U-François Philidor - umdali wezisekelo zokudlala kwezikhundla

Kumagazini we-6/2016 we-Molodezhnaya Tekhnika, ngabhala ngomdlali we-chess ongcono kakhulu wengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX, uCalabrian Gioacchino Greco, umpetha womdlalo we-gambit-combination ogcwele inganekwane. Lesi sitayela, esibizwa ngokuthi isikole sase-Italy, naso sabusa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, kwaze kwaba yilapho umpetha waseFrance uFrançois-André Danican Philidor ebonakala emhlabeni we-chess.

1. UFrancois-André Danican Philidor (1726-1795) - Usosayensi waseFrance nomqambi.

Izinga likaPhilidor lalingaphezulu kakhulu kwelabo bonke ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe kangangokuthi kusukela eneminyaka engu-21 wayedlala kuphela nezimbangi zakhe ezinkundleni.

UFrançois Philidor (1) wayengumdlali we-chess omkhulu wekhulu lesi-2. Ngencwadi yakhe ethi "L'analyse des Echecs" ("Analysis of the game of chess"), eyadlula izinhlelo ezingaphezu kwekhulu (XNUMX), uguqule ukuqonda kwe-chess.

Umbono wakhe odume kakhulu, ogcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhamba kahle kwezingcezu kuzo zonke izigaba zomdlalo, uqukethwe kusisho esithi “izingcezu ziwumphefumulo womdlalo.” UPhilidor wethula imiqondo efana nokuvinjwa kanye nokuzidela.

Incwadi yakhe yanyatheliswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu, kuhlanganise ezine onyakeni wokushicilelwa kwayo kokuqala. E-Paris, ubeyisivakashi esivamile e-Café de la Régence, lapho abadlali be-chess abavelele bahlangana khona - abalingani bakhe abavamile ku-chessboard kwakunguVoltaire noJan Jakub Rousseau. Uwabonise ngokuphindaphindiwe amakhono akhe ekudlaleni kuvalwe amehlo, kanyekanye nabamelene naye abathathu (3). Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe waziswa kokubili njengomculi nomqambi; washiya ngemuva ama-opera angamashumi amathathu! Emcabangweni wokuvuleka, inkumbulo kaPhilidor igcinwe egameni lokunye kokuvula - i-Philidor Defense: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6.

2. U-François Philidor, L'analyse des Echecs (Ukuhlaziywa komdlalo we-chess)

3. UPhilidor udlala impumputhe ngesikhathi esifanayo eParsloe Chess Club eLondon.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-Filidor

Isivele yaziwa ngekhulu lokuqala futhi yathandwa nguPhilidor. Iqala ngokunyakaza 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 (umdwebo we-4).

U-Philidor uncome u-2…d6 esikhundleni sika-2…Nc6, ethi lapho-ke iqhawe ngeke liphazamise umnyakazo we-c-pawn. Okumhlophe kuvame ukudlala u-3.d4 kulokhu kuzivikela, futhi manje Okumnyama kuvame ukufana no-3… e: d4 , 3… Nf6 kanye no-3… Nd7. I-Filidor ngokuvamile wayedlala u-3... f5 (i-counter-gambit kaPhilidor), kodwa ithiyori yanamuhla ayifaki lokhu kunyakaza kokugcina phakathi kwezingcono kakhulu. I-Philidor Defence iyisimboli esiqinile, nakuba ingadumile kakhulu emidlalweni yomqhudelwano futhi ngandlela thize ingenzi lutho.

4. Ukuvikelwa kweFilidor

iphathi ye-opera

Ukuvikelwa kwe-Filidor Uvele komunye wemidlalo edume kakhulu emlandweni wechess obizwa nge-Opera Party (French: Partie de l'opéra). Yayidlalwa umdlali odumile we-chess waseMelika uPaul Morphy ngo-1858, ebhokisini le-Opera House eParis, ngesikhathi sokusebenzisana kwe-Bellini "Norma" nabaphikisi ababili ababonisana ekuhambeni kwabo. Laba baphikisi bekunguDuke waseJalimane waseBrunswick Charles II kanye no-French Count Isoire de Vauvenargues.

Abafundi abanentshisekelo ngempilo kanye nomsebenzi we-chess kaPaul Morphy, omunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu emlandweni we-chess, kubhekiselwa kuwo kumagazini we-6/2014 we-Young Technician.

5. UPaul Morphy vs. UDuke Charles waseBrunswick no-Count Isoire de Vauvenargues, eParis, ngo-1858

Nansi inkambo yalo mdlalo odumile: UPaul Morphy vs. INkosana uCharles II waseBrunswick kanye no-Count Isoir de Vauvenargues, eParis, 1858 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 Gg4 ?! (ngcono 3…e:d4 noma 3…Nf6) 4.d:e5 G:f3 5.H:f3 d:e5 6.Bc4 Nf6? (ngcono 3…Qf6 noma 3…Qd7) 7.Qb3! Q7 8.Cc3 (UMorphy ukhetha intuthuko esheshayo, nakuba engathola i-b7-pawn, kodwa i-8.G:f7 iyingozi, njengoba uBlack ethola ukuhlaselwa okuyingozi kwe-rook) 8… c6 9.Bg5 b5? 10 :b5! (umbhishobhi uzodingeka ukuze ahlaselwe okwengeziwe) 10…c:b5 (kuholela ekulahlekelweni, kodwa ngemva kuka-10…Qb4+ White kunenzuzo enkulu) 11.G:b5+Nbd7 12.0-0-0 Rd8 (umdwebo 5). 13 :d7! (olandelayo uyashona) 13…W:d7 14.Qd1 He6 15.B:d7+S:d7 16.Qb8+!! (umhlatshelo omuhle wokugcina wendlovukazi) 16… R: b8 17.Rd8 # 1-0

