukugcina izibani zikhanya isikhathi eside. Okwamanje, uRay uthi ku-Wired, banesistimu eyodwa ehlala izinsuku eziyisithupha. Ukuphila okulinganiselwe kwamanje kwezibani kusho ukuthi afaneleka kakhulu imicimbi noma amafestivali okwamanje.

Izilwane ezifuywayo ezinezikhwama zikagesi

Ungakwazi ukubuka izinambuzane futhi uzame ukuzilingisa. Ungazama futhi "ukugenca" futhi uyisebenzise njenge... ama-drones amancane. Izinyosi zihlonyiswe “ngojosaka” wezinzwa, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa abalimi ukuqapha amasimu abo (3). Inkinga ngama-microdrones amandla. Ayikho inkinga enjalo ngezinambuzane. Zindiza ngokungakhathali. Onjiniyela balayishe “umthwalo” wabo ngezinzwa, inkumbulo yokugcina idatha, izamukeli zokulandelela indawo kanye namabhethri ukuze anike amandla ugesi (okungukuthi, umthamo omncane kakhulu) - konke kunesisindo esingamamiligremu angu-102. Njengoba izinambuzane zenza umsebenzi wazo wansuku zonke, izinzwa zikala izinga lokushisa nomswakama futhi indawo yazo ilandelelwa kusetshenziswa isignali yomsakazo. Ngemva kokubuyela esidlekeni, idatha iyalandwa futhi ibhethri ishajwa ngokungenantambo. Ithimba lososayensi libiza ubuchwepheshe babo i-Living IoT.

3. I-IoT ephilayo, okuyi-bumblebee enohlelo lwe-elekthronikhi emhlane wayo

Isazi sezilwane uMax Planck Institute of Ornithology. UMartin Wikelski yanquma ukuhlola inkolelo ethandwayo yokuthi izilwane zinekhono elingokwemvelo lokuzwa izinhlekelele ezizayo. U-Wikelski uhola iphrojekthi yenzwa yezilwane yamazwe ngamazwe i-ICARUS. Umbhali wokuklama nocwaningo uthole udumo lapho enamathisela Izibani ze-GPS izilwane (4), ezinkulu nezincane, ukuze zifunde umthelela wezigigaba ekuziphatheni kwazo. Ososayensi baye babonisa, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi ukwanda kokuba khona konogolantethe abamhlophe kungabonisa ukuqubuka kwesikhonyane, futhi indawo nokushisa komzimba wamadada e-mallard kungabonisa ukusabalala komkhuhlane wezinyoni phakathi kwabantu.

4. UMartin Wikelski kanye nonogolantethe

Manje u-Wikelski usebenzisa izimbuzi ukuze athole ukuthi kukhona okuthile emibonweni yasendulo izilwane "ezaziyo" mayelana nokuzamazama komhlaba okuzayo nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kwe-Norcia e-Italy ngo-2016, u-Wikelski wahlanganisa imfuyo eduze nendawo eqala ukuqubuka ukuze abone ukuthi yayiziphatha ngendlela ehlukile yini ngaphambi kokundindizela. Ikhola ngayinye yayiqukethe kokubili Idivayisi yokulandelela i-GPS, njenge-accelerometer.

Kamuva wachaza ukuthi ngalokhu kuqapha okungu-2/18, umuntu angabona ukuziphatha “okuvamile” bese ebheka okungavamile. U-Wikelski nethimba lakhe baphawula ukuthi izilwane zandisa isivinini sazo emahoreni angaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba. Wabona “izikhathi zokuxwayisa” ezisukela emahoreni ama-XNUMX kuye kwayi-XNUMX, kuye ngebanga elisuka kule nhlekelele. U-Wikelski ufaka ilungelo lobunikazi lohlelo lokuxwayisa ngenhlekelele olususelwe ekuziphatheni okuhlangene kwezilwane okuhlobene nesisekelo.

Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis

Umhlaba uphila ngoba utshala kuwo wonke umhlaba ikhipha umoya-mpilo njenge-byproduct ye-photosynthesisfuthi ezinye zazo ziba ukudla okwengeziwe okunomsoco. Nokho, i-photosynthesis ayiphelele, naphezu kwezigidi eziningi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abaphenyi baseNyuvesi yase-Illinois sebeqalile ukusebenza ukuze basuse amaphutha ku-photosynthesis, abakholelwa ukuthi kungandisa isivuno sezitshalo ngamaphesenti angama-40.

Bagxila kukho inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-photorespirationokungeyona ingxenye enkulu ye-photosynthesis njengomphumela wayo. Njengezinqubo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, i-photosynthesis ayisebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Phakathi ne-photosynthesis, izitshalo zithatha amanzi nesikhutha futhi ziziguqule zibe ushukela (ukudla) nomoya-mpilo. Izitshalo aziwudingi umoya-mpilo, ngakho uyasuswa.

Abacwaningi bahlukanise i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Lesi sakhiwo samaprotheni sibopha i-molecule ye-carbon dioxide ku-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBisCO). Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, umkhathi womhlaba uye waba nomoya-mpilo, okusho ukuthi i-RuBisCO kufanele ibhekane nama-molecule e-oksijini amaningi ahlanganiswe ne-carbon dioxide. Esimweni esisodwa kwezine, i-RuBisCO ithatha ngephutha i-molecule ye-oxygen futhi lokhu kuthinta ukusebenza.

Ngenxa yokungapheleli kule nqubo, izitshalo zishiywa nemikhiqizo enobuthi njenge-glycolate ne-ammonia. Ukucubungula lezi zinhlanganisela (nge-photorespiration) kudinga amandla, anezela ekulahlekelweni okubangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-photosynthesis. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi irayisi, ukolweni kanye nesoya kube nokushoda, futhi i-RuBisCO iba nenembile kancane njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka, ababhali bocwaningo bayaphawula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi njengoba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kwanda, ukudla kungase kwehle.

Lesi sixazululo siyingxenye yohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi (RIPE) futhi lubandakanya ukwethulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezintsha ezenza i-photorespiration isheshe futhi isebenzise amandla kakhudlwana. Ithimba lenze ezinye izindlela ezintathu lisebenzisa ukulandelana kofuzo okusha. Lezi zindlela zenzelwe izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukene eziyi-1700. Iminyaka emibili, ososayensi bahlola lokhu kulandelana besebenzisa ugwayi oshintshiwe. Kuyisitshalo esivamile kwezesayensi ngoba i-genome yaso ifundwe kahle kakhulu. Okuningi izindlela ezisebenzayo ze-photorespiration vumela izitshalo ukuthi zilondoloze amanani abalulekile wamandla, angasetshenziselwa ukukhula kwawo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukwethula izakhi zofuzo ezitshalweni zokudla ezifana nobhontshisi wesoya, ubhontshisi, irayisi notamatisi.

Amaseli egazi okwenziwa kanye neziqeshana zofuzo

Ukugebenga imvelo lokhu kuholela ekugcineni kumuntu ngokwakhe. Ngonyaka odlule, ososayensi baseJapane babike ukuthi baye basungula igazi lokwenziwa elingasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isiguli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwegazi, elinezinhlelo eziningana zomhlaba wangempela ekwelapheni ukuhlukumezeka. Muva nje, ososayensi benze intuthuko enkulu nakakhulu ngokwenza amangqamuzana egazi abomvu okwenziwa (5). Lezi amangqamuzana egazi okwenziwa abagcini nje ngokubonisa izici ze-analogue yabo yemvelo, kodwa futhi banamakhono anwetshiwe. Ithimba elivela eNyuvesi yaseNew Mexico, iSandia National Laboratories kanye neSouth China Polytechnic University lenze amangqamuzana egazi abomvu angakwazi nje ukusebenza njengabathwali bomoya-mpilo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, kodwa futhi alethe izidakamizwa, ukuzwa ubuthi futhi enze eminye imisebenzi. .

