Umkhathizwe wangaphambili - nangale ...

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele zisisize sinqobe umdlavuza, sibikezele ngokunembile isimo sezulu, futhi sibe nobuciko bokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunokwesaba ukuthi zizobangela ukubhujiswa komhlaba wonke noma zigqilaze isintu. Okwamanje, nokho, izilo zezibalo azikakwazi ukwenza okuhle okukhulu kanye nobubi bendawo yonke ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ngama-60s, amakhompyutha asebenza kahle kakhulu ayenamandla ama-megaflops (izigidi zemisebenzi yamaphuzu antantayo ngomzuzwana). Ikhompyutha yokuqala enamandla okucubungula ephakeme I-1 GFLOPS (gigaflops) kwaba I-Cray 2, ekhiqizwe yiCray Research ngo-1985. Imodeli yokuqala enamandla okucubungula ngaphezu kwe-1 TFLOPS (teraflops) kwaba I-ASCI Ebomvu, eyakhiwe yi-Intel ngo-1997. Amandla angu-1 PFLOPS (ama-petaflops) afinyelelwe Ohamba ngomgwaqo, ekhishwe ngabakwa-IBM ngo-2008.

Irekhodi lamandla ekhompuyutha lamanje lingele-Chinese Sunway TaihuLight futhi lingu-9 PFLOPS.

Nakuba, njengoba ubona, imishini enamandla kakhulu ayikafinyeleli emakhulwini ama-petaflops, ngokuqhubekayo amasistimu we-exascalelapho kumele kucatshangelwe khona amandla i-exaflopsach (EFLOPS), i.e. cishe imisebenzi engaphezu kwe-1018 ngomzuzwana. Kodwa-ke, imiklamo enjalo isesesigabeni samaphrojekthi wamazinga ahlukahlukene obunzima.

UKUNCIPHISWA (, imisebenzi yephoyinti elintantayo ngomzuzwana) iyunithi yamandla ekhompuyutha asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezinhlelweni zesayensi. Iguquguquka kakhulu kunebhulokhi ye-MIPS esetshenziswe ngaphambilini, okusho inani lemiyalo yephrosesa ngomzuzwana. I-flop akuyona i-SI, kodwa ingahunyushwa njengeyunithi ye-1/s.

Udinga i-exascale yomdlavuza

I-exaflops, noma i-petaflops eyinkulungwane, ingaphezu kwawo wonke amakhompyutha amakhulu ayi-XNUMX ehlangene. Ososayensi banethemba lokuthi isizukulwane esisha semishini enamandla anjalo sizoletha impumelelo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.

Amandla ekhompiyutha e-Exascale ahlanganiswe nobuchwepheshe bokufunda bemishini obuthuthuka ngokushesha kufanele asize, isibonelo, ekugcineni. qhekeza ikhodi yomdlavuza. Inani lemininingwane odokotela okufanele babe nalo ukuze baxilongwe futhi belaphe umdlavuza likhulu kangangokuthi kuba nzima kumakhompyutha avamile ukubhekana nomsebenzi. Ocwaningweni olujwayelekile lwe-tumor biopsy, kuthathwa izilinganiso ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-8, lapho odokotela behlaziya ukuziphatha kwesimila, impendulo yaso ekwelashweni kwemithi, kanye nomthelela emzimbeni wesiguli. Lolu ulwandle lwangempela lwedatha.

kusho uRick Stevens we-US Department of Energy (DOE) Argonne Laboratory. -

Ukuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwezokwelapha namandla e-computing, ososayensi basebenzela I-CANDLE neural network system (). Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubikezele futhi uthuthukise uhlelo lokwelapha oluhambisana nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye zesiguli ngasinye. Lokhu kuzosiza ososayensi baqonde isisekelo samangqamuzana sokusebenzisana okubalulekile kwamaprotheni, bathuthukise amamodeli okusabela ezidakamizwa abikezelayo, futhi baphakamise amasu okwelapha alungile. U-Argonne ukholelwa ukuthi amasistimu e-exascale azokwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-CANDLE izikhathi ezingu-50 kuya kweziyi-100 ngokushesha kunemishini emikhulu enamandla kakhulu eyaziwa namuhla.

