I-FAdeA - Imboni Yezindiza Yase-Argentina

I-Pampa III inguqulo yakamuva yokuthuthukisa yendiza yokuqeqesha i-IA63 Pampa, eyakhiwa ekuqaleni kwawo-80 ngokubambisana no-Dornier. Kwasetshenziswa ama-avionics edijithali enkampani yakwa-Israel i-Elbit Systems kanye nezinjini ezithuthukisiwe ze-Honeywell TFE731-40-2N.

UFábrica Argentina de Aviones' Brig. I-San Martín ”SA (FAdeA) ibikhona ngaphansi kwaleli gama kusukela ngoDisemba 2009, okusho ukuthi iminyaka eyi-10 kuphela. Amasiko ayo asukela emuva ku-Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA), eyasungulwa ngo-1927 - ifektri yezindiza endala kunazo zonke eNingizimu Melika. Inkampani yase-Argentina ayikaze ibe seqenjini labakhiqizi bezindiza abakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ngisho nasegcekeni layo laseNingizimu Melika, yehlulwe yi-Brazilian Embraer. Umlando wayo kanye nezimpumelelo zayo akwaziwa kabanzi, ngakho kufanele ukunakwa nakakhulu.

I-FAdeA yinkampani yesitoko esihlanganyelwe (i-sociedad anónima) ephethwe umgcinimafa kahulumeni - ama-99% amasheya aphethwe uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-Argentina (Ministerio de Defensa), kanti u-1% ungaphansi kweBhodi Eliyinhloko Lokukhiqizwa Kwezempi (Dirección General de Fabricaciones Militares, DGFM) ngaphansi kwalo mnyango. UMongameli kanye ne-CEO ngu-Antonio José Beltramone, u-José Alejandro Solís iphini likamongameli kanye nesikhulu esiphezulu sokusebenza kanti u-Fernando Jorge Sibilla uyi-CEO. Indlunkulu kanye nendawo yokukhiqiza kutholakala e-Córdoba. Njengamanje, i-FAdeA ibambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwezindiza zamasosha nezomphakathi, izakhi zokwakha izindiza zezinye izinkampani, amapharashuthi, amathuluzi aphansi kanye nemishini yokulungisa indiza, kanye nokusevisa, ukulungisa, ukulungisa kanye nokwenza ngcono amafrimu ezindiza, izinjini, ama-avionics kanye imishini kumakhasimende asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

Ngo-2018, i-FAdeA ithole imali engenayo ngokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo zama-pesos ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,513 (ukwanda kwama-86,2% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2017), kodwa ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphakeme, yaqopha ukulahleka kokusebenza kwama-pesos ayizigidi ezingama-590,2. Ngenxa yemali engenayo evela kweminye imithombo, inzuzo enkulu (ngaphambi kwentela) yayingama-peso ayizigidi ezingu-449,5 (ngo-2017 kwaba ukulahlekelwa kwezigidi ezingu-182,2), futhi inzuzo yonke yayingama-pesos ayizigidi ezingu-380 (ukulahlekelwa kwezigidi ezingu-2017 ngo-172,6).

Indiza yokubuka i-Ae.M.Oe. 2. Ngo-1937, kwakhiwe i-61 Ae.MO1, Ae.M.Oe.1 ne-Ae.M.Oe.2. Abaningi babo bakhonza e-Argentina Air Force kwaze kwaba ngu-1946.

Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo

Umsunguli wokwakhiwa kwemboni yezindiza nenjini yezindiza e-Argentina, futhi kamuva umhleli wayo nomqondisi wokuqala, kwakunguFrancisco María de Arteaga. Ngemva kokushiya ibutho ngoMashi 1916, u-de Arteaga walibangisa eFrance futhi maphakathi no-1918 waphothula eParisian Higher School of Aviation and Mechanical Engineering (École Supérieure d'Aéronautique et de Constructions Mécaniques), waba unjiniyela wokuqala wase-Argentina oqinisekisiwe we-aeronautical. Iminyaka eminingana, u-de Arteaga wasebenza e-France, ethola ulwazi olungokoqobo ezitshalweni zezindiza zendawo kanye nase-Eiffel Aerodynamic Laboratory (Laboratoire Aérodynamique Eiffel). Ngo-December 14, 1922, amasonto ambalwa ngemva kokubuyela e-Argentina, u-de Arteaga wamiswa njengenhloko yoMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe (Departamento Técnico) weMilitary Aviation Service (Servicio Aeronáutico del Ejército, SAE), eyasungulwa ngoFebhuwari 3, 1920 isakhiwo seButho lase-Argentina ( Ejército Argentino ). Ngo-1923, u-de Arteaga waqala ukufundisa e-Higher Military School (Colegio Militar) nase-Military Aviation School (Escuela Militar de Aviación, EMA).