5. Amangqamuzana egazi okwenziwa

Inqubo yokudala amangqamuzana egazi okwenziwa kwaqalwa ngamangqamuzana emvelo aqale ambozwa ungqimba oluncane lwe-silica futhi kamuva anezingqimba zama-polymers amahle namabi. I-silica ibe isiqoshwa futhi ekugcineni ingaphezulu limbozwe ngolwelwesi lwemvelo lwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu okwenziwa anosayizi ofanayo, ukwakheka, ukushaja, namaprotheni angaphezulu njengento yangempela.

Abacwaningi baphinde babonisa ukuguquguquka kwamangqamuzana egazi asanda kwakhiwa ngokuwaphusha ngokusebenzisa ama-slits amancane kuma-capillaries angamamodeli. Ekugcineni, lapho ihlolwa kumagundane, ayikho imiphumela emibi enobuthi etholakele ngisho nangemva kwamahora angu-48 wokujikeleza. Ukuhlola kulayishe lawa maseli nge-hemoglobin, izidakamizwa zokulwa nomdlavuza, izinzwa ezinobuthi noma ama-nanoparticles azibuthe ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi angathwala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindleko. Amaseli okwenziwa nawo angasebenza njengesiyengo samagciwane.

Ukugebenga imvelo lokhu ekugcineni kuholela embonweni wokulungiswa kofuzo, ukulungisa kanye nobunjiniyela babantu, kanye nokuvula izixhumanisi zobuchopho ukuxhumana okuqondile nobuchopho.

Njengamanje kuningi ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka mayelana nethemba lokuguqulwa kofuzo lomuntu. Izimpikiswano ezivunayo nazo zinamandla, isibonelo ukuthi amasu okukhohlisa izakhi zofuzo angasiza ekuqedeni izifo. Bangakwazi ukuqeda izinhlobo eziningi zobuhlungu nokukhathazeka. Bangakwazi ukukhulisa ukuhlakanipha kwabantu nokuphila isikhathi eside. Abanye abantu bahamba baze bathi bangashintsha isikali senjabulo yomuntu kanye nokukhiqiza ngemiyalo eminingi yobukhulu.

Ubunjiniyela Bezofuzouma imiphumela yayo elindelekile ithathwa ngokungathí sina, ingabonakala njengesenzakalo esingokomlando esilingana nokuqhuma kweCambrian, okwashintsha ijubane lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lapho abantu abaningi becabanga ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bacabanga ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo ngokukhethwa kwemvelo, kodwa kuvela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zakho zingacatshangwa.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-XNUMXs, abantu sebeqale ukuguqula i-DNA yezitshalo nezilwane (bona futhi: ), Indalo ukudla okushintshwe izakhinjll. Njengamanje, izingane eziyingxenye yesigidi zizalwa minyaka yonke nge-IVF. Ngokukhula, lezi zinqubo zibandakanya nokulandelanisa imibungu ukuze ihlole izifo kanye nokuhlonza umbungu osebenza kakhulu (uhlobo lobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, nakuba ngaphandle koshintsho lwangempela olusebenzayo ku-genome).

Ngokufika kwe-CRISPR kanye nobuchwepheshe obufanayo (6), sibone ukuqhuma kocwaningo ekwenzeni izinguquko zangempela ku-DNA. Ngo-2018, u-He Jiankui wadala izingane zokuqala zase-China ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo, aboshwa ngazo. Lolu daba okwamanje luyinkulumo-mpikiswano eshubile yokuziphatha. Ngo-2017, i-US National Academy of Sciences kanye ne-National Academy of Medicine yagunyaza umqondo wokuhlelwa kofuzo lomuntu, kodwa kuphela “ngemuva kokuba izinkinga zokuphepha nokusebenza seziphenduliwe” futhi “kuphela ezimeni zesifo esibi futhi ngaphansi kokuqondisa okuqinile.”

