F-35 yasePoland

Ngenxa yesivumelwano se-LoA, esaqalwa uhlangothi lwasePoland ngoJanuwari 31, 2020, ngo-2030 iPolish Air Force izoba namaqembu amahlanu ahlome ngezindiza zokulwa ezinendima eminingi ezakhiwe yinhlangano yaseMelika i-Lockheed Martin.

NgoJanuwari 31, "ukusayinwa" okusemthethweni kwesivumelwano seminyango kahulumeni sokuthengwa yiPoland kwezindiza ezingama-32 ze-Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II senzeka e-Military Aviation Academy e-Deblin, okwamenyezelwa isikhashana nguNgqongqoshe I-National Defense uMariusz Blaszczak. Umcimbi uhlotshiswe ngokuba khona, phakathi kokunye, uMongameli weRiphabhulikhi yasePoland u-Andrzej Duda, uNdunankulu uMateusz Morawiecki, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uMariusz Blaszczak kanye noMphathi Omkhulu Wezisebenzi Zombutho Wezempi WasePoland uGeneral Raimund Andrzejczak. Inxusa laseMelika ePoland uGeorgette Mosbacher naye ubekhona.

Isidingo sokuqinisa ukwenziwa kwesimanje kanye noshintsho lwezizukulwane zemishini ye-Air Force sekuxoxiwe ngaso kusukela kwasayinwa ngo-April 18, 2003 kwesivumelwano esichaza imibandela yokuthengwa kwezindiza ezingama-48 ze-Lockheed Martin F-16C / D Block 52+ Jastrząb ezisetshenziswa izinto eziningi. izindiza zokulwa. Ngenxa yokuntuleka komqondo wokuthengwa kohlobo oluthile lwendiza kanye nendlela yokuyithola, kanye nezici zezezimali ezakhiwe futhi zaqinisekiswa yizinhlangano zezombangazwe, isinqumo sokuthenga iqoqo elilandelayo lezindiza ezenziwe eNtshonalanga sihlehlisiwe. Ukugcina amandla okulwa okundiza kwaxazululwa ngokwandisa impilo yesevisi yendiza ye-Su-22 ne-MiG-29. Yathathwa imboni yezokuvikela kazwelonke - i-Air Force Institute of Technology e-Warsaw kanye ne-Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze nr 2 SA e-Bydgoszcz. Eminyakeni yamuva, ngokuqaphela ukuthi impilo yesevisi yezimoto zokulwa ezenziwe ngamaSoviet izophela nakanjani, ukuhlaziya kuye kwaqalwa kabusha ekuthengeni indiza entsha yokulwa enendima eminingi, encike ngokucacile ezimotweni zesizukulwane sesi-5 F-35. Kodwa-ke, cishe, i-F-35 yayizothengwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uma kungenjalo "uchungechunge olumnyama" lwezingozi ezibandakanya i-MiG-29, eziqalwe ngomlilo eMalbork Airport ngoJuni 11, 2016. Ngenxa yalokho. kulezi zenzakalo, izimoto ezine zacekelwa phansi noma zalimala kabi, futhi umshayeli wendiza eyodwa yazo wafa ngoJulayi 6, 2018 eduze kwasePaslenok.