Ngo-1924, u-de Arteaga waba yilungu leKhomishana Yokuthenga Izinsiza Zomoya kanye Nezikhali (Comisión de Adquisición de Material de Vuelo y Armamentos), eyathunyelwa eYurophu ukuyothenga izindiza zeLand Forces. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ahlongoza khona ukwakhiwa kwefekthri e-Argentina, ngenxa yokuthi i-SAE ingase izimele ekungenisweni kwezindiza nezinjini futhi isebenzise izimali ezincane ngokuphumelelayo. Imboni eyakhe izophinde ifake umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe. Umbono kaDe Arteaga wasekelwa uMongameli wase-Argentina, uMarcelo Torcuato de Alvear, kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezempi, uCol. Eng. U-Agustín Pedro Justo.

Ngokwesicelo sika-de Arteagi, ingxenye yemali yachithwa kuthengwa imishini, izinto zokwakha kanye namalayisense adingekayo ukuze kuqalwe ukukhiqizwa kwezindiza nezinjini ezweni. E-Great Britain, kwathengwa amalayisense okukhiqizwa kwezindiza zokuqeqesha ze-Avro 504R kanye nezindiza ze-Bristol F.2B Fighter, nase-France ukuze kukhiqizwe amajethi ezempi e-Dewoitine D.21 kanye nezinjini ezingu-12hp ze-Lorraine-Dietrich ezingu-450-cylinder. Njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqala ukukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi amaningi anembile e-Argentina ngenxa yobuthakathaka bemboni ye-metallurgical nemishini, inani elibalulekile lezinto zokwakha kanye namadivayisi aphelile kanye nezingxenye zathengwa eYurophu.

Uhlelo lokwakha nokuhlela ifektri, ekuqaleni eyaqanjwa ngokuthi i-State Aircraft Factory (Fábrica Nacional de Aviones), lwathunyelwa ezikhulwini zase-Argentina ngo-April 1926. Ngo-June 8, uhulumeni wasungula ikhomishana ekhethekile ezosebenzisa ukutshalwa kwezimali, okwathi de U-Arteaga waba yilungu. Ukuklanywa kwesigaba sokuqala sokwakha kwavunyelwa ngo-Okthoba 4. Emuva ngo-1925, uMhloli-Jikelele u-del Ejército, uJenene José Félix Uriburu, wahlongoza ukuba ifektri ibe seCórdoba, enkabeni yezwe (cishe amakhilomitha angu-700 ukusuka eBuenos Aires), kude nemingcele yamazwe angomakhelwane, ukuze ihlelwe kahle. izizathu.

Indawo efanelekile itholwe cishe amakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka enkabeni yedolobha emgwaqeni oya eSan Roque, maqondana nesikhumulo sezindiza se-aeroclub yendawo (i-Aero Club Las Playas de Córdoba). Ukubekwa komkhosi wetshe lesisekelo kwenzeka ngo-November 5, 10, futhi ngo-January 1926, 2, kwaqala umsebenzi wokwakha. Umsebenzi wokuhlela ifektri wanikwa u-de Arteaga.

NgoJulayi 18, 1927, igama lemboni lashintshwa laba iWojskowa Fabryka Samolotów (Fábrica Militar de Aviones, FMA). Ukuvulwa kwalo mkhosi kwenzeke ngo-Okthoba 10 kukhona izikhulu eziningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ifektri yayinezakhiwo eziyisishiyagalombili ezinendawo ephelele engu-8340 m2, ipaki yomshini yayinamathuluzi omshini ayi-100, kanye nabasebenzi abangu-193. U-De Arteaga waba ngumphathi jikelele we-FMA.