Impikiswano ibangelwa umbono “wezingane eziklama izinto,” okungukuthi, ukuklama abantu ngokukhetha izici umntwana ozozalwa okufanele abe nazo. Lokhu akuthandeki ngoba kunenkolelo yokuthi abantu abacebile nabanelungelo kuphela abazokwazi ukuthola izindlela ezinjalo. Ngisho noma ukuklama okunjalo kungenakwenzeka isikhathi eside, kuyoba njalo ukuguqulwa kofuzo mayelana nokususwa kofuzo ngokukhubazeka nezifo akuhlolisiswa ngokucacile. Futhi, njengoba abaningi besaba, lokhu kuzotholakala kuphela kwabambalwa abakhethiwe.

Kodwa-ke, akulula njengezinkinobho zokusika bese ushintsha njengoba kucatshangwa yilabo abazi i-CRISPR ikakhulukazi emifanekisweni yabezindaba. Izici eziningi zobuntu nokungenwa kalula yizifo azilawulwa isakhi sofuzo esisodwa noma ezimbili. Izifo zihlukahlukene, kusukela ukuba khona kofuzo olulodwa, ukudala izimo zezinkulungwane eziningi zokwehluka kobungozi, okwandayo noma okunciphayo ukuba sengozini kwezinto zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, nakuba izifo eziningi, njengokucindezeleka nesifo sikashukela, ziyi-polygenic, ukumane ukhiphe izakhi zofuzo ngokuvamile kuyasiza. Ngokwesibonelo, uVerve wenza izindlela zokwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo ezinciphisa ukwanda kwesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, esinye sezimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa emhlabeni wonke. izinhlelo ezincane ze-genome.

Ukuze uthole imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi omunye wabo isisekelo se-polygenic sezifo, ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa muva nje sekuyindlela yokupheka. Yakha ezinkampanini ezifana naleyo eyaqala ukunikeza abazali ukuhlolwa kwengozi ye-polygenic. Ukwengeza, amasethi edatha ye-genomic alandelanayo aba makhulu futhi abakhudlwana (amanye anama-genomes alandelanayo angaphezu kwesigidi), okuzothuthukisa ukunemba kwamamodeli okufunda omshini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Inethiwekhi yobuchopho

Encwadini yakhe, uMiguel Nicolelis, omunye wabasunguli balokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi "ukukhwabanisa kwengqondo," okubizwa ngokuthi ukuxhumana ngekusasa lesintu, isigaba esilandelayo sokuvela kwezinhlobo zethu zezilwane. Wenza izifundo lapho axhuma khona ubuchopho bamagundane amaningana esebenzisa ama-electrode ayinkimbinkimbi afakwe aziwa ngokuthi yi-brain-brain interfaces.

U-Nicolelis nozakwabo bachaze impumelelo “njengekhompuyutha ephilayo” yokuqala enobuchopho obuphilayo obuhlanganiswe ndawonye njengokungathi bangama-microprocessor amaningi. Izilwane kule nethiwekhi ziye zafunda ukuvumelanisa ukusebenza kukagesi kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa azo ngendlela efanayo nanoma ibuphi ubuchopho bomuntu ngamunye. Ubuchopho benethiwekhi buhlolelwe izinto ezifana nekhono labo lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaphethini amabili ahlukene wezisusa zikagesi, futhi ngokuvamile zidlula izilwane ngazinye. Uma ubuchopho obuxhumene bamagundane "buhlakaniphe" kunanoma yisiphi isilwane esisodwa, cabanga ngamakhono ekhompuyutha enkulu yezinto eziphilayo exhunywe ubuchopho bomuntu. Inethiwekhi enjalo ingavumela abantu ukuthi basebenze benqamula imingcele yolimi. Ukwengeza, uma imiphumela yocwaningo lwamagundane ilungile, ukuxhumana nobuchopho bomuntu kungathuthukisa ukusebenza, noma kubonakala sengathi.