Ngakho-ke, sibheke ngabomvu ukubonakala kwama-exascale supercomputer. Nokho, izinguqulo zokuqala ngeke zivele e-US. Vele, i-US isemjahweni wokuwadala, kanye nohulumeni wasekhaya kuphrojekthi eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Aurora ibambisana ne-AMD, IBM, Intel ne-Nvidia, ilwela ukudlula izimbangi zakwamanye amazwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulindelekile ukuthi kwenzeke ngaphambi kuka-2021. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngoJanuwari 2017, ochwepheshe baseShayina bamemezele ukwakhiwa kwe-exascale prototype. Imodeli esebenza ngokugcwele yalolu hlobo lweyunithi yokubala − I-Tianhe-3 - noma kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi izobe isilungile eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.

AmaShayina abambe aqine

Iqiniso liwukuthi kusukela ngo-2013, intuthuko yaseShayina iphezulu ohlwini lwamakhompyutha anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Wabusa iminyaka I-Tianhe-2futhi manje intende seyabaluliwe Sunway TaihuLight. Kukholakala ukuthi le mishini emibili enamandla kakhulu eMbusweni Ophakathi inamandla kakhulu kunawo wonke ama-supercomputer angamashumi amabili nanye eMnyangweni Wezamandla wase-US.

Ososayensi baseMelika, vele, bafuna ukubuyisa isikhundla esiphambili ababesibambe eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, futhi basebenzela uhlelo oluzobavumela ukuthi benze lokhu. Yakhiwa e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory eTennessee. Ingqungquthela (2), ikhompyutha enkulu ehlelelwe ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kulo nyaka. Idlula amandla e-Sunway TaihuLight. Izosetshenziselwa ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha ezinamandla nezilula, ukulingisa ingaphakathi Lomhlaba kusetshenziswa amagagasi e-acoustic, kanye nokweseka amaphrojekthi we-astrophysics aphenya umsuka wendawo yonke.

2. Uhlelo lwendawo lwekhompuyutha enkulu ye-Summit

E-Argonne National Laboratory eshiwo, ososayensi maduzane bahlela ukwakha idivayisi eshesha nakakhulu. Waziwa ngo A21Ukusebenza kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele kuma-petaflops angama-200.

I-Japan nayo ibambe iqhaza emjahweni wama-supercomputer. Yize ike yagubuzelwa muva nje umbango we-US-China, yileli zwe elihlela ukwethula. Isistimu ye-ABC (), enikeza ama-petaflops angu-130 amandla. AmaJapane athemba ukuthi i-supercomputer enjalo ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa i-AI (ubuhlakani bokufakelwa) noma ukufunda okujulile.

Khonamanjalo, iPhalamende LaseYurophu lisanda kuthatha isinqumo sokwakha i-EU supercomputer yezigidigidi zama-euro. Lesi silo sekhompyutha sizoqala umsebenzi waso ezikhungweni zocwaningo zezwekazi lethu ekuqaleni konyaka wezi-2022 nangowezi-2023. Umshini uzokwakhiwa ngaphakathi Iphrojekthi ye-EuroGPKfuthi ukwakhiwa kwayo kuzoxhaswa ngezimali Amazwe Angamalungu - ngakho iPoland izophinde ibambe iqhaza kulo msebenzi. Amandla ayo abikezelwe ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "i-pre-exascale".

Kuze kube manje, ngokwezinga le-2017, kuma-supercomputers asheshayo angamakhulu amahlanu emhlabeni, i-China inemishini enjalo engu-202 (40%), kuyilapho iMelika ilawula i-144 (29%).

I-China iphinde isebenzisa u-35% wamandla ekhompyutha emhlabeni uma kuqhathaniswa nama-30% e-US. Amazwe alandelayo anamakhompiyutha amakhulu kakhulu ohlwini yiJapan (35 systems), Germany (20), France (18) kanye ne-UK (15). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwe livelaphi, wonke amakhulu amahlanu ama-supercomputers anamandla asebenzisa izinguqulo ezahlukene ze-Linux ...