NgoFebhuwari 1928, isigaba sesibili sokutshalwa kwezimali saqalwa. amalabhorethri amathathu (izinjini, i-endurance kanye ne-aerodynamics), ihhovisi lokuklama, ama-workshops amane, ama-warehouse amabili, i-canteen nezinye izinsiza. Kamuva, ngemva kokuphothulwa kwesigaba sesithathu, i-FMA yayineminyango emithathu eyinhloko: owokuqala wawungabaphathi, ukuqondisa ukukhiqizwa, ihhovisi lokuklama, inqolobane yemibhalo yezobuchwepheshe, amalabhorethri nokuphatha; okwesibili - ama-workshops ezindiza kanye nophephela, kanti okwesithathu - ama-workshops okukhiqiza injini.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngoMeyi 4, 1927, iziphathimandla zase-Argentina zasungula i-General Aviation Authority (Dirección General de Aeronáutica, DGA) ukuze ihlele, iphathe futhi iqondise yonke imisebenzi yezindiza ezweni. Njengengxenye ye-DGA, kwasungulwa Ibhodi Lokuphathwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Bezindiza (i-Dirección de Aerotécnica) elibhekele ucwaningo, ukuklama, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokulungisa izindiza. U-De Arteaga waba yinhloko Yebhodi Lokuphathwa Kwezobuchwepheshe Bezindiza, owagada ngokuqondile i-FMA. Ngenxa yamakhono akhe amakhulu, wakwazi ukuhola ifektri esikhathini esinzima kakhulu sezinkinga zomnotho zomhlaba, ezathinta ne-Argentina. Ngenxa yokugxambukela ngokweqile kweziphathimandla zezwe ezintsha ekusebenzeni kwefekthri, ngo-February 11, 1931, u-de Arteaga wesula esikhundleni sokuba umqondisi we-FMA. Walandelwa unjiniyela wezindiza uCpt. Bartolomé de la Colina, owaphatha imboni kwaze kwaba ngo-September 1936.

Ukuqala kokukhiqizwa - i-FMA

I-FMA iqale ngokukhiqiza okunelayisensi yezindiza zokuqeqesha i-Avro 504R Gosport. Eyokuqala kwamakhophi angu-34 akhiwe yashiya isakhiwo seshabhu ngoJulayi 18, 1928. Ukundiza kwayo kwenziwa umshayeli wezempi uSgt. Segundo A. Yubel ngo-Agasti 20. Ngo-February 14, 1929, injini yokuqala enelayisensi ye-Lorraine-Dietrich yasetshenziswa ku-dynamometer. Izinjini zalolu hlobo zasetshenziswa ukuhambisa izilwi ze-Dewoitine D.21. Ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zindiza kube yinselelo enkulu kumkhiqizi osemusha kune-Avro 504R, njengoba i-D.21 inokwakhiwa kwensimbi yonke embozwe ngeseyili yamaphiko nomsila. Indiza yokuqala yandiza ngo-Okthoba 15, 1930. Phakathi neminyaka emibili, kwakhiwa i-32 D.21. Phakathi kuka-1930 no-1931, kwakhiqizwa izilwi ze-Bristol F.2B eziyisithupha nazo, kodwa lezi zindiza zazibhekwa njengezingasasebenzi futhi ukwakhiwa kweminye imishini kwashiywa.

Indiza yokuqala eyakhiwa ngokuzimela yi-FMA egameni le-DGA kwaba izivakashi i-Ae.C.1 - indiza ye-cantilever low wing enekhabhine embozwe izihlalo ezintathu kanye nekalishi elingaphansi elinamasondo amabili eligxilile eline-tail skid. I-fuselage nomsila kwakunesakhiwo se-lattice esakhiwe ngamapayipi ensimbi ashiselwe, amaphiko ayenziwe ngokhuni, futhi yonke imbozwe ngendwangu kanye nengxenye yensimbi yeshidi (ezinye izindiza ezakhiwe ku-FMA nazo zinesakhiwo esifanayo). Indiza yahanjiswa ngo-Okthoba 28, 1931 ngu-Sgt. UJosé Honorio Rodríguez. Kamuva, i-Ae.C.1 yaphinde yakhiwa yaba yinguqulo yezihlalo ezimbili evulekile-cab futhi injini yathola ikhava yesitayela se-NACA esikhundleni sendandatho ye-Townend. Ngo-1933, indiza yaphinde yakhiwa okwesibili, kulokhu yaba inguqulo yesihlalo esisodwa nethangi likaphethiloli elengeziwe ku-fuselage.

Ngo-April 18, 1932, uSgt. U-Rodríguez undize eyokuqala yendiza ye-Ae.C.2 emibili eyakhiwe, ecishe ifane nesakhiwo nobukhulu be-Ae.C.1 ekucushweni okunezihlalo ezimbili. Ngesisekelo se-Ae.C.2, kwadalwa indiza yokuqeqesha amasosha i-Ae.ME1, isibonelo sayo esandiza ngo-Okthoba 9, 1932. Kwakuyindiza yokuqala ekhiqizwe ngobuningi yomklamo wasePoland - izibonelo eziyisikhombisa zakhiwe nge-prototype. Indiza elandelayo kwaba umgibeli omncane u-Ae.T.1. Eyokuqala kwamakhophi amathathu akhiwe yathunyelwa ngo-Ephreli 15, 1933 ngu-Sgt. Rodríguez. Ngaphezu kwabashayeli ababili bezindiza abahlezi eduze kwendlu evulekile, i-Ae.T.1 ingathatha abagibeli abahlanu egumbini elimboziwe kanye no-opharetha womsakazo.