6. Isikhundla sikaPhilidor ekupheleni kombhoshongo

Isikhundla sikaPhilidor ekupheleni kombhoshongo

Le yindawo ka Philidor (6) ukudweba kwabaMnyama (noma abaMhlophe, ngokulandelana, uma bewuhlangothi oluvikelayo). Umnyama kufanele abeke inkosi kukholamu yesiqeshana sesitha esiseduze, kanye ne-rook emgqeni wesithupha bese ulinda ucezu olumhlophe ukuze lungene kulo. Khona-ke i-rook iya phambili futhi ihlola inkosi emhlophe ngemuva: 1. e6 Wh1 2. Qd6 Rd1 + - inkosi emhlophe ayikwazi ukuzivikela ekuhlolweni okungapheli noma ekulahlekeni kwe-pawn.

7. Isifundo sePhilidor esiphethweni esiqondile

Funda okungakumbi ngo- Philidora

Esimeni esisuka kumdwebo wesi-7, uMhlophe, naphezu kokuba namapawn amabili ngaphansi, uyalingana ngokudlala u-1.Ke2! Kf6 2.Nf2 njll.

U-Hetman noKing vs. Rook kanye neNkosi

Imvamisa kumdlalo onjalo wokugcina, indlovukazi inqoba i-rook. Ngokudlala okungcono nhlangothi zombili, kusukela endaweni yendlovukazi embi kakhulu, kuthatha iminyakazo engu-31 ukuze uhlangothi oluqinile lubambe i-rook noma luhlole inkosi yombangi. Kodwa-ke, uma uhlangothi oluqinile lungazi ukuthi ludlalwa kanjani lo mdlalo wokugcina futhi lungakwazi ukuphoqa i-rook nenkosi ukuthi bahlukaniswe, uhlangothi olubuthakathaka lungafinyelela umdwebo ngemuva kokunyakaza okungu-50 ngaphandle kokubanjwa, kuphoqelele indlovukazi ukuthi ithathelwe indawo i-rook, thola isheke elingapheli noma uholele esimisweni. Uhlelo lwegeyimu lohlangothi oluqinile lunezigaba ezine:

UHetman kanye nenkosi ngokumelene ne-rook nenkosi - isikhundla sikaPhilidor

1. phushela inkosi emphethweni wepulangwe nasechosheni lohlaka, uyibeke esikhundleni sikaFilidori.
2. Hlukanisa inkosi no-rook.
3. "Shah" isikebhe.
4. Buddy.

Uma uMhlophe eya endaweni yesi-8, khona-ke ubonisa i-tempo, "edlala indlovukazi ngonxantathu", egcina isikhundla esifanayo: 1.Qe5 + Ka7 2.Qa1 + Qb8 3.Qa5. Isikhundla sikaPhilidor saqala ngo-1777, lapho ukunyakaza kwawela phezu kwabamnyama. Esigabeni esilandelayo, uMhlophe uphoqa i-rook ukuthi ihlukane nenkosi emnyama futhi iyithwebule ngemuva kwe-chess embalwa. Noma ngabe iyiphi indlela i-rook ehamba ngayo, i-White iwina kalula ngemfoloko (noma umlingani).

9. I-Bust of Philidor ku-facade ye-Opera Garnier e-Paris.

Umqambi uFilidor

I-Filidor uvela emndenini womculo owaziwayo futhi, njengoba sesishilo kakade, wayengumqambi, omunye wabadali abakhulu be-French comic opera. Wabhala ama-comic opera angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa kanye nezinhlekelele ezintathu zamagama (uhlobo lwe-opera yesiFulentshi eyatshalwa ngenkathi ye-Baroque futhi ngokwengxenye ku-Classicism), kuhlanganisa. i-opera ethi "Tom Jones", lapho okokuqala ngqa emlandweni walolu hlobo i-quartet yezwi i-cappella (1765). Phakathi kwamanye ama-opera kaPhilidor, okulandelayo kufanele ukunakwa: "Umlingo", "Melida" no "Ernelinda".

Lapho eneminyaka engu-65 ubudala, uPhilidor wahamba eFrance okokugcina waya eNgilandi, akazange aphinde abuyele ezweni lakubo. Wayengumsekeli weNguquko YaseFrance, kodwa uhambo lwakhe lwaseNgilandi lwalusho ukuthi uhulumeni omusha waseFrance wamfaka ohlwini lwezitha nabahlaseli baseFrance. Ngakho uPhilidor waphoqeleka ukuba achithe iminyaka yakhe yokugcina eNgilandi. Wafela eLondon zingama-24 kuNcwaba 1795.