Baziklama bona

Ama-Supercomputers aseyithuluzi elibalulekile elisekela izimboni zesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Bavumela abacwaningi nonjiniyela ukuthi benze inqubekela phambili engaguquki (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokugxuma okukhulu phambili) ezindaweni ezifana nebhayoloji, ukubikezela isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu, i-astrophysics, nezikhali zenuzi.

Okunye kuncike emandleni abo. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-supercomputers kungashintsha kakhulu isimo sezomnotho, ezempi kanye ne-geopolitical kulawo mazwe akwazi ukufinyelela lolu hlobo lwengqalasizinda yesimanjemanje.

Inqubekelaphambili kulo mkhakha ishesha kangangokuthi ukuklanywa kwezizukulwane ezintsha zama-microprocessors sekuvele kunzima kakhulu ngisho nasezinsizeni eziningi zabantu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isoftware ethuthukisiwe yamakhompiyutha kanye nama-supercomputers aya ngokuya edlala indima ephambili ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhompiyutha, okuhlanganisa nalawo anesiqalo esithi "super".

3. I-supercomputer yaseJapane

Izinkampani ezenza imithi maduze zizokwazi ukusebenza ngokugcwele ngenxa yamandla amakhulu ekhompyutha ukucubungula inani elikhulu lama-genomes abantu, izilwane nezitshalo ezizosiza ekwakheni imithi emisha kanye nokwelapha izifo ezihlukahlukene.

Esinye isizathu (eqinisweni esisodwa esiyinhloko) kungani ohulumeni betshala imali engaka ekuthuthukisweni kwama-supercomputers. Izimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zizosiza abaholi bezempi bakusasa ukuthi bakhe amasu okulwa acacile kunoma yisiphi isimo sokulwa, zivumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezikhali ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi zisekele abomthetho kanye nezinhlangano zezobunhloli ekuhlonzeni izinsongo ezingase zibe khona kusenesikhathi.

Awekho amandla anele okulingiswa kobuchopho

Amakhompiyutha amakhulu amasha kufanele asize ekuchazeni i-supercomputer yemvelo eyaziwa yithi isikhathi eside - ubuchopho bomuntu.

Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi lisanda kwenza i-algorithm emele isinyathelo esisha esibalulekile ekufanekiseni ukuxhumana kwemizwa yobuchopho. Okusha AKUKHO i-algorithm, echazwe ephepheni elivulekile lokufinyelela elishicilelwe ku-Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, kulindeleke ukuthi ilingise ama-neurons axhumene ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-100 ebuchosheni bomuntu kumakhompyutha amakhulu. Ososayensi abavela esikhungweni socwaningo saseJalimane i-Jülich, i-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, iNyuvesi yase-Aachen, i-Japanese RIKEN Institute kanye ne-KTH Royal Institute of Technology e-Stockholm bahileleke kulo msebenzi.

Kusukela ngo-2014, ukulingiswa kwenethiwekhi enkulu ye-neural bekulokhu kusebenza kuma-supercomputer e-RIKEN kanye ne-JUQUEEN e-Jülich Supercomputing Center eJalimane, kulingisa ukuxhumana okucishe kube ngu-1% wama-neurons ebuchosheni bomuntu. Kungani bebaningi kangaka nje? Ingabe ama-supercomputer angakwazi ukulingisa ubuchopho bonke?

USusanne Kunkel wenkampani yaseSweden i-KTH uyachaza.

Ngesikhathi sokulingisa, amandla esenzo se-neuron (ama-impulses amafushane kagesi) kufanele athunyelwe cishe kubo bonke abantu abayi-100. amakhompyutha amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-node, ngalinye lifakwe inani lamaphrosesa enza izibalo zangempela. I-node ngayinye ihlola ukuthi iyiphi yale mibono ehlobene nama-neurons akhona kule nodi.