Ngomhla zingama-23 kuNovemba, 2017, i-Armaments Inspectorate yoMnyango Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke (ID) yashicilela izimemezelo mayelana nokuqala kokuhlaziywa kwemakethe kumaphrojekthi "Ukuthuthukisa amathuba okusebenzisa imisebenzi ohlakeni lokulwa okuhlaselayo nokuzivikela ngokumelene namandla omoya wesitha kanye namandla omoya. kwenziwa imisebenzi yokweseka indawo, ulwandle kanye nokusebenza okukhethekile - Izindiza Zokulwa Nezinhloso Eziningi." kanye “ne-Airborne Electronic Jamming Capability”. Nakuba bengalisebenzisanga igama lekhodi elithi Harpia, elivele ngaphambili kumongo wenqubo yokuthengwa kwendiza entsha yezinhloso eziningi, kwacaca kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi izimemezelo ze-PS zazihlobene nalolu hlelo. Abakhiqizi abanentshisekelo bathole kuze kube ngumhla ziyi-18 kuZibandlela 2017 ukuthi bathumele izicelo zabo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Saab Defense and Security, i-Lockheed Martin Corporation, i-Boeing Company, i-Leonardo SpA kanye ne-Fights On Logistics Sp. z oo Ngaphezu kwenkampani yakamuva, ezinye izinkampani zingabakhiqizi abaziwayo bama-multirole fighters, ikakhulukazi amamodeli esizukulwane esingu-4,5. U-Lockheed Martin kuphela onganikeza isizukulwane sesi-5 i-F-35 Lightning II. Kuwuphawu lokuthi inkampani yaseFrance iDassault Aviation, umkhiqizi wamaRafale fighters, yayingekho kuleli qembu. Esinye sezizathu zalokhu kungabibikho emsebenzini ukupholisa ukubambisana kwezempi nezobuchwepheshe phakathi kweWarsaw neParis, okubangelwe, ikakhulukazi, ukuhoxiswa koMnyango Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke ngo-2016 kokuthengwa kwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezinezinhloso eziningi ze-Airbus H225M Caracal. Noma i-Dassault Aviation ihlole ngokufanelekile ukuthi ithenda engaba khona kungaba inqubo nje ye-facade.

Ukuba khona kosopolitiki ababaluleke kakhulu basePoland e-Deblin kufakazele ukubaluleka komkhosi wangoJanuwari 31 kanye nokubaluleka kokuthenga i-F-35A ye-Air Force. Esithombeni, kanye no-Georgette Mosbacher kanye no-Mariusz Blaszczak, uMongameli weRiphabhulikhi yasePoland u-Andrzej Duda kanye noNdunankulu u-Mateusz Morawiecki.

Uhlelo Lwesimanjemanje Lokusebenza Kwezempi YasePoland lweminyaka engama-28-2019 (PMT 2017-2026), olwethulwa ngoFebhuwari 2017, 2026, lubala ukutholwa kwezindiza zokulwa zezinhloso eziningi ezingama-32, okuthiwa. Isizukulwane sesi-5, esizosekelwa yi-F-16C / D Jastrząb esetshenziswa njengamanje. Iphrojekthi entsha kufanele: ikwazi ukusebenza endaweni egcwele izinyathelo zokuvikela umoya, ihambisane ngokugcwele nezindiza ezihlangene futhi ikwazi ukudlulisa idatha etholiwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Amarekhodi anjalo abonisa ngokusobala ukuthi i-F-35A, ekhuthazwe njengeyona kuphela imoto yesizukulwane sesi-5 etholakala eNtshonalanga, ingathengwa kuphela ngenqubo yokuthengisa yezempi yangaphandle yase-US. Le mibono yaqinisekiswa ngoMashi 12 nguMongameli uDuda, okwathi, engxoxweni yomsakazo, wamemezela ukuqala kwezingxoxo nohlangothi lwaseMelika mayelana nokuthengwa kwezimoto ze-F-35. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngemuva nje kwengozi yeMiG-29 ngoMashi 4, 2019, bobabili umongameli kanye neNational Security Service bamemezele ukuqala kokubuyekezwa kokuthengwa kwamaHarpies, njengoba kwenzeka oKlebe - isenzo esikhethekile. ukusungula ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwalolu hlelo ngaphandle kwesabelomali soMnyango Wezemfundo Nesayensi. Ekugcineni, lo mbono awuzange wamukelwe, futhi uMnyango Wezokuvikela kuphela owawuzothenga. Izinto zathula ezinsukwini ezalandela zikaMashi, kwaphinde kwashisa isimo sezombusazwe ngomhlaka-4 Ephreli. Ngalolo suku, phakathi nenkulumo-mpikiswano e-US Congress, wad. U-Matthias W. "Mat" Winter, inhloko yehhovisi lezinhlelo ze-F-35 (elibizwa ngokuthi i-Joint Program Office, i-JPO) eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela wase-US, umemezele ukuthi abaphathi benhlangano bacabangela ukugunyaza ukudayiswa komklamo kwamanye amazwe amane aseYurophu. : Spain, Greece, Romania kanye… Poland. Ephawula ngalolu lwazi, uNgqongqoshe uBlaszczak wanezela ukuthi uhlaka lwezezimali nomthetho lokuthengwa "okungenani izindiza ze-32 5th generation" ziyalungiswa. Uhlangothi lwasePoland lwenze imizamo yokunciphisa izinqubo zokugunyazwa kokuthengwa kwempahla ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye nokusebenzisa indlela esheshisiwe yezingxoxo. Emasontweni alandelayo, amazinga okushisa azungeze i-F-35 "ehla" futhi, aphinde avutha ngoMeyi. Izinsuku ezimbili zibonakala zibalulekile - Meyi 16 no-28. NgoMeyi 16, kwaba nenkulumo-mpikiswano eKomidini Likazwelonke Lezokuvikela, lapho u-Wojciech Skurkiewicz, uNobhala Wezwe woMnyango Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke, azisa amasekela mayelana nokukhethwa kwangempela kwendiza yesizukulwane sesi-5 (okungukuthi i-F-35A). ngamaqembu amabili e-Air Force. Ukuthengwa kwemishini yokuqala kufakwe ku-PMT ka-2017-2026, kanti okwesibili - esikhathini sokuhlela esilandelayo. Ngokubona ukuthengwa kwempahla njengesidingo esiphuthumayo sokusebenza, inqubo yokuphuma ngaphandle kokuncintisana ingasetshenziswa.