Indiza yokubuka i-Ae.MO1, esekelwe ku-Ae.ME1 yesikole, ibe yimpumelelo enkulu. I-prototype yayo yandiza ngoJanuwari 25, 1934. Okwezindiza zamasosha, kwakhiqizwa amakhophi angama-41 ngochungechunge olubili. Eminye imishini eyisithupha, ehluke kancane enamaphiko amancane, ukumiswa okuhlukile kwendlu yangemuva, umsila kanye nesembozo senjini ye-NACA, yakhelwe ukuqeqeshwa kwezingqapheli. Ngokushesha izindiza ezisetshenziselwa imisebenzi enjalo zaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Ae.M.Oe.1. Emakhophini angu-14 alandelayo, amakwe ngokuthi Ae.M.Oe.2, umsila ne-windscreen phambi kwendlu yomshayeli wendiza kushintshiwe. Eyokuqala yandiziswa ngoJuni 7, 1934. Ingxenye ye-Ae.M.Oe.2 nayo yakhiwa kabusha yaba yi-Ae.MO1. Ngo-1937, kwakhiwe i-61 Ae.MO1, Ae.M.Oe.1 ne-Ae.M.Oe.2 sezizonke. Abaningi babo bakhonza e-Argentina Air Force kwaze kwaba ngu-1946.

Indiza elandelayo yabantu abavamile eyakhiwe yi-FMA kwakuyindiza yezivakashi i-Ae.C.3 enezihlalo ezimbili, emodelwe ku-Ae.C.2. Ukundiza kwe-prototype kwenzeka ngo-March 27, 1934. Ngokushesha kwavela ukuthi i-Ae.C.3 yayingenazo izindawo zokundiza ezingcono kakhulu nokungakwazi ukuhamba kahle, okwenza ingafaneleki kubashayeli bezindiza abangenalwazi. Nakuba kwakhiwa amakhophi angu-16, ambalwa kuphela andiza emaqenjini ezindiza, futhi amane asetshenziswa endizeni yezempi kwaze kwaba ngu-1938.

Ngomhla ziyisi-9 kuNhlangulana 1935, umfanekiso webhomu elincane le-Ae.MB1 landiza. Kuze kube yintwasahlobo ka-1936, amakhophi ayi-14 achungechunge, abizwa ngokuthi "Bombi" ngabashayeli bezindiza, akhiqizwa, ahluka, phakathi kwabanye, enekhabethe lomshayeli wendiza elimboziwe, iseyili esimboza ingxenye enkulu ye-fuselage, umsila omile owandisiwe kanye ne-hemispherical roting shooting turret emgogodleni we-fuselage, kanye nenjini ye-Wright R-1820-E1, ekhiqizwa yi-FMA ngaphansi kwelayisensi. Eminyakeni 1938–1939, yonke i-Ae.MB1 (amakhophi angu-12) esenkonzweni yathuthukiswa yaba inguqulo ye-Ae.MB2. Amakhophi okugcina ahoxiswa emsebenzini ngo-1948.

Ngomhla zingama-21 kuLwezi, 1935, indiza yezokwelapha i-Ae.MS1 yahlolwa, inamaphiko, umsila negiya lokuhlala elenziwe nge-Ae.M.Oe.1. Indiza ibingakwazi ukuthwala abantu abayisithupha – umshayeli wendiza, owezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nabane abagulayo noma abalimele ngohlaka. Eyakhiwe okuwukuphela kwayo i-Ae.MS1 yasetshenziswa ekundizeni kwezempi kwaze kwaba ngu-1946. Futhi ngoNovemba 1935, kwaqedwa umhubhe womoya wokuqala eNingizimu Melika i-Eiffel enobubanzi obungu-1,5 m. Lo mshini waqala ukusebenza ngo-August 20, 1936.

Ngomhla zingama-21 kuMasingana, 1936, uLieutenant Pablo G. Passio wandizelisa i-Ae.C.3G enezihlalo ezimbili enokwakhiwa okufana ne-Ae.C.3. Bekuyindiza yokuqala yase-Argentina ukuthi ifakwe amapheshana okuhlala phansi. Ingasetshenziselwa kokubili ukuqeqeshwa kanye nezindiza zezivakashi. I-airframe ithuthukiswe ngokucophelela nge-aerodynamic ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwendiza. Amakhophi amathathu akhiwe e-Ae.C.3G asetshenziswa endizeni yezempi kwaze kwaba ngu-1942. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Ae.C.3G kwaba i-Ae.C.4, yandiziswa uLieutenant Passio ngo-Okthoba 17, 1936.