4. Ukulinganisa ukuxhumana kobuchopho kwama-neurons, i.e. sisekuqaleni kohambo (1%)

Ngokusobala, inani lememori yekhompyutha elidingwa amaphrosesa kulawa mabhithi engeziwe nge-neuron ngayinye likhuphuka ngosayizi wenethiwekhi ye-neural. Ukudlula ukulingiswa okungu-1% kobuchopho bonke bomuntu (4) kungadinga Inkumbulo ephindwe izikhathi eziyi-XNUMX kunalokhu okutholakala kuwo wonke amakhompyutha amakhulu namuhla. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhulume ngokuthola ukulingiswa kobuchopho bonke kuphela kumongo wamakhompiyutha amakhulu wesikhathi esizayo. Yilapho i-algorithm yesizukulwane esilandelayo se-NEST kufanele isebenze khona.

TOP-5 supercomputers emhlabeni

1. Sunway TaihuLight - I-supercomputer engu-93 PFLOPS eyethulwe ngo-2016 eWuxi, eChina. Kusukela ngoJuni 2016, iphezulu ohlwini lwe-TOP500 lwamakhompiyutha amakhulu anamandla amakhulu wekhompyutha emhlabeni.

2. Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2) iyi-supercomputer enamandla okwenza ikhompuyutha angu-33,86 PFLOPS eyakhiwe yi-NUDT () e-China. Kusukela ngoJuni 2013

kuze kube nguJuni 2016, bekuyi-supercomputer esheshayo emhlabeni.

3. I-Piz Daint - idizayini eyakhiwe nguCray, efakwe eSwiss National Supercomputing Center (). Isanda kuthuthukiswa - ama-accelerator e-Nvidia Tesla K20X athathelwa indawo amasha, i-Tesla P100, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa amandla ekhompyutha kusuka ku-2017 kuya ku-9,8 PFLOPS ehlobo lika-19,6.

4. Gyokou iyi-supercomputer eyakhiwe i-ExaScaler nePEZY Computing. Itholakala ku-Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) ye-Yokohama Institute of Geosciences; esitezi esifanayo nesifanisi soMhlaba. Amandla: 19,14 PFLOPs.

5. Titan iyi-supercomputer engu-17,59 PFLOPS eyenziwe ngabakwa-Cray Inc. futhi yethulwa ngo-Okthoba 2012 e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory e-United States. Kusukela ngoNovemba 2012 kuya kuJuni 2013, i-Titan ibiyikhompyutha enkulu eshesha kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengamanje isendaweni yesihlanu, kodwa iseyi-supercomputer esheshayo e-US.

Baphinde bancintisane ngokuphakama nge-quantum

I-IBM ikholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, hhayi ama-supercomputers asekelwe kuma-silicon chips endabuko, kodwa azoqala ukusakaza. Imboni isanda kuqala ukuqonda ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum angasetshenziswa kanjani, ngokusho kwabacwaningi bale nkampani. Onjiniyela kulindeleke ukuthi bathole izicelo zokuqala ezinkulu zale mishini eminyakeni emihlanu nje kuphela.

Amakhompyutha e-Quantum asebenzisa iyunithi yekhompyutha ebizwa ngokuthi kubitem. Ama-semiconductors avamile amelela ulwazi ngendlela yokulandelana kuka-1 no-0, kuyilapho i-qubits ibonisa izici ze-quantum futhi ingakwazi ukwenza izibalo kanyekanye njengo-1 no-0. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-qubits amabili angamela ngesikhathi esisodwa ukulandelana kuka-1-0, 1-1, 0-1 . ., 0-0. Amandla e-computing akhula kakhulu ngayo yonke i-qubit, ngakho-ke ngokombono, ikhompyutha ye-quantum enama-qubits angu-50 ingaba namandla okucubungula amaningi kunamakhompiyutha amakhulu anamandla emhlabeni.

I-D-Wave Systems isivele idayisa i-quantum computer, okuthiwa i-2. qubits. Nokho Amakhophi e-D-Wave(5) kungaxoxwa ngakho. Nakuba abanye abacwaningi bewasebenzise kahle, abakaphumeleli kahle kakhulu kumakhompyutha wakudala futhi awusizo kuphela ezigabeni ezithile zezinkinga zokusebenzisa ngokugcwele.