Ngokulandelayo, ngoMeyi 28, uNgqongqoshe uBlaszczak wamemezela ukuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke uthumele i-Letter of Request (LoR) esemthethweni e-United States mayelana nemvume yokudayiswa kwe-32 F-35As kanye nemibandela yayo. Ulwazi olunikezwe ungqongqoshe lubonisa ukuthi i-LoR, ngaphezu kokuthenga indiza ngokwayo, ihlanganisa iphakheji yezokuthutha nokuqeqeshwa, okungukuthi, indinganiso ebekiwe endabeni yenqubo ye-FMS. Ukuhambisa i-LoR kwaba inqubo esemthethweni ngasohlangothini lwase-US, okuholele ekushicilelweni kwesicelo sokuthekelisa yi-Defence and Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) ngoSepthemba 11, 2019. Sifunde ukuthi iPoland ithanda ukuthenga ama-32 F-35As ngenjini eyodwa ye-Pratt Whitney F135. Ukwengeza, ukusekelwa okujwayelekile kwe-logistics nokuqeqeshwa kufakiwe kuphakheji. Abantu baseMelika babeka intengo ephezulu yaleli phakethe ku-$6,5 billion.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-Okthoba 10, 2019, kwavunywa Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezobuchwepheshe Kwezempi YasePoland ngo-2021-2035, okwathi ngenxa yobude balo, kakade sekuhlinzekelwe ukuthengwa kwezimoto ezisetshenziselwa isizukulwane sesi-5 zamaqembu amabili.

Njengoba sifundile ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi komkhosi e-Deblin, lapho uhlangothi lwasePoland luqala isivumelwano se-Letter of Acceptance (LoA), esasayinwa ngaphambilini ngabamele abaphathi be-US, ekugcineni, intengo yephakheji ngesikhathi sezingxoxo yancishiswa. ukuze 4,6, 17 bhiliyoni US dollar, i.e. mayelana 572 bhiliyoni 35 abayizigidi ezingu zł. I-F-87,3A eyodwa kulindeleke ukuthi ibize cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-2,8. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi izindleko ze-flyaway, i.e. izindleko eziphansi ezitholwe umenzi lapho ehlinzeka ngesiphephelo ngenjini, okungasho ukuthi ikhasimende lithola indiza isilungele ukusebenza, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma izolwa. I-Poland izokhokha amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-61 ngendiza nezinjini zayo, okungama-35% yenani lenkontileka. Izindleko zokuqeqesha indiza nezisebenzi zezobuchwepheshe zilinganiselwa ku-$XNUMX million.