Muva nje, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa, okuphinde kwashiwo emakhasini e-MT, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi wobuchopho wenethiwekhi encane yabantu. Abantu abathathu abahlezi emakamelweni ahlukene basebenze ndawonye ukuze baqondise kahle ibhulokhi ukuze ivale igebe phakathi kwamanye amabhulokhi kugeyimu yevidiyo efana ne-Tetris. Abantu ababili abenze “njengabathumeli,” abagqoke ama-electroencephalographs (EEGs) emakhanda abo aqopha ukusebenza kukagesi ebuchosheni babo, babona i-slot futhi bazi ukuthi bazungezisa ibhulokhi ukuze ilingane. Umuntu wesithathu, osebenza "njengomamukeli", akazange asazi isixazululo esifanele futhi kwadingeka athembele emiyalweni ethunyelwe ngokuqondile esuka ebuchosheni babathumeli. Isamba samaqembu amahlanu abantu ahlolwe kusetshenziswa le nethiwekhi, ebizwa ngokuthi “BrainNet” (7), futhi ngokwesilinganiso bathole ukunemba okungaphezu kuka-80% kulo msebenzi.

7. Isithombe esivela ocwaningweni lwe-BrainNet

Ukuze benze umsebenzi ube nzima, abacwaningi ngezinye izikhathi babengeza umsindo esignali ethunyelwe omunye wabathumeli. Lapho bebhekene nemiyalelo engqubuzanayo noma engaqondakali, abamukeli basheshe bafunda ukukhomba nokulandela iziqondiso ezinembe kakhudlwana zomthumeli. Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lona umbiko wokuqala wokuthi ubuchopho babantu abaningi bufakwe izintambo ngendlela engahlanyisi ngokuphelele. Baphikisa ngokuthi inani labantu ubuchopho babo bungaxhunywa kunethiwekhi cishe alinamkhawulo. Baphinde baphakamise ukuthi ukudluliswa kolwazi kusetshenziswa izindlela ezingahlanyisi kungase kuthuthukiswe ngokuthwebula ngesikhathi esisodwa komsebenzi wobuchopho kusetshenziswa (i-fMRI), njengoba lokhu kungase kukhulise inani lolwazi olungadluliswa umsakazi. Kodwa-ke, i-fMRI akuyona inqubo elula futhi izoba nzima umsebenzi osuvele unzima kakhulu. Abacwaningi baphinde baphakamise ukuthi isignali ingase iqondiswe ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho ukuze kuqaliswe ukuqwashisa ngokuqukethwe kwe-semantic ethile ebuchosheni bomamukeli.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuluzi ashintsha ngokushesha ukuze axhumeke ebuchosheni ngokuhlaselayo futhi mhlawumbe ngempumelelo kakhulu. U-Elon Musk muva nje umemezele ukuthuthukiswa kokufakelwa kwe-BCI okuqukethe ama-electrode angu-XNUMX ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuxhumana okubanzi phakathi kwamakhompyutha namaseli ezinzwa zobuchopho. (I-DARPA) isungule isixhumi esibonakalayo se-neural esifakelwayo esingahlanganisa ngesikhathi esisodwa amaseli ezinzwa ayisigidi. Nakuba la mamojula e-BCI ayengaklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukusebenzisana ubuchopho-ubuchophoakunzima ukucabanga ukuthi zingasetshenziselwa izinhloso ezinjalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kukhona okunye ukuqonda “kwe-biohacking”, okuyimfashini ikakhulukazi eSilicon Valley futhi kuqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinqubo zezempilo ezinezizathu zesayensi ezingabazekayo ngezinye izikhathi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukudla okuhlukahlukene kanye namasu okuzivocavoca, kanye ... ukumpontshelwa igazi elincane, kanye nokufakwa kwama-chips angaphansi kwesikhumba. Kulokhu, abacebile bacabanga ngento efana "nokukhwabanisa kokufa" noma ukuguga. Abukho ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda okwamanje bokuthi izindlela abazisebenzisayo zingandisa kakhulu ukuphila, ingasaphathwa eyokungafi abanye abaphupha ngakho.