Eurocopter
Uhlelo lwendiza enophephela emhlane yokuhlasela i-Tigre/Tiger bekuyibhizinisi lokuqala elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-Aérospatiale ne-MBB futhi kwaba umfutho we-Eurocopter. Esithombeni: ikhophi yokuqala ye-serial yenguqulo ye-HAD ye-French Armed Forces.
Umlando we-Eurocopter, owasungulwa ngoJanuwari 1992 yinkampani yaseFrance i-Aérospatiale kanye ne-MBB yaseJalimane ukuklama, ukuthuthukisa, ukukhiqiza nokudayisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, manje sekuyisahluko esivaliwe emlandweni wezokundiza. Nakuba kunzima ukucabanga ngegama elingcono lomkhiqizi wezindiza ezinophephela emhlane waseYurophu kune-Eurocopter, inkampani yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Airbus Helicopters ngoJanuwari 2014. Kusukela lapho, uyaqhubeka nokusebenza njengengxenye yokukhathazeka kwe-Airbus. Igama elithi Eurocopter, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lisalokhu lingenye yezimpawu zezinguquko ezenzeke embonini yezindiza yaseYurophu emashumini eminyaka adlule ekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Inqubo yokwenziwa kukahulumeni kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemboni yezindiza yaseFrance, eyaqala ngo-1936, yaphazanyiswa yiMpi Yezwe Yesibili futhi yaphinde yaqala ngemva nje kokuphela kwayo, okwaholela engxenyeni yesibili yama-50s ekwakhiweni kwezinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu zezindiza zikahulumeni. : I-Société de ukwakhiwa kwezinkampani zikazwelonke i-Sud-Aviation and Nord- aviation. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, ngesinqumo sikahulumeni waseFrance, imisebenzi yahlukaniswa: I-Sud-Aviation yayihileleke kakhulu ezindizeni zokuthutha zomphakathi nezempi kanye nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, kanti i-Nord-Aviation yenza imicibisholo. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuhlanganisa senzeka ngoJanuwari 1970. Okokuqala, ngo-January 1, i-Sud-Aviation yathola amasheya e-SEREB (Société d'étude et de réalisation d'engins balistiques), kwase kuthi ngo-January 26, 1970, ngomthetho ka- uMongameli wase-France, i-Sud-Aviation kanye ne-Nord-Aviation yahlanganiswa yaba yinkampani eyodwa, i-Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (SNIAS), eyaziwa kusukela ngo-1984 njenge-Aérospatiale. U-Henri Ziegler waba usihlalo wokuqala webhodi lenkampani entsha.
I-Aérospatiale yazuza njengefa isitshalo sase-Marignane eduze kwase-Marseille sisuka e-Sud-Aviation, lapho iqhubekile nokukhiqiza izindiza ezinophephela emhlane i-SA313/318 Alouette II, SA315B Lama, SA316/319 Alouette III kanye ne-SA340/341 Gazelle enendima ehlukahlukene, kanye ne-SA321 Super Frelon kanye ne-SA330 Super Frelon Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokuthutha i-SA1963 Puma (Insephe kanye ne-Puma. I-Puma) zakhiwe ngokubambisana nenkampani yaseBrithani i-Westland Helicopters). I-gazelle idinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwenani lezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Enye yalezi kwakuyirotha yomsila enama-bladed amaningi, ekuqaleni eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Fenestrou futhi kamuva i-Fenestron. Abadali bayo kwakungonjiniyela uPaul Fabre noRené Muyet (owokugcina wayengumklami omkhulu womnyango wezindiza ezinophephela emhlane we-Sud-Aviation kusukela ngo-340, kwase kuba yi-SNIAS / Aérospatiale). I-Fenestron inikeza ukuphepha okukhulu endizeni nasekuphatheni phansi kwendiza enophephela emhlane futhi inciphisa kakhulu izinga lomsindo. Owokuqala owawathola kwaba owesibili oyi-prototype SA12, owasuka ngo-April 1968, 1972. I-propeller ye-Fenestron yaqinisekiswa ku-XNUMX futhi ngokushesha yaba uphawu lwezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ze-Aérospatiale, bese kuthi i-Eurocopter ne-Airbus Helicopters, nakuba ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene yayingekho futhi ingasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindiza ezinophephela emhlane.
Indiza enophephela emhlane yokuqala eyaqokwa njengo-AS esikhundleni se-SA kwakuyi-AS350 Écureuil, i-prototype yayo eyandiza ngoJuni 27, 1974 ( osesithombeni). Izinguqulo zakamuva zomndeni wakwa-Écureuil/Fennec zisakhiqizwa namuhla.
Indiza enophephela emhlane yokuqala eyayihlome nge-propeller ye-Fenestron kwakuyi-SA360 Dauphin, i-prototype yayo eyandiza ngoJuni 2, 1972. okukhulunywe ngenhla). Kwaba okufanayo ngemodeli yokuthekelisa ethuthukisiwe yeGazelle SA342 kanye nenguqulo yokuqeda injini enamawele ye-Dauphina SA365C Dauphin 2. Izibonelo zabo zandiza ngo-11 May 1973 kanye nezi-24 January 1975, ngokulandelana. igama elithi AS lethulwa. Eyokuqala kwakuyinjini eyodwa i-AS350 Écureuil (Squirrel), isibonelo sayo sandiza ngomhla zingama-27 kuJuni 1974.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s nama-80s, kwadalwa ezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-Dauphina 2: i-SA365N, i-SA366G ye-US Coast Guard (eyaziwa e-USA ngokuthi i-HH-65 Dolphin), i-Marine SA365F kanye ne-SA365M yokulwa. Maphakathi nawo-70s, kwaqalwa umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa uhlobo lwePuma, olubizwa ngokuthi i-Super Puma. I-SA330 eyakhiwe kabusha, ebizwa ngokuthi i-SA331, yandiza ngo-September 5, 1977, kwathi eyokugcina i-AS332 ngo-September 13, 1978. Ngo-September 28, 1978, kwakhiqizwa i-AS355 Écureuil 2, inguqulo yenjini emibili. indiza i-AS350. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, kwasungulwa inguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye-AS332, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Super Puma Mk II. Ngo-1990, i-SA365N yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-AS365N, i-SA365M yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-AS565 Panther, izinguqulo zezempi ze-AS332 zaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-AS532 Cougar/Cougar Mk II, kanti izinguqulo zezempi ze-AS350/355 zaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-AS550/555 Fenne. .
Iningi lezinhlobo zezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezakhiwe e-Sud-Aviation futhi kamuva e-Aérospatiale zaziyimpumelelo enkulu kwezohwebo. Ngaphandle kwe-SA315B Lama, eyakhelwe amabutho ahlomile amaNdiya, kanye ne-SA321 Super Frelon, ekhiqizwe ngamanani amancane, ezinye izinhlobo namamodeli omphakathi nezempi akhiqizwa (nangaphansi kwelayisensi) ngochungechunge olukhulu futhi athakazelelwa ngabasebenzisi abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. umhlaba. umhlaba. Zisasetshenziswa ngempumelelo emazweni amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zisathenga izinguqulo zakamuva ze-AS350 (esevele inegama elisha elithi H125), AS550 (H125M), AS365N3+, AS365N4 (H155), AS565MBe, AS332 (H215) kanye ne-AS532 (H215M)!
Germany - MBB
Umakhi wendiza enophephela emhlane waseJalimane wangemva kwempi u-Eng. Ludwig Belkov. Phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, wasebenza embonini yase-Messerschmitt, futhi ngo-1948 wakha i-design bureau yakhe. "Indiza enophephela emhlane" yakhe yokuqala kwakuyi-Bö 102 Helitrainer, eyakhiwa ngo-1953. Kwakhelwe amazwe ayisithupha izindiza eziyi-18. Ekhuthazwe yimpumelelo yakhe, u-Bölkow wasungula i-Bölkow Entwicklungen KG ngo-1 May 1956. Ekuqaleni indawo yayo yayise-Echterdingen eduze kwaseStuttgart, kodwa ngo-December 1958 yathuthelwa e-Ottobrunn eduze kwaseMunich. Indiza enophephela emhlane yeqiniso yokuqala ye-Bölkow yayiyisihlalo esisodwa esilula esingu-Bö 103, esisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Bö 102. Okuwukuphela kwesibonelo esakhiwe sandiza ngo-September 14, 1961. Enye kwakuyi-Bö 46 yokuhlola, eyakhelwe ukuhlola lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Derschmidt Rotor, ngenxa yalokho bekufanele ifinyelele isivinini esingaphezu kuka-400 km/h Iyunithi yokuqala kwezimbili ezakhiwe yaqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 30, 1964.