Ukwehliswa kwentengo kufinyelelwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenxa yokwenqaba ukubuyisela zonke noma ingxenye yezindleko zokuthola nge-offset. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezokuvikela, ukwenqaba kuphela ukubuyisela kusindise cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,1. Kodwa-ke, kungalindelwa ukuthi u-Lockheed Martin nabalingani bakhe bezimboni bazothuthukisa ukubambisana nemboni yezokuvikela yasePoland kanye nezindiza, eyahlongozwa lapho kusayinwa isivumelwano sokubambisana phakathi kwe-Lockheed Martin Corp. kanye ne-Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa SA. ekwandiseni ikhono le-Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze No. 2 SA e-Bydgoszcz emkhakheni wokunakekelwa kwezindiza zokuthutha i-C-130 Hercules kanye nezilwi ze-F-16 ezinendima eminingi.

Inani lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,6 yinani eliphelele, lapho imishini ethengiwe idlula imingcele yasePoland, kuzodingeka ikhokhe i-VAT. Ngokwezibalo zoMnyango Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke, inani lokugcina eliphelele lizokhuphuka cishe nge-PLN 3 bhiliyoni, lifinyelele ezingeni le-PLN 20,7 billion (ngesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwedola laseMelika ngosuku lokusayina inkontileka). Zonke izinkokhelo ngaphansi kwesivumelwano se-LoA kufanele zenziwe ngo-2020-2030.

Olwazini olunikezwa umphakathi uMnyango Wezokuvikela, kuyaziwa ukuthi i-Polish F-35A izophuma ekukhiqizeni okuzayo futhi kuzoba inguqulo evamile yenguqulo ye-Block 4, esathuthukiswa. I-Poland izophinda ibe eyesibili. - ngemuva kweNorway - umsebenzisi wezimoto ze-F-35, ezizobe zifakwe izibambi ze-hull brake chute ezifinyeza ukukhishwa (ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-F-35A ayinazo). Ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zenkontileka, ngesikhathi sayo sokuqinisekisa, zonke izinguquko (ikakhulukazi isofthiwe) ezisetshenziswa unomphela ochungechungeni lokukhiqiza olulandelayo zizosetshenziswa emishinini edilivwe ngaphambilini.

I-F-35A yokuqala ye-Air Force kufanele ilethwe ngo-2024 futhi ekuqaleni kwenkonzo yabo, kanye nengxenye yendiza evela eqenjini elihlelelwe ukulethwa ngo-2025 (eziyisithupha sezizonke) izobekwa e-United States ukuqeqeshwa komshayeli wendiza nokusekelwa phansi - ngokusho Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, abaseMelika bazoqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza abangama-24 (kuhlanganise nabambalwa abafika ezingeni labafundisi) kanye nochwepheshe abangama-90. Azophinde asetshenziselwe umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa. Lo mnqamulajuqu usho ukuthi abantu baseMelika ngeke banikeze i-Poland izinguqulo eziyisithupha ze-Block 3F esezakhelwe i-Turkey, ezidinga ukwakhiwa kabusha ukuze zibe sezingeni elihlosiwe le-Block 4, okwamanje elihlotshiswe ngamabhu futhi elilindele isiphetho sazo. Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, abezindaba baqagela ngekusasa labo, okubonisa ukuthi lezi zindiza zingaya ePoland noma eNetherlands (okumele zikhulise i-oda lazo lamanje libe ngamayunithi angama-37).