5. Amakhompyutha we-D-Wave quantum

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, i-Google Quantum AI Lab ikhombise iprosesa entsha engu-72-qubit quantum ebizwa ngokuthi. ama-bristle cones (6). Ingase ifinyelele ngokushesha "ukuphakama kwe-quantum" ngokudlula i-supercomputer yakudala, okungenani uma kuziwa ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile. Lapho iphrosesa ye-quantum ibonisa isilinganiso samaphutha esiphansi ngokwanele ekusebenzeni, ingasebenza kahle kune-supercomputer yakudala enomsebenzi we-IT ochazwe kahle.

6. Iphrosesa ye-Bristlecone 72 qubit quantum

Okulandelayo emgqeni kwakuyiprosesa ye-Google, ngoba ngoJanuwari, isibonelo, i-Intel yamemezela uhlelo lwayo lwe-quantum engu-49-qubit, futhi ngaphambili i-IBM yethula inguqulo engu-50-qubit. Intel chip, Yinde, inobuhlakani obusha nangezinye izindlela. Umjikelezo wokuqala ohlanganisiwe "we-neuromorphic" oklanyelwe ukulingisa ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu bufunda futhi buqonde kanjani. "Isebenza ngokugcwele" futhi izotholakala kozakwethu bocwaningo ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka.

Nokho, lokhu kuyisiqalo kuphela, ngoba ukuze ukwazi ukubhekana nezilo ze-silicon, udinga z izigidi zama-qubits. Iqembu lososayensi e-Dutch Technical University eDelft lithemba ukuthi indlela yokufinyelela isikali esinjalo ukusebenzisa i-silicon kumakhompiyutha e-quantum, ngoba amalungu abo athole isisombululo sendlela yokusebenzisa i-silicon ukuze enze iprosesa ye-quantum ehlelekayo.

Ocwaningweni lwabo, olushicilelwe kujenali i-Nature, ithimba lamaDashi lalilawula ukuzungezisa i-electron eyodwa lisebenzisa amandla e-microwave. Ku-silicon, i-electron yayizojikeleza phezulu naphansi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibambe ngokuphumelelayo endaweni. Lapho lokho sekufinyelelwe, ithimba laxhuma ama-electron amabili ndawonye futhi lawahlela ukuthi asebenzise ama-algorithms e-quantum.

Kwakungenzeka ukudala ngesisekelo se-silicon iprosesa ye-quantum ezimbili-bit.

UDkt Tom Watson, omunye wababhali balolu cwaningo, uchazele iBBC. Uma u-Watson nethimba lakhe bekwazi ukuhlanganisa ama-electron engeziwe, kungaholela ekuvukeleni. qubit processorslokhu kuzosisondeza isinyathelo esisodwa kumakhompyutha we-quantum wesikhathi esizayo.

- Noma ngubani owakha ikhompuyutha ye-quantum esebenza ngokugcwele uzobusa umhlaba UManas Mukherjee weNational University of Singapore kanye nomphenyi oyinhloko eNational Center for Quantum Technology muva nje kusho lokhu engxoxweni. Umjaho phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe kanye namalebhu ocwaningo okwamanje ugxile kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubukhulu be-quantum, iphuzu lapho ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ikwazi ukwenza izibalo ngaphezu kwanoma yini amakhompuyutha athuthuke kakhulu esimanje anganikeza.

Izibonelo ezingenhla zezimpumelelo ze-Google, IBM kanye ne-Intel zibonisa ukuthi izinkampani ezisuka e-United States (ngakho-ke izwe) ziphethe kule ndawo. Kodwa-ke, i-Alibaba Cloud yaseChina isanda kwethula inkundla yekhompyutha yamafu engu-11-qubit evumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlole ama-algorithms amasha e-quantum. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-China emkhakheni we-quantum computing blocks nayo ayimbozi amapheya ngomlotha.

Kodwa-ke, imizamo yokudala ama-supercomputer e-quantum ayigcini nje ngokushisekela amathuba amasha, kodwa futhi idala impikiswano.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, ngesikhathi seNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ngezizwe ngeQuantum Technologies eMoscow, u-Alexander Lvovsky (7) waseRussia Quantum Centre, ophinde abe nguprofesa we-physics eNyuvesi yaseCalgary eCanada, uthe amakhompyutha e-quantum. ithuluzi lokubhubhisangaphandle kokudala.

