I-EmDrive iyasebenza! I-Paddle yangena endaweni yonke

I-Physics icishe isemaphethelweni kwalasha. NgoNovemba 2016, i-NASA yashicilela umbiko wesayensi mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-EmDrive e-Eagleworks Laboratories (1). Kuyo, i-ejensi iqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi ikhiqiza i-traction, okungukuthi, iyasebenza. Inkinga ukuthi namanje akwaziwa ukuthi kungani isebenza ...

1. Uhlelo lwelabhorethri lokulinganisa ukuphonswa kwenjini i-EmDrive

2. Ukubhala iyunithi yezinhlamvu ku-EmDrive ngesikhathi sokuhlola

Ososayensi nonjiniyela baseNASA Eagleworks Laboratories basondela ocwaningweni lwabo ngokucophelela. Baze bazama ukuthola noma yimiphi imithombo yephutha engase ibe khona - kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Them injini ye-EmDrive ikhiqize u-1,2 ± 0,1 millinewtons of thrust per kilowatt yamandla (2). Lo mphumela awubonakali futhi unokusebenza kahle okuphelele izikhathi eziningi eziphansi kunamashubhu e-ion, isibonelo, ama-Hall thrusters, kodwa inzuzo yawo enkulu kunzima ukuyiphikisa - ayidingi noma yikuphi uphethiloli.Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokuhamba nawe ohambweni olungenzeka noma yiliphi ithangi likaphethiloli, "elishajiwe" ngamandla alo.

Akukhona okokuqala abacwaningi befakazela ukuthi iyasebenza. Nokho, akekho noyedwa okwazile ukuchaza ukuthi kungani. Ochwepheshe beNASA bakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenza kwale njini kungachazwa i-pilot wave theory. Yiqiniso, lena akuyona ukuphela kwe-hypothesis ezama ukuchaza umthombo ongaqondakali wokulandelana. Kuzodingeka olunye ucwaningo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqagela kososayensi. Yiba nesineke futhi uzilungiselele izimangalo ezilandelayo ezithi i-EmDrive (3)… Iyasebenza ngempela.

Imayelana nokusheshisa

Ikesi le-EmDrive belilokhu likhula ngesivinini futhi liya ngesivinini njengenjini yerokhethi yangempela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukulandelana kwezehlakalo ezilandelayo:

• Ngo-Ephreli 2015, uJosé Rodal, uJeremy Mullikin, noNoel Munson bamemezele imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo esithangamini (lesi isayithi lezohwebo, naphezu kwegama, elingahlangene ne-NASA). Njengoba kwenzeka, bahlola ukusebenza kwenjini ku-vacuum futhi basusa amaphutha okulinganisa okungenzeka, okufakazela isimiso sokusebenzisa le njini.
• Ngo-Agasti 2015, imiphumela yocwaningo lukaMartin Taimar ovela e-Technical University yaseDresden yanyatheliswa. Isazi sesayensi yemvelo sithe injini ye-EmDrive ike yasebenza, kodwa lokhu akubona ubufakazi bokusebenza kwayo nhlobo. Inhloso yocwaningo lukaTaimar kwakuwukuhlola imiphumela emibi yezindlela zangaphambili ezazisetshenziswa ukuhlola injini. Nokho, ukuhlola ngokwako kwagxekwa ngokuziphatha okungalungile, amaphutha okulinganisa, futhi imiphumela emenyezelwe yabizwa ngokuthi "ukudlala ngamagama."
• NgoJuni 2016, usosayensi waseJalimane nonjiniyela u-Paul Kotsila umemezele umkhankaso wokuxhasa ngemali abantu abaningi wokwethula isathelayithi ebizwa ngokuthi i-PocketQube emkhathini.
• Ngo-Agasti 2016, uGuido Fetta, umsunguli weCannae Inc., umemezele umqondo wokwethulwa kweCubeSat, isathelayithi encane efakwe iCannae Drive (4), okungukuthi, enguqulweni yakho ye-EmDrive.
• Ngo-Okthoba 2016, u-Roger J. Scheuer, umsunguli we-EmDrive, uthole amalungelo obunikazi ase-UK nawamazwe ngamazwe esizukulwaneni sesibili senjini yakhe.
• Ngo-Okthoba 14, 2016, inhlolokhono yefilimu no-Scheuer yakhululwa kwi-International Business Times UK. Imelela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikusasa nomlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-EmDrive, futhi kwavela ukuthi iminyango yezokuvikela yase-US kanye neBrithani, kanye nePentagon, NASA kanye ne-Boeing, banesithakazelo ekusungulweni. U-Scheuer unikeze ezinye zalezi zinhlangano zonke izincwadi zobuchwepheshe zokushayela nokuboniswa kwe-EmDrive, ehlinzeka nge-thrust engu-8g no-18g. zisetshenziswe cishe kuzo zonke izimoto zesimanje.
• NgoNovemba 17, 2016, imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-NASA eshiwo ngenhla yashicilelwa, eyaqinisekisa ekuqaleni ukusebenza kwesikhungo samandla.

4. I-Cannae Drive igibele isathelayithi - ukubona ngeso lengqondo

Iminyaka engu-17 futhi kuseyimpicabadala

5. U-Roger Scheuer nemodeli ye-EmDrive yakhe

Igama elide nelinembile le-EmDrive lithi I-RF resonance resonator motor. Umqondo we-electromagnetic drive wathuthukiswa ngo-1999 ngusosayensi waseBrithani nonjiniyela uRoger Scheuer, umsunguli weSatellite Propulsion Research Ltd. Ngo-2006, washicilela isihloko esithi EmDrive in New Scientist (5). Lo mbhalo uye wagxekwa kakhulu izazi. Ngokombono wabo, i-relativistic electromagnetic drive esekelwe kumqondo owethulwe iphula umthetho wokulondoloza umfutho, i.e. kungenye inketho yefantasy mayelana.

Nokho Kokubili izivivinyo zaseShayina eminyakeni embalwa edlule kanye nalezo ezenziwa yi-NASA ekwindla zibonakala ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukunyakaza kusetshenziswa ingcindezi yemisebe ye-electromagnetic ebusweni kanye nomthelela wokubonakaliswa kwegagasi kagesi ku-waveguide eyi-conical kuholela kumehluko wamandla. kanye nokubukeka kokudonsa. Lawa mandla, wona, angaphindaphindwa ngawo Izibuko, ibekwe ebangeni elifanele, ukuphindaphinda kwesigamu sobude begagasi kazibuthe kagesi.

Ngokushicilelwa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-NASA Eagleworks Lab, impikiswano iphinde yavuka ngalesi sixazululo esingaba noguquko. Umehluko phakathi kokutholwe kokuhlolwa kanye nethiyori yesayensi yangempela kanye nemithetho yefiziksi kubangele imibono eminingi eyeqisayo mayelana nokuhlolwa okwenziwe. Umehluko phakathi kwezimangalo ezibonisa ithemba zempumelelo ekuhambeni emkhathini nokuphika obala imiphumela yocwaningo kuye kwabangela abaningi ukuba bacabange ngokujulile mayelana nemibono yendawo yonke kanye nezingqinamba zolwazi lwesayensi kanye nokulinganiselwa kocwaningo lwesayensi.

Nakuba kwase kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nesikhombisa kusukela u-Scheuer edalula iphrojekthi, imodeli kanjiniyela waseBrithani ayikwazanga ukulinda isikhathi eside ukuze kuqinisekiswe ucwaningo oluthembekile. Nakuba ukuhlola ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kwaphindwa izikhathi ngezikhathi, akuzange kunqunywe ukuthi kuqinisekiswe kahle futhi kuhlolwe indlela yokusebenza ocwaningweni oluthile lwesayensi. Isimo mayelana nalokhu sashintsha ngemva kokushicilelwa okukhulunywe ngenhla kwemiphumela ebuyekezwe ngontanga yokuhlolwa elabhorethri yaseMelika i-Eagleworks. Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kokufaneleka okuqinisekisiwe kwendlela yocwaningo eyamukelwayo, kusukela ekuqaleni, lonke uhla lokungabaza aluzange luchithwe, empeleni olwehlisa ukwethembeka komqondo ngokwawo.

Futhi Newton?