NgoJanuwari 1, 1965, kulandela ukuguqulwa kwenkampani kanye nokuthengwa kwe-33,33 (3)% yamasheya yi-Boeing, inkampani yashintsha igama layo laba yi-Bölkow GmbH. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Bölkow wayesebenzela ukuklama i-Bö 105, indiza enophephela emhlane enenjini engamawele elula. Isithakazelo esikhulu sochwepheshe sabangelwa i-rotor eyinhloko enekhanda eliqinile kanye nezindwani ezine eziyinhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo. Lesi sinqumo sinikeze imoto ukwazi ukuhamba kahle. I-Bö 16 yaba yimpumelelo enkulu - ngo-1967, izibonelo ezingaphezu kuka-105 zase zakhiwe eJalimane futhi ngaphansi kwelayisensi e-Canada, Indonesia, Spain kanye ne-Philippines ngezinguqulo eziningi nokuhluka kwabasebenzisi abavamile nabamasosha emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngomhla ziyisi-6 kuNhlangulana 1968, i-Bölkow GmbH ne-Messerschmitt AG zahlanganiswa zaba yinkampani eyodwa, i-Messerschmitt-Bölkow GmbH. NgoMeyi 1969, ifekthri yezindiza i-Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH (HFB) yatholwa enkampanini yezokwakha umkhumbi i-Blohm und Voss. Ngemva kwalokho, igama lashintshwa laba yi-Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH (MBB). Indlunkulu yasala e-Ottobrunn, futhi izimboni zezindiza ezinophephela emhlane zazise-Ottobrunn naseDonauwörth eduze kwase-Augsburg. I-MBB yayiyinkampani enkulu yezindiza yaseJalimane. Wayehlanganyela ekwakhiweni, ekuthuthukisweni, ekukhiqizeni, ekuhloleni ngezikhathi ezithile nasekulungiseni izindiza, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane nemicibisholo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye nezingxenye zezakhiwo zezindiza zabanye abakhiqizi. Ngo-1981 i-MBB yathenga i-Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW).
Ngo-September 25, 1973, kwahlolwa i-prototype ethi Bö 106, okungukuthi, inguqulo ekhulisiwe ye-Bö 105. Nokho, umshini awuzange uvuse isithakazelo kumakhasimende. I-Bö 107 enkulu nakakhulu yahlala ephepheni kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indiza enophephela emhlane enenjini engu-VK 117, eyaklanywa ngokuhlanganyela nenkampani yaseJapane i-Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) ngaphansi kwenkontileka eyaphothulwa ngoFebhuwari 25, 1977, yaba yimpumelelo. ikhala eliqinile, i-tail boom, amasistimu we-hydraulic, uhlelo lokuqondisa nokuzinza. Indiza eyisibonelo yenzeka ngoJuni 13, 1979 e-Ottobrunn. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kwe-BK 117 kwaqala eJalimane naseJapane ngo-1982. EJapane, isaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Ngo-1985, umsebenzi waqala ekwakhiweni kwendiza enophephela emhlane enenjini engu-Bö 108, eyathathwa njengomlandeli wesimanje we-Bö 105. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe zokwakha, uhlelo lokulawula injini yedijithali (FADEC) kanye nama-avionics edijithali. I-prototype yokuqala, enikwa amandla yi-Rolls-Royce 250-C20R, yandiza ngomhlaka-15 Okthoba 1988, kanti eyesibili, kulokhu inikwa amandla yi-Turboméca Arrius 1B izinjini, ngomhlaka-5 Juni 1991.
Isisekelo se-Eurocopter
Ngama-70s, amazwe amaningana aseYurophu anquma ukuthenga indiza enophephela emhlane elwa nethangi yamabutho awo ahlomile, efana ne-American Bell AH-1 Cobra. Engxenyeni yesibili ye-70s, i-France ne-Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) yaqala izingxoxo mayelana nokuthuthukiswa okuhlangene kwalolu hlobo lomshini, olubizwa ngokuthi "i-Tiger" / Tiger. Isivumelwano esifanayo ezingeni longqongqoshe bezokuvikela bamazwe womabili sasayinwa ngoMeyi 29, 1984. Osonkontileka bekungu-Aérospatiale kanye ne-MBB, abasungule i-Eurocopter GIE (Groupement d'Intérêt Économique) ukuze iphathe uhlelo, ikomkhulu layo eliseLa Courneuve eduze kwaseParis. NgoSepthemba 18, 1985, inkampani engaphansi kwayo i-Eurocopter GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) yasungulwa eMunich, ibhekele izici zobuchwepheshe zohlelo, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa nokuhlolwa kwama-prototypes.
Ngenxa yezizathu zezezimali, uhlelo lwendiza enophephela emhlane iTigre/Tiger aluzange lufinyelele umthamo ogcwele kwaze kwaba nguNovemba 1987. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-Eurocopter yathola inkontileka yokwakha ama-prototypes amahlanu. Esokuqala sandizela eMarignane ngo-April 27, 1991. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokubambezeleka okubangele, ikakhulukazi, ngenxa yesidingo sokucabangela izidingo ezihlukene zamabutho ahlomile womabili la mazwe ekwakhiweni, imishini nezikhali, ekugcineni, ngoMeyi 20, 1998, iFrance neJalimane zasayina isivumelwano sokuqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Inkontileka yokusetshenziswa kwamakhophi angu-160 (ama-80 ezweni ngalinye) yaphothulwa ngoJuni 18, 1999. Ukukhishwa komkhosi wokuqala wokukhiqiza i-Tiger kwenzeka e-Donauwörth ngo-March 22, 2002, kanye nokuhlolwa kwendiza ngo-Agasti 2. Ukulethwa emabuthweni ahlomile eFrance naseJalimane kwaqala entwasahlobo ka-2005. ISpain ne-Australia nabo bajoyine iqembu labathengi beTiger.
Ngalesi sikhathi kube nezinguquko ohlelweni lobunikazi kanye nenhlangano. NgoDisemba 1989, i-Deutsche Aerospace AG (DASA), eyasungulwa ngoMeyi 19 wonyaka ofanayo (eqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG ngoJanuwari 1, 1995, kanye noDaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG ngoNovemba 17, 1998), bathenga isiteki esilawulayo ezinkampanini. I-MBB. NgoMeyi 6, 1991, i-Eurocopter GIE yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Eurocopter International GIE. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukukhuthaza nokudayisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezivela kubo bobabili abakhiqizi ezimakethe zomhlaba (ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Melika). Ekugcineni, ngo-1 January 1992, i-Aérospatiale kanye ne-DASA bakha inkampani ebambe iqhaza, i-Eurocopter SA (Société Anonyme), enamasheya angu-70% kanye nama-30% ngokulandelana. Umnyango wezindiza ezinophephela emhlane eMarignane, ohlukaniswe ne-Aérospatiale, wahlelwa kabusha waba yi-Eurocopter France SA. I-DASA Helicopter Division (MBB) yafakwa ku-Eurocopter Deutschland, eyahlala iyingxenye ye-Eurocopter France. I-Eurocopter SA iphethe u-100% wamasheya e-Eurocopter International kanye ne-Eurocopter France. Omongameli bayo bokuqala kwakungu-Heinz Plüktun we-MBB noJean-Francois Bige wase-Aérospatiale. Ngokushesha uPlyuktun wathathelwa indawo uSiegfried Sobotta waseDaimler-Benz.
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-Eurocopter ngo-1992, kwaba nezinguquko ezinkampanini zangaphandle zazo zombili izinkampani. I-American Aerospatiale Helicopter Corporation kanye ne-MBB Helicopter Corporation zihlanganiswe ne-American Eurocopter, Inc. enefektri eGrande Prairie, eTexas. I-Aerospatiale Helicopter Australia e-Bankstown, eNew South Wales isiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Eurocopter International Pacific Holdings Pty Ltd., i-Helicópteros Aérospatiale de México SA de CV e-Mexico City isiqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Eurocopter de México SA de CV (EMSA) kanye ne-MBB Helicopter Canada Ltd. - e-Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada - Eurocopter Canada Ltd. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Eurocopter Service Japan yasungulwa eTokyo ngoNovemba 1992, lapho i-Eurocopter yathola khona u-51%. Ngo-1994, i-Eurocopter Southern Africa Pty Ltd yasungulwa eGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. (ESAL), i-100% ephethwe yi-Eurocopter. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Eurocopter France ithole ingxenye engu-45% enkampanini yaseBrazil i-Helicópteros do Brasil SA (Helibras) ngemuva kwe-Aérospatiale.
Ngo-Agasti 1992, i-Eurocopter France kanye ne-Eurocopter Deutschland, kanye ne-Agusta yase-Italy kanye ne-Dutch Fokker, bakha i-NHIndustries SAS consortium ezinze e-Aix-en-Provence, e-France ukuze kuthuthukiswe, benze, bakhuthaze futhi bamakethe indiza enophephela emhlane yezokuthutha ye-NH90. Eyokuqala kwama-prototypes amahlanu (PT1) yandiza ngomhlaka-18 Disemba 1995 eMarignane. Amanye ama-prototypes amabili akhiwa eFrance. I-prototype yesibili (PT2), eyandiza ngo-March 19, 1997, yaba indiza enophephela emhlane yokuqala emhlabeni ukuba ifakwe uhlelo lokulawula ugesi (PSC). Indiza yokuqala esebenzisa i-analog FBW yenzeka ngoJulayi 2, 1997, kanye nedijithali ngoMeyi 15, 1998. I-prototype yesine (PT4), eyakhiwa eJalimane, yandiza ngoMeyi 31, 1999 e-Ottobrunn.