7. UProfesa Alexander Lvovsky

Wayeqonde ukuthini? Okokuqala, ukuphepha kwedijithali. Okwamanje, lonke ulwazi lwedijithali olubucayi olusakazwa nge-inthanethi lubethelwe ukuze kuvikelwe ubumfihlo bamaqembu anentshisekelo. Sesizibonile izimo lapho izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingavimba le datha ngokwephula ukubethela.

Ngokusho kukaLvov, ukubonakala kwekhompiyutha ye-quantum kuzokwenza kube lula kuphela kuma-cybercriminals. Alikho ithuluzi lokubethela elaziwa namuhla elingazivikela emandleni okucubungula ekhompuyutha yangempela ye-quantum.

Amarekhodi ezokwelapha, ulwazi lwezezimali, ngisho nezimfihlo zohulumeni nezinhlangano zempi zizotholakala epanini, okusho ukuthi, njengoba uLvovsky ephawula, ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha bungasongela umhlaba wonke. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukwesaba kwamaRussia akunasisekelo, ngoba ukwakhiwa kwe-quantum supercomputer yangempela kuzovumela. qala i-quantum cryptography, ibhekwa njengengabhubhi.

Enye indlela

Ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha bendabuko kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-quantum, izikhungo ezihlukahlukene zisebenza kwezinye izindlela zokwakha ama-supercomputers esikhathi esizayo.

Isikhungo saseMelika i-DARPA sixhasa ngezimali izikhungo eziyisithupha zezinye izixazululo zokuklama amakhompyutha. I-architecture esetshenziswa emishinini yesimanje ibizwa ngokujwayelekile izakhiwo von NeumannO, kakade useneminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ubudala. Ukwesekwa kwenhlangano yezokuvikela kubacwaningi basenyuvesi kuhlose ukuthuthukisa indlela ehlakaniphile yokuphatha inani elikhulu ledatha kunangaphambili.

Ibhafa kanye nekhompuyutha ehambisanayo Nazi ezinye izibonelo zezindlela ezintsha la maqembu asebenza ngazo. Okunye I-ADA (), okwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza ngokuguqula izingxenye ze-CPU nenkumbulo ngamamojula zibe umhlangano owodwa, kunokubhekana nezinkinga zokuxhunywa kwazo ebhodini lomama.

Ngonyaka odlule, ithimba labacwaningi abavela e-UK naseRussia babonise ngempumelelo ukuthi uhlobo "Magic Dust"ezakhiwa ngazo ukukhanya nodaba - ekugcineni iphakeme "ekusebenzeni" kunamakhompiyutha amakhulu anamandla kakhulu.

Ososayensi abavela emanyuvesi aseBrithani iCambridge, iSouthampton neCardiff kanye neRussian Skolkovo Institute basebenzisa izinhlayiya zequantum ezaziwa ngokuthi kwe-polaritonokungachazwa njengokuthile phakathi kokukhanya nodaba. Lena indlela entsha ngokuphelele yokwenza ikhompuyutha. Ngokusho kososayensi, ingaba isisekelo sohlobo olusha lwekhompiyutha ekwazi ukuxazulula imibuzo engaxazululeki njengamanje - emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, njengesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ezezimali kanye nokuhamba emkhathini. Imiphumela yocwaningo ishicilelwe kumagazini i-Nature Materials.

Khumbula ukuthi ama-supercomputers anamuhla angakwazi kuphela ukusingatha ingxenye encane yezinkinga. Ngisho nekhompyutha ye-quantum ecatshangelwayo, uma ekugcineni yakhiwe, izohlinzeka ngokusheshisa kwe-quadratic ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-polariton adala "uthuli lwenganekwane" adalwa ngokuvula izendlalelo ze-gallium, i-arsenic, i-indium, ne-athomu ye-aluminium enemishayo ye-laser.

Ama-electron akulezi zingqimba amunca futhi akhiphe ukukhanya kombala othile. Ama-polariton alula ngokuphindwe kazinkulungwane eziyishumi kunama-electron futhi angafinyelela ukuminyana okwanele ukuze kuphakame isimo esisha sendaba esaziwa ngokuthi I-Bose-Einstein i-condensate (8). Izigaba ze-quantum zama-polaritons kuwo ziyavumelaniswa futhi zakha into eyodwa ye-macroscopic quantum, engatholwa ngezilinganiso ze-photoluminescence.

8. Isakhiwo esibonisa i-Bose-Einstein condensate

Kuvele ukuthi kulesi simo, i-polariton condensate ingaxazulula inkinga yokwenza kahle esiyishilo lapho sichaza amakhompyutha we-quantum kahle kakhulu kunamaphrosesa asekelwe ku-qubit. Ababhali bezifundo zeBritish-Russian babonise ukuthi njengoba ama-polaritons encipha, izigaba zawo ze-quantum zihlelwa ngokucushwa okuhambisana nobuncane obuphelele bomsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi.

"Sisekuqaleni kokuhlola amandla ezindawo ze-polariton zokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi," kubhala umbhali ohlanganyele we-Nature Materials uProf. Pavlos Lagoudakis, iNhloko yeHybrid Photonics Laboratory eNyuvesi yaseSouthampton. "Okwamanje senza idivayisi yethu ibe ngamakhulu ama-node ngenkathi sihlola amandla okucubungula angaphansi."

Kulezi zivivinyo ezivela emhlabeni wezigaba ezicashile ze-quantum zokukhanya nezinto, ngisho nama-quantum processors abonakala eyinto exakile futhi exhunywe ngokuqinile neqiniso. Njengoba ubona, ososayensi abagcini ngokusebenza ngamakhompiyutha amakhulu akusasa kanye nemishini yakusasa, kodwa sebehlela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngakusasa.

Kuleli qophelo ukufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kuzoba inselele impela, khona-ke uzocabanga ngamamayela alandelayo esikalini se-flop (9). Njengoba ungase uqagele, ukwengeza amaphrosesa nenkumbulo kulokho akwanele. Uma kufanele bakholwe ososayensi, ukuzuza amandla anjalo ekhompyutha kuzosivumela ukuba sixazulule izinkinga ezinkulu esizaziyo, njengokuchaza umdlavuza noma ukuhlaziya idatha yesayensi yezinkanyezi.

9. Ikusasa le-supercomputing

Qondanisa umbuzo nempendulo

Yini okulandelayo?

Nokho, endabeni yamakhompiyutha e-quantum, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi kufanele asetshenziselwe ini. Ngokwesisho sakudala, amakhompyutha axazulula izinkinga ebezingeke zibe khona ngaphandle kwawo. Ngakho-ke kufanele sakhe le mishini emikhulu yekusasa kuqala. Khona-ke izinkinga zizophakama ngokwazo.

Yiziphi izindawo lapho amakhompuyutha e-quantum angaba usizo khona?

Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela. I-AI () isebenza ngesimiso sokufunda ngokusebenzisa isipiliyoni, esiba sinembe kakhulu njengoba impendulo yamukelwa futhi kuze kube yilapho uhlelo lwekhompyutha luba "luhlakaniphile". Impendulo isekelwe ekubalweni kwamathuba enani lezinketho ezingaba khona. Sesiyazi kakade ukuthi u-Lockheed Martin, ngokwesibonelo, uhlela ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha yayo ye-D-Wave quantum ukuhlola isofthiwe ye-autopilot okwamanje eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kumakhompyutha asendulo, futhi i-Google isebenzisa ikhompuyutha ye-quantum ukuthuthukisa isofthiwe engakwazi ukuhlukanisa izimoto nezimpawu zendawo. .

Ukumodela kwamangqamuzana. Ngenxa yamakhompiyutha e-quantum, kuzokwazi ukwenza imodeli ngokunembile ukusebenzisana kwamangqamuzana, kubhekwe ukucushwa okuphelele kokusabela kwamakhemikhali. I-Quantum chemistry iyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi amakhompyutha esimanje angakwazi ukuhlaziya ama-molecule alula kakhulu. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyi-quantum ngokwemvelo ngoba kudala izimo ze-quantum ezibambene kakhulu ezidlulanayo, ngakho-ke amakhompyutha e-quantum athuthuke ngokugcwele angakwazi ukuhlola kalula ngisho nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-Google isivele inentuthuko kule ndawo - benze imodeli ye-hydrogen molecule. Umphumela uzoba imikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu, kusukela kumaphaneli elanga kuya emithini.

I-Cryptography. Izinhlelo zokuphepha namuhla zincike ekukhiqizeni okuyisisekelo okuphumelelayo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngamakhompuyutha edijithali ngokubheka yonke into engenzeka, kodwa isikhathi esiningi esidingekayo ukwenza kanjalo senza kubize futhi kungenzeki "ukuphula ikhodi". Khonamanjalo, amakhompyutha e-quantum angenza lokhu ngokuqhubekayo, ngendlela ephumelelayo kunemishini yedijithali, okusho ukuthi izindlela zokuphepha zanamuhla zizophelelwa yisikhathi maduze. Kukhona futhi izindlela zokubethela ze-quantum ezithembisayo ezakhiwayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ithuba lokungaqondiwe kwe-quantum entanglement. Amanethiwekhi edolobha lonke asebonisiwe emazweni amaningana, futhi ososayensi baseShayina basanda kumemezela ukuthi bathumela ngempumelelo ama-photons abanjwe kusuka ku-satellite "quantum" ezungezayo eziteshini ezintathu ezihlukene ezibuyela eMhlabeni.

Ukumodela kwezezimali. Izimakethe zesimanje ziphakathi kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezikhona. Nakuba izinsiza zesayensi nezezibalo zokuchazwa nokulawula kwazo sezenziwe, ukusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi enjalo akwanele ngenxa yomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezifundo zesayensi: ayikho indawo elawulwayo lapho ukuhlolwa kungenziwa khona. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, abatshalizimali nabahlaziyi baphendukele ku-quantum computing. Inzuzo eyodwa esheshayo ukuthi ukungahleliwe okukhona kumakhompuyutha e-quantum kuyahambisana nesimo sezimakethe zezimali. Abatshalizimali ngokuvamile bafuna ukuhlola ukusatshalaliswa kwemiphumela ngenani elikhulu kakhulu lezimo ezikhiqizwa ngokungahleliwe.

Isimo sezulu. Isazi Sezomnotho Esiyinhloko se-NOAA u-Rodney F. Weiher uthi cishe u-30% we-GDP yase-US ($6 trillion) incike ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile esimweni sezulu. ukukhiqiza ukudla, ezokuthutha kanye nokudayisa. Ngakho, ikhono lokubikezela kangcono i-aura lingaba usizo kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi, ingasaphathwa eyesikhathi eside esibekelwe ukuvikelwa kwezinhlekelele zemvelo. Uphiko lwezezulu kazwelonke lwase-UK, i-Met Office, seluqalile kakade ukutshala izimali ezenzweni ezintsha ezinjalo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla nokukala okuzodingeka libhekane nazo kusukela ngo-2020 kuye phambili, futhi selishicilele umbiko ngezidingo zalo zekhompyutha ezikhulayo.

I-particle Physics. Amamodeli e-Solid particle physics avame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele, izixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga isikhathi esiningi sokubala ukuze kufaniswe izinombolo. Lokhu kubenza balungele i-quantum computing, futhi ososayensi sebevele basebenzise lokhu. Abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yase-Innsbruck kanye ne-Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) basanda kusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-quantum oluhlelekayo ukwenza lokhu kulingiswa. Ngokwencwadi ethi Nature, leli qembu lasebenzisa inguqulo elula yekhompuyutha ye-quantum lapho ama-ion enza khona ukusebenza okunengqondo, izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zanoma yikuphi ukubala kwekhompyutha. Ukulingisa kubonise ukuvumelana okuphelele nezivivinyo zangempela ze-physics echazwe. kusho isazi se-physics uPeter Zoller. -