I-F-35A Lightning II eYurophu
I-F-35 yaklanywa njengendiza yokulwa emaphakathi nenethiwekhi, esebenza njengesango kulokhu, kuyilapho ihlinzeka nezinye izici zenethiwekhi ngesithombe sobuhlakani esihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kuzonyusa izinga lokuqwashisa ngezimo zazo zonke izici zenethiwekhi ezingeni elilingana nokuqwashisa ngezimo zomshayeli we-F-35.
NgoJanuwari 31, umcimbi osemthethweni wokusayinwa kwenkontileka yokuthengwa kwendiza engu-32 ye-Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II ye-Polish Air Force wenzeka e-Deblin. Ngakho, iPoland yajoyina amazwe ayisikhombisa aseYurophu asevele ekhethe i-F-35 - iBelgium, iDenmark, iNetherlands, iNorway, iTurkey, i-Italy ne-UK. Ngokuthatha leli thuba, kufanelekile ukwethula inqubekelaphambili kanye nesimo samanje sezinhlelo zokuthengwa kwempahla ze-F-35A emazweni angenhla kanye nokubandakanyeka kwezinkampani zasekhaya ekuqalisweni kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza nokunakekela imikhumbi yomhlaba yalolu hlobo.
Uhlelo lwezindiza zokulwa zesizukulwane sesihlanu i-F-35 Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter, JSF) belungolwamazwe ngamazwe kusukela ekuqaleni. Izinhlobo ezintathu ze-F-35 zathuthukiswa ukuze zithathe indawo yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezindiza ezisetshenziswa e-US nasemazweni ahlangene: F / A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-4 Phantom II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, I-Tornado, i-AMX ne-Harrier. Amazwe anentshisekelo yokuthola i-F-35 nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha zase-US angabamba iqhaza esigabeni Sokuthuthukiswa Kwesistimu Nokubonisa (SDD) sohlelo lwe-JSF. Ngokushintshanisa umnikelo wezezimali, bangaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kokusebenza, bese kuthi ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi, kube yilokho okubizwa. abalingani bokubambisana (Abalingani bohlelo Lokubambisana, i-CPP).
Ngokuya ngezinga lokubandakanyeka kozakwethu bangaphandle, ama-CPP ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu. Okuwukuphela kozakwethu we-Tier 1 (I-Tier 1 noma Izinga 2004) yi-UK, umnikelo wayo wezezimali ngo-2,056 wawungu-$5,1 webhiliyoni (bese kwaba ngu-2002% wesamba sezindleko zesiteji se-SDD). Ngaphambi kwe-1,028, i-Italy ($ 2,5 billion; 800%) kanye ne-Netherlands ($ 2,0 million; 2%) nabo bajoyina i-JSF njengabalingani be-Tier / Tier 144. I-Australia (izigidi ezingu-0,4; 110%), i-Denmark (izigidi ezingu-0,3; 100%), eCanada (0,2 million; 122%), Norway (0,3 million; 175%) kanye neTurkey (0,4 million; 3%) babe Tier 35 Partners. (Izinga / Izinga XNUMX). Ngokulandelayo, u-Israel kanye neSingapore bajoyina uhlelo lwe-JSF njengalabo ababizwa ngokuthi Abahlanganyeli Bokubambisana Kwezokuphepha (SCP) - baziswa ngalolu hlelo, kodwa abazange bahlanganyele ngokuqondile kulo. Abathengi abasele be-F-XNUMX baphathwa njengamakhasimende athumela ngaphandle.
Phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu i-NATO, iBelgium, iDenmark, iNetherlands, iNorway, iPoland, iTurkey (okuyinto, nokho, eyayingafakwanga ohlelweni ngo-35) kanye ne-Italy, basazwakalisa isifiso sabo sokuthola indiza ye-F-2019A ngokusuka evamile futhi landing (CTOL), kanye ne-F-35B Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (STOVL) eya e-UK nase-Italy (bona i-Aviation International No. 8/2019). Abanye abangase babe abathengi base-Europe be-F-35 bahlanganisa iFinland, iGreece, iSpain, iRomania kanye neSwitzerland, kodwa azikho izinqumo ezibophezelayo esele zenziwe ngabo.
Ukwamukelwa kwendiza ye-F-35 akusho nje ukwanda okusheshayo kwamandla okulwa namandla okusebenza e-Air Force, kodwa futhi noshintsho oluyisisekelo ezinhlelweni zokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kanye nezinqubo zokunakekela, ukulungisa kanye nokwenyusa ama-airframes, izinjini kanye nezindiza. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okumba eqolo nakho kuyadingeka kwingqalasizinda yezisekelo zomoya, kanye nasezinsizeni nasezimpahleni zokuphatha indiza yaphansi. Isinxephezelo esithile sezindleko ezitholwe ukubamba iqhaza kwamabhizinisi endawo ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza, ukunakekelwa kanye nokwenza ngcono izindiza zesimanje (Ukukhiqiza, Ukusimama kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kokulandela, i-PSFD), eklanyelwe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Lokhu kuletha izinzuzo zezomnotho ezilinganisekayo zesikhathi eside emazweni anquma ukuthenga i-F-35, njengokufinyelela kubuchwepheshe obusha, imisebenzi, imali engenayo yebhajethi.
Belgium
Izingxoxo zokuthola abazongena esikhundleni sendiza i-F-16 zaqala e-Belgium eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule, kodwa kuze kube umhla ziyi-17 kuNdasa wezi-2017 lapho uhulumeni ememezele khona isimemo esisemthethweni sokufaka amathenda. Izimbangi ze-F-35A ku-ACCaP (Air Combat Capability Program) kwakuzoba i-Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon kanye ne-Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen. Ngo-Ephreli 19 wonyaka ofanayo, uBoeing wayihoxisa ithenda. AbaseSweden benza okufanayo mhla zili-10 kuJulayi. Ngo-Okthoba, uhulumeni waseBelgium wasenqaba isiphakamiso saseFrance mayelana nobuchwepheshe. NgoJanuwari 19, 2018, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika wavuma ukuthi kungenzeka kudayiswe ama-34 F-35As e-Belgium ngaphansi kwenqubo ye-FMS (Foreign Military Sales).
Ithenda bekumele iphele ngoJuni 2018, kodwa yahlehliselwa u-Okthoba. Ngenxa yezindleko ezinkulu, iBrussels ibicubungula ezinye izinketho, okuhlanganisa ukunikela futhi e-France noma ukuthuthukisa ama-F-16 akhona. Ekugcineni, ngo-Okthoba 25, 2018, kwanqunywa ukukhetha indiza ye-F-35A enesofthiwe ye-avionics ye-Block 4. Ngakho, iBelgium yaba izwe leshumi nantathu ukuthenga i-F-35. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka isithangami sabezindaba, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela waseBelgium uStephen Vandeput umemezele ukuthi isiphakamiso saseMelika besihamba phambili kuzo zonke izindlela zokuhlola eziyisikhombisa, nokuthi i-F-35A ibiyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu sezwe lethu ngokwezezimali, ukusebenza nezimboni.
Kulindeleke ukuthi izindleko zokuthenga ama-34 F-35As, kanye nelogistics nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, ngeminyaka engu-3,8, inani lenkontileka engaba khona lingaba ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine). Ukulethwa kulindeleke ukuthi kuqale ngo-4 futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi. Ukulungela kokuqala kokusebenza (IOC) kufanele kufinyelelwe maphakathi no-2030, kanye nokulungela ukusebenza okugcwele (FOC) - ngoJanuwari 6,53. Ngokwezinhlelo, i-F-2023A izohlala engxenyeni yezindiza (Luchtcomponent; Composante Air; [Belgian] I-Air Component) yeBelgian Defence Forces (Izokuvikela; La Défense; [Belgian] Defence Forces) kuze kube okungenani i-2027.
Izinkampani eziningi zaseBelgium zibamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwe-F-35. Inkampani yaseDutch i-Fokker Technologies iyalele ukukhiqizwa kwama-damper fins kwa-Asco Industries e-Zaventem. NgoMashi 2018, i-Sonaca ese-Gosselis yasayina inkontileka no-Lockheed Martin yokwenza izinto zokwakheka kwe-F-35 ngazinye. Ngokulandelayo, Ignition! (ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-Sonaca ne-Sabena Aerospace) lizosingatha izinto (ukuphathwa kokusebenza, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsimbi eziyisipele, okokusebenza okuphansi, ukulungiswa kwezindiza nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini) kanye nokuqeqeshwa komshayeli namakhenikha. Ngaphansi kwenkontileka nePratt & Whitney Belgium Engine Center (BEC) eseLiege, ephethwe yinkampani yaseNorway i-AIM Norway, uzobamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni ngezikhathi ezithile, ukulungisa nokulungiswa kabusha kwezinjini ze-F135. I-ILIAS Solutions izohlinzeka ngamathuluzi e-IT okuphatha izimoto, ukugcinwa nokuthengwa kwempahla.
Denmark
IDenmark izwakalise isifiso sayo sokujoyina uhlelo lwe-JSF ngo-1997 futhi yaba nguzakwethu wezinga lesithathu ngo-2002. Ngo-August 2005, uhulumeni wase-Denmark wethula ngokusemthethweni inqubo yokuthola izilwi ezintsha (uhlelo lwe-Nyt Kampfly) ukuze zithathe indawo yama-F-16 asetshenziswa ku-Air Force (Flyvevåbnet; Royal Danish Air Force, RDAF). Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakucatshangelwa ukuthengwa kwezimoto ezingama-48. Abazongenela ukhetho bahlanganisa i-Lockheed Martin F-35A, i-Saab JAS 39 Gripen kanye ne-Eurofighter Typhoon. Nokho, i-French Rafale ibingekho njengoba i-Dassault ihoxile ethendani. NgoDisemba 2007 i-Eurofighter nayo yahoxa emqhudelwaneni, kodwa ngoMeyi 2008 uBoeing wajoyina i-F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Idizayini eyawinayo yayizokhethwa ngo-2009, kodwa ithenda yasheshe yabambezeleka ngonyaka owodwa, kwathi ngoNdasa wezi-2010 lonke uhlelo lwamiswa ngenxa yezizathu zezimali.
NgoMashi 13, 2013, abakwaDan baphinde baqala kabusha inqubo yethenda, bamema zonke izinkampani ezifanayo ukuthi zibambe iqhaza. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakumayelana nokuthengwa kwezindiza ezingama-24-32. Izicelo ezinemininingwane zithunyelwe ngo-Ephreli 10, 2014, futhi amabhidi amathathu atholwa ngoJulayi 21 (u-Saab ukhishiwe kubhidi okwamanje). Isinqumo sokukhethwa kohlobo oluthile lwendiza bekufanele senziwe ekupheleni kukaJuni 2015, kodwa ngoMeyi 27 sahlehliswa. Ekugcineni, kwaba ngoMeyi 12, 2016 lapho uNdunankulu waseDenmark uLars Løkke Rasmussen kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uPeter Christensen bamemezela ukuthi uhulumeni uzoncoma ephalamende ukuthengwa kwe-27 F-35As ebiza cishe ama-US $ 3 billion (CZK 20 billion). NgoJuni 9, isinqumo sikahulumeni sagunyazwa amaqembu ezombusazwe aphikisayo. Inkontileka yokukhiqiza nokuhlinzekwa kwamayunithi ayisishiyagalombili ochungechunge lwe-LRIP 12 yasayinwa ngo-2018. Ngokulandelayo, amayunithi amabili azo-odwa ochungechungeni lwe-LRIP 13 namane ochungechungeni lwe-LRIP 14.
NgoJanuwari 16, 2019, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fuselage yokuqala ye-Danish F-35A (inombolo yokubhalisa ye-RDAF L-001) kwaqala embonini yase-Lockheed Martin e-Fort Worth. Indiza kulindeleke ukuthi iqedwe ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka ngaphambi kokuthi inikezwe i-RDAF ye-Luke AFB e-Arizona ngonyaka ozayo. Abashayeli bezindiza baseDenmark bazoqeqeshwa yi-308th Fighter Squadron "Emerald Knights" ye-56th Fighter Wing ye-US Air Force. Ngokohlelo, ukulethwa kwendiza ye-F-35A kuzohlala kuze kube ngu-2026. I-Initial Operational Readiness (IOC) izozuzwa ngo-2025 kanye nokulungela okugcwele kokusebenza (i-FOC) ngo-2027.
Inkampani yaseDenmark i-Terma ibilokhu ikhiqiza izakhi nemishini yazo zonke izinguqulo ezintathu ze-F-35 iminyaka eminingi, kuhlanganisa. ngaphansi kwamapayipi ezikhali ezisuka emoyeni eziya emhlabathini, isitsha se-GAU-22/I-cannon ventral yezinguqulo ze-F-35B kanye ne-F-35C, imiphetho eyinhlanganisela ehamba phambili yomsila ovundlile, amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela amboze ingxenye ephakathi ye-fuselage nomsila ovundlile noqondile, Izingxenye ze-radar /APG-81 kanye ne-AN/AAQ-37 (I-Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System, EO DAS) izinhlelo zokuxwayisa. Inkampani ye-Multicut ikhiqiza obakaki be-duralumin nezibambi zokukhweza nokufakwa kwe-airframe kanye nenjini ye-F135. I-Danish Avionics Test Center (ATCD; ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-Termy ne-Scandinavia Avionics) izogcina, ilungise futhi ithuthukise izingxenye zezindiza ze-Danish F-35A.
Netherlands
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-16, ngesikhathi kuqaliswa uhlelo lokuthuthukisa ama-F-35A / B ama-F-5A / B kuya ezingeni le-F-2002AM / BM, amaDashi aqala ukucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuzuza abazolandela esikhundleni sabo. Indiza ye-F-15 yayibhekwa njengethembisa kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngoJuni 2006, 30, iNetherlands yajoyina isigaba se-SDD sohlelo lwe-JSF, futhi ngoNovemba 2008, 2, basayina isivumelwano sokuthi nabo bahlanganyele esigabeni se-PSFD. Ngomhla zi-2009 kuNhlaba wezi-35, iPhalamende laseDashi lavuma ukuxhasa ngezimali ukubamba iqhaza kweRoyal Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu; Royal Netherlands Air Force, RNLAF) Ekuhlolweni Kokuqala Kokusebenza (IOT&E). Ngezidingo zabo, ngo-June 01, 001, kwathengwa i-F-19A (AN-2010; RNLAF F-02) yokuqala, kwathi ngo-November 002, 3, eyesibili (AN-4 / F-1). Indiza yakhiqizwa njengengxenye yochungechunge lwe-LRIP (Low-Rate Initial Production) 2012 no-2. Ikhophi yokuqala yakhishwa ngo-April 2013, 6, eyesibili ngo-March 2012, 27. Zahlolwa ngo-August 2013, 25 futhi zahlolwa. zathengwa yi-RNLAF ngoJulayi 12 nangoSepthemba 2013, 35 futhi zaba ngama-F-XNUMXA okuqala alethwa kumsebenzisi wangaphandle.