Ukukhombisa ubukhulu benkinga ngomgomo wenjini kaScheuer, abagxeki bavame ukuqhathanisa umbhali wombono we-EmDrive nomnikazi wemoto ofuna ukwenza imoto yakhe inyakaze ngokucindezela iwindi lakhe ngaphakathi. Ukungqubuzana okuboniswa kanjalo nezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-Newtonian dynamics kusathathwa njengokuphikiswa okuyinhloko, okukukhiphe ngokuphelele ngaphandle ukwethembeka komklamo wonjiniyela waseBrithani. Abamelene nemodeli ka-Scheuer abazange bakholwe ukuhlolwa okulandelanayo okwabonisa ngokungalindelekile ukuthi injini ye-EmDrive ingasebenza kahle.

Yebo, umuntu kufanele avume ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlola etholwe kuze kube manje ihlushwa ukuntula isisekelo esicacile esitholakala ngendlela yemibandela namaphethini afakazelwe ngokwesayensi. Kokubili abacwaningi nabashisekeli abafakazela ukusebenza kwemodeli yenjini kagesi bayavuma ukuthi abakasitholi isimiso somzimba esiqinisekiswa ngokucacile esingachaza ukusebenza kwayo njengezinsolo eziphambene nemithetho kaNewton ye-dynamics.

6. Ukusatshalaliswa okucatshangelwayo kwamavekhtha okusebenzelana kusilinda se-EmDrive

U-Scheuer ngokwakhe, nokho, ubeka isidingo sokucabangela iphrojekthi yakhe ngesisekelo se-quantum mechanics, hhayi ye-classical, njengoba kwenzeka ngamadrayivu avamile. Ngokombono wakhe, umsebenzi we-EmDrive usekelwe ithonya elithile lamagagasi kagesi ( 6), othonya lakhe alibonakali ngokugcwele ezimisweni zikaNewton. Futhi, i-Scheuer ayinikezi noma yibuphi ubufakazi obuqinisekiswe ngokwesayensi futhi obuqinisekiswe ngendlela.

Naphezu kwazo zonke izimemezelo ezenziwe kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo ethembisayo, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-NASA Eagleworks Laboratory imane iyisiqalo senqubo ende yokuqinisekisa ubufakazi nokwakha ukwethembeka kwesayensi kwephrojekthi eyaqalwa ngu-Scheuer. Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa kocwaningo ikwazi ukuphindaphindeka, futhi ukusebenza kwemodeli kuqinisekiswa nezimo zasemkhathini, kusasele umbuzo obucayi kakhulu wokuhlaziywa. inkinga yokuvumelanisa ukutholakala nemigomo ye-dynamicsngenkathi engathinteki. Ukuvela kwesimo esinjalo akufanele kusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuphika ithiyori yesayensi yamanje noma imithetho eyisisekelo yemvelo.

Ngokwethiyori, i-EmDrive isebenza kusetshenziswa into yokucindezela kwemisebe. Isivinini seqembu segagasi kazibuthe kagesi, futhi yingakho amandla akhiqizwa yilo, angase ancike kujometri ye-waveguide esakazeka ngayo. Ngokombono ka-Scheuer, uma wakha i-waveguide eyi-conical ngendlela yokuthi isivinini se-wave ekugcineni sihluke kakhulu kunejubane lamagagasi ngakolunye uhlangothi, khona-ke ngokubonisa igagasi phakathi kweziphetho ezimbili, uzothola umehluko umfutho wemisebe, okungukuthi amandla anele ukuze kuzuzwe ukudonsa. NgokukaScheuer, i-EmDrive ayiphuli imithetho yefiziksi, kodwa isebenzisa inkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein - injini imane nje ingaphakathi. olunye uhlaka lwereferensi kunegagasi "elisebenzayo" ngaphakathi kwayo.

7. Umdwebo womqondo wokusebenza kwe-EmDrive

Kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi i-EmDrive isebenza kanjani, kodwa uyazi ukuthi iquketheni (7). Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yedivayisi i-resonator mikrofalowylapho kukhiqizwa imisebe ye-microwave microwave (isibani esikhipha i-microwave sisetshenziswa kuwo womabili amahhavini e-radar nama-microwave). I-resonator iyafana ngesimo sekhoni yensimbi encishisiwe - umkhawulo owodwa ubanzi kunomunye. Ngenxa yobukhulu obukhethwe kahle, amagagasi kagesi obude obuthile azwakala kuwo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi la magagasi ashesha ukuya ekugcineni okubanzi futhi anciphise ijubane elibangise ekugcineni okuncane. Umehluko wesivinini sokususwa kwegagasi kufanele uholele kumehluko ekucindezelweni kwemisebe okwenziwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-resonator, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ekwakhekeni. ukuhamba kwemoto. Lokhu kulandelana kuzosebenza kusisekelo esibanzi. Inkinga ukuthi, ngokusho kwabagxeki bakaScheuer, lo mphumela unxephezela umthelela wamagagasi ezindongeni eziseceleni zekhoni.

8. Umbhobho wenjini ye-ion

Ijethi noma injini yerokhethi iphusha imoto (i-thrust) njengoba ikhipha igesi evuthayo esheshayo. I-ion thruster esetshenziswa kuma-space probe iphinde ikhiphe igesi (8), kodwa ngesimo sama-ion ashesha endaweni ye-electromagnetic. I-EmDrive ayiphumi noma yikuphi kwalokhu.

Ngokusho Umthetho wesithathu kaNewton kuzo zonke izenzo kukhona ukusabela okuphambene nokulinganayo, okungukuthi, izenzo ezifanayo zemizimba emibili zihlala zilingana futhi ziphambene. Uma sincike ngodonga, nalo liyasicindezela, nakuba lingeke liye ndawo. Ekhuluma nje umgomo wokulondoloza umfuthoUma amandla angaphandle (ukusebenzelana) engasebenzi ohlelweni lwemizimba, khona-ke lolu hlelo lunomfutho oqhubekayo. Ngamafuphi, i-EmDrive akufanele isebenze. Kodwa kuyasebenza. Okungenani yilokho okubonisa idivayisi.

Amandla ama-prototypes akhiwe kuze kube manje awabanqobi ezinyaweni zabo, nakuba, njengoba sesishilo kakade, ezinye izinjini ze-ion ezisetshenziswa ekusebenzeni zisebenza kulezi zigaba ezincane ze-Newtonian. Ngokusho kuka-Scheuer, i-EmDrive ingakhula kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ama-superconductors.

I-Pilot Wave Theory

Ithiyori ye-pilot wave yanikezwa abacwaningi be-NASA njengesisekelo sesayensi esingaba khona sokusebenza kwe-EmDrive. Lena ithiyori eguquguqukayo yokuqala eyaziwayo eyethulwa ngu ULouise de Broglie ngo-1927, kamuva ukhohliwe, ke wabuye wathola futhi ngcono UDavid Bohm - manje ebizwa Ithiyori ka-Broglie-Bohm. Ayinazo izinkinga ezikhona ekuchazeni okujwayelekile kwe-quantum mechanics, njengokuwa ngokushesha komsebenzi wegagasi kanye nenkinga yokulinganisa (okwaziwa ngokuthi indida yekati lika-Schrödinger).

lokhu kungukuthi ithiyori okungeyona eyendawolokhu kusho ukuthi ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiyana ezinikeziwe kuthinteka ngokuqondile ukunyakaza kwezinye izinhlayiya ohlelweni. Nokho, lokhu okungeyona indawo akuvumeli ulwazi ukuthi ludluliselwe ngesivinini esikhulu kunejubane lokukhanya, ngakho-ke aluphikisani nethiyori yokuhlobana. Ithiyori ye-pilot wave isalokhu ingenye yezincazelo ezimbalwa ze-quantum mechanics. Kuze kube manje, awukho umehluko wokuhlola otholiwe phakathi kwezibikezelo zethiyori ye-pilot wave kanye nalezo zokuhumusha okujwayelekile kwe-quantum mechanics.

Encwadini yakhe yango-1926 UMax Born iphakamise ukuthi umsebenzi wamagagasi wesibalo segagasi le-Schrödinger ithuba lokuminyana lokuthola izinhlayiyana. Kwakungenxa yalo mbono lapho u-de Broglie athuthukisa khona ithiyori ye-pilot wave futhi wathuthukisa umsebenzi wamaza omshayeli. Ekuqaleni wahlongoza indlela yesixazululo esikabili lapho into ye-quantum iqukethe igagasi elingokoqobo (u-wave) esikhaleni sangempela esinesifunda esiyisiyingi esiyindilinga esibangela ukuziphatha okufana nezinhlayiyana. Kulolu hlobo lwangempela lwethiyori, umcwaningi akazange abeke ukuthi kukhona i-quantum particle. Kamuva wenza i-pilot wave theory futhi wethula eNgqungqutheleni yeSolvay edumile ngo-1927. Wolfgang Pauli kodwa-ke, wacabanga ukuthi imodeli enjalo ngeke ilungile ekuhlakazweni kwezinhlayiyana ezinelastic. U-De Broglie akazange athole

kule mpendulo futhi ngokushesha wawushiya umqondo wamagagasi omshayeli. Akazange athuthukise inkolelo-mbono yakhe ukuze ahlanganise okungahleliwe.

izinhlayiya eziningi.

Ngo-1952, uDavid Bohm uphinde wathola ithiyori ye-pilot wave. Ithiyori ka-de Broglie-Bohm yagcina iqashelwe njengokuchazwa okulungile kwe-quantum mechanics futhi imele enye indlela engathi sína yokuhunyushwa okudume kakhulu kwe-Copenhagen kuze kube manje. Okubalulekile, ikhululekile ku-paradoksi yokulinganisa ephazamisa ukutolika okujwayelekile kwe-quantum mechanics.

Izikhundla kanye nomfutho wezinhlayiya kuwukuguquguquka okufihlekile ngomqondo wokuthi inhlayiya ngayinye inezixhumanisi ezichazwe kahle kanye nomfutho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukukala womabili la manani ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngoba ukulinganisa kokukodwa kuphazamisa inani lenye - ngokuvumelana Umgomo wokungaqiniseki we-Heisenberg. Isethi yezinhlayiya ine-wave yendaba ehambisanayo eguqukayo ngokuya ngesibalo se-Schrödinger. I-particle ngayinye ilandela umzila wokunquma olawulwa igagasi lomshayeli. Kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​ukuminyana kwezinhlayiya kuhambisana nokuphakama kwe-amplitude yomsebenzi wamagagasi. Umsebenzi wamagagasi awuzimele ezinhlayiyeni futhi ungaba khona njengomsebenzi wamagagasi ongenalutho.

Encazelweni yaseCopenhagen, izinhlayiya azinayo indawo eqondile kuze kube yilapho zibonwa. Emcabangweni wamagagasi

izikhundla zomshayeli wezinhlayiya zichazwe kahle, kepha lokhu kunemiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene kuyo yonke i-physics - ngakho-ke

futhi lo mbono awudumile kakhulu. Nokho, ikuvumela ukuthi uchaze ukuthi i-EmDrive isebenza kanjani.

"Uma into esetshenziswayo ingadlulisa ukudlidliza kwe-acoustic, khona-ke izingxenye zayo zingasebenzisana futhi zidlulisele umfutho," kubhala ithimba labacwaningi be-NASA encwadini kaNovemba 2016. yephula imithetho kaNewton yokunyakaza."

Omunye wemiphumela yalokhu kuhumusha, ngokusobala, ukuthi i-EmDrive izonyakaza, sengathi "iphusha" isuka eMkhathini.

 I-EmDrive akufanele yephule imithetho yefiziksi...

…kusho uMike McCulloch waseNyuvesi yase-Plymouth, ephakamisa ithiyori entsha ephakamisa indlela ehlukile yokucabanga mayelana nokunyakaza kanye ne-inertia yezinto ezinokusheshisa okuncane kakhulu. Ukube wayeqinisile, sizogcina sibiza idrayivu engaqondakali ngokuthi "i-non-inertial", ngoba i-inertial, okungukuthi, inertia, ehlukumeza umcwaningi waseBrithani.

I-inertia iyisici sazo zonke izinto ezinobunzima, ezisabela ekushintsheni kokuqondisa noma ukusheshisa. Ngamanye amazwi, ubukhulu bungacatshangwa njengesilinganiso se-inertia. Nakuba lokhu kubonakala kithi kuwumqondo owaziwayo, imvelo yawo ayibonakali kangako. Umqondo kaMcCulloch usekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi inertia ibangelwa umphumela obikezelwe ukuhlobana okujwayelekile okubizwa ngokuthi. Imisebe ye-Unrui-blackbody radiation esebenza ezintweni ezisheshayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, singasho ukuthi iyakhula lapho sisheshisa.

Mayelana ne-EmDrive Umqondo kaMcCulloch usekelwe emcabangweni olandelayo: uma ama-photon anesisindo, kufanele ahlangabezane ne-inertia lapho eboniswa. Kodwa-ke, imisebe ye-Unruh incane kakhulu kuleli cala. Incane kangangokuthi ingakwazi ukuxhumana nendawo yayo eseduze. Endabeni ye-EmDrive, lena yikhoni yomklamo "wenjini". Ikhoni ivumela imisebe ye-Unruh yobude obuthile ekugcineni okubanzi, kanye nemisebe yobude obufushane ekugcineni okuncane. Ama-photons aboniswa, ngakho-ke inertia yabo ekamelweni kufanele ishintshe. Futhi kusukela kumgomo wokulondoloza umfutho, okuyinto, ngokuphambene nemibono evamile mayelana ne-EmDrive, ayiphulwa kule ncazelo, kulandela ukuthi ukudonsa kufanele kudalwe ngale ndlela.

Ithiyori kaMcCulloch, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqeda inkinga yokonga umfutho, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, iseceleni komkhakha wesayensi. Ngokombono wesayensi, kuyaphikiswana ukucabanga ukuthi ama-photon anesisindo esine-inertial. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokunengqondo, ijubane lokukhanya kufanele lishintshe ngaphakathi kwekamelo. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukuthi izazi zefiziksi zikwamukele.

Ingabe intambo ngempela?

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela emihle eshiwo ngenhla yocwaningo lwe-EmDrive traction, abagxeki basamelene nayo. Baqaphela ukuthi, ngokuphambene nemibiko yabezindaba, i-NASA isazofakazela ukuthi injini isebenza ngempela. Kungenzeka, isibonelo, ngokuqiniseka okuphelele amaphutha okuhlolaokubangelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhwamuka kwezinto ezakha izingxenye zesistimu yokuhambisa.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amandla amaza kagesi kuzo zombili izinkomba empeleni ayalingana. Sibhekene nobubanzi obuhlukile besiqukathi, kodwa lokhu akushintshi lutho, ngoba ama-microwaves, aboniswa kusukela ekupheleni okubanzi, abuyayo, awaweli kuphela phansi okuncane, kodwa nasezindongeni. Abangabazayo bacabangele ukudala ukukhanya okuhambisana nokugeleza komoya, ngokwesibonelo, kodwa i-NASA yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi lokhu akwenzeki ngemva kokuhlolwa egumbini le-vacuum. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye ososayensi bamukele ngokuzithoba idatha entsha, befuna indlela yokuyihlanganisa ngokunengqondo nesimiso sokulondoloza umfutho.

Abanye bayangabaza ukuthi lokhu kuhlola kuhlukanisa ukuphonswa kwenjini okukhethekile kanye nomthelela wokushisa wesistimu ephathwa ngamandla kagesi (9). Ekusetheni kokuhlola kwe-NASA, inani elikhulu kakhulu lamandla ashisayo lingena kusilinda, elingashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwenqwaba kanye nesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, okubangele ukuthi i-EmDrive thrust ibonwe emishinini yokukala.

9. Izithombe ezishisayo zesistimu phakathi nokuhlolwa

Abathanda i-EmDrive basho lokho imfihlo ilele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, esimweni se-cylinder conicalyingakho umugqa uvele uvele. Abangabazayo baphendula ngokuthi kungaba kuhle ukuhlola i-actuator engenakwenzeka ngesilinda esivamile. Ngoba uma bekungagxilwa ekwakhiweni okunjalo okujwayelekile, okungabambeki, bekuzobukela phansi ezinye zezimangalo "ezingaqondakali" nge-EmDrive, futhi kuzosekela izinsolo zokuthi imiphumela eyaziwayo yokushisa "yenjini engenakwenzeka" iyasebenza ukusetha kokuhlola.

"Ukusebenza" kwenjini, njengoba kukalwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-NASA kwe-Eagleworks, nakho kuyangabazeka. Lapho kusetshenziswa u-40 W, i-thrust ikalwa ngezinga lama-microns angu-40 - ngaphakathi kokuhlanganisa noma ukususa ama-microns angu-20. Leli iphutha elingu-50%. Ngemva kokwenyusa amandla abe ngama-watts angu-60, ukulinganiswa kokusebenza kuye kwaba nokunemba okuncane nakakhulu. Nokho, ngisho noma sithatha le datha ngenani elibonakalayo, uhlobo olusha lokushayela lusakhiqiza ingxenye eyishumi kuphela yamandla nge-kilowatt ngayinye kagesi ongafinyeleleka ngama-ion thruster athuthukisiwe njenge-NSTAR noma OKULANDELAYO.

Abagxeki bafuna ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe, okuphelele futhi, okuzimele. Bayakhumbula ukuthi uchungechunge lwe-EmDrive lwavela ocwaningweni lwesiShayina emuva ngo-2012, futhi lwanyamalala ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuhlola nezindlela zokulinganisa.

Iqiniso lihlola ku-orbit

Impendulo yokugcina (?) embuzweni wokuthi ingabe idrayivu isebenza negumbi elizwakalayo iqanjwa nguGuido Fett oshiwo ngenhla - umsunguli wokwehluka kwalo mqondo obizwa ngokuthi. I-Kanna Drive. Ngokubona kwakhe, abangabazayo nabagxeki bazovalwa imilomo ngokuthumela isathelayithi exhaswe yile njini ku-orbit. Impela izovala uma iCannae Drive ivula isathelayithi.

I-probe engusayizi wamayunithi we-CubeSat angu-6 (okungukuthi cishe u-10 × 20 × 30 cm) kufanele iphakanyiswe endaweni ephakeme engu-241 km, lapho izohlala khona cishe uhhafu wonyaka. Amasathelayithi avamile alo sayizi aphelelwa uphethiloli wokulungisa emasontweni ayisithupha. I-EmDrive esebenzisa amandla elanga izosusa lo mkhawulo.

Ukuze kwakhiwe idivayisi, i-Cannae Inc., esetshenziswa yi-Fetta, Inc. wasungula inkampani ne-LAI International kanye ne-SpaceQuest Ltd, enolwazi njengomhlinzeki wezingxenye eziyisipele, okubandakanya. okomkhiqizi wendiza kanye nesathelayithi. Uma konke kuhamba kahle, ke Theseus, ngoba lelo igama lebhizinisi elisha, lingase liqalise i-EmDrive microsatellite yokuqala ngo-2017.

Abalutho ngaphandle kwama-photon, kusho abakwaFinn.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba kushicilelwe imiphumela ye-NASA, iphephabhuku elibuyekezwe ngontanga i-AIP Advances lishicilele indatshana ngenjini eyi-EmDrive eyimpikiswano. Ababhali bayo, uprofesa wefiziksi u-Arto Annila waseNyuvesi yase-Helsinki, uDkt. Erkki Kolehmainen wase-University of Jyväskylä ku-organic chemistry, kanye nesazi se-physics u-Patrick Grahn wase-Comsol, baphikisa ngokuthi. I-EmDrive izuza umfutho ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamafotoni egumbini elivaliwe.

UProfesa Annila ungumcwaningi owaziwayo wamandla emvelo. Ungumbhali wamaphepha cishe angamashumi amahlanu ashicilelwe kumajenali ahlonishwayo. Imibono yakhe ithole ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwamandla amnyama nezinto ezimnyama, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nesayensi yezinzwa. U-Annila ungokwesigaba: I-EmDrive ifana nanoma iyiphi enye injini. Ithatha uphethiloli futhi idale i-thrust.

Ohlangothini lukaphethiloli, konke kulula futhi kucace kuwo wonke umuntu - ama-microwave athunyelwa enjinini. Inkinga wukuthi akubonakali lutho kuyo, ngakho abantu bacabanga ukuthi injini ayisebenzi. Pho into engabonakali ingaphuma kanjani kuyo? Amaphothoni abhampa aye emuva naphambili ekamelweni. Ezinye zazo zihamba ngendlela efanayo nangejubane elifanayo, kodwa isigaba sazo sigudluzwa ngamadigri angu-180. Ngakho-ke, uma behamba kulokhu kumisa, bakhansela izinkambu zozibuthe zomunye nomunye. Kufana namagagasi amanzi anyakazayo lapho elinye lisuka kwelinye ukuze ahlukane. Amanzi awasuki, asekhona. Ngokufanayo, ama-photon aphethe amandla awapheli, ngisho noma engabonakali njengokukhanya. Futhi uma amagagasi engasenayo izakhiwo ze-electromagnetic, ngenxa yokuthi aqediwe, ngakho-ke awabonisi ezindongeni zekamelo futhi angayishiyi. Ngakho-ke, sinedrayivu ngenxa yamapheya e-photon.

Isikebhe esicwiliswe ngesikhathi esihlobene nesikhala

Isazi sesayensi yemvelo esidumile uJames F. Woodward (10) ibheka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi isisekelo esingokoqobo sokusebenza kohlobo olusha lwesisetshenziswa esishukumisayo yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi baqamekele uMaha. U-Woodward udale ithiyori yezibalo engeyona eyendawo esuselwe kumgomo ka-Mach. Okuphawuleka kakhulu, nokho, ithiyori yakhe iyaqinisekiswa ngoba ibikezela imiphumela engokomzimba.

U-Woodward uthi uma ukuminyana kwamandla amaningi kwanoma iyiphi isistimu enikeziwe kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isisindo salolo hlelo sishintsha ngenani elilinganiselwe kokunye kokunye kokunye kokunye kokunye kokunye koshintsho lokuminyana kwesistimu okukhulunywa ngayo.

Uma, isibonelo, i-1 kg ye-ceramic capacitor ishajwa kanye nge-voltage eqondile, ngezinye izikhathi engalungile eshintsha imvamisa ye-10 kHz futhi idlulise amandla, isibonelo, i-100 W - inkolelo kaWoodward ibikezela ukuthi ubukhulu be-capacitor kufanele bushintshe ± Amamiligremu angu-10 eduze nenani laso lesisindo sangempela ngemvamisa engu-20 kHz. Lesi sibikezelo siqinisekisiwe elabhorethri futhi ngaleyo ndlela isimiso sika-Mach siqinisekisiwe ngokunamandla.

U-Ernst Mach wayekholelwa ukuthi umzimba uhamba ngokufanayo hhayi maqondana nesikhala esiphelele, kodwa maqondana nenkaba yesisindo sayo yonke eminye imizimba yoMkhathi. I-inertia yomzimba ingumphumela wokusebenzelana kwawo neminye imizimba. Ngokusho kwezazi eziningi zefiziksi, ukugcwaliseka okugcwele kwesimiso sikaMach kuzofakazela ukuncika okuphelele kwejometri yesikhathi-semkhathini ekusabalaliseni kwendaba eMhlabeni, futhi inkolelo-mbono ehambisana nayo bekungaba inkolelo-mbono yesikhathi esihlobene nendawo.

Ngokubuka, lo mqondo wenjini ye-EmDrive ungaqhathaniswa nokugwedla olwandle. Futhi lolu lwandle yi-Universe. Ukunyakaza kuzosebenza njengokufana nesigwedlo esitshuza emanzini akha indawo yonke futhi sizixoshe kuwo. Futhi into ethakazelisa kakhulu kukho konke lokhu ukuthi i-physics manje isesimweni kangangokuthi izingathekiso ezinjalo azibonakali nhlobo njengenganekwane yesayensi nezinkondlo.

Hhayi i-EmDrive kuphela, noma amadrayivu esikhathi esizayo

Nakuba injini ye-Scheuer inikeze amandla amancane kuphela, isivele inekusasa elikhulu ekuhambeni emkhathini elizosiyisa ku-Mars nangale kwalokho. Nokho, leli akulona ukuphela kwethemba lenjini yemikhumbi-mkhathi eshesha ngempela futhi esebenza kahle. Nansi eminye imiqondo:

•  i-nuclear drive. Kungabandakanya ukudubula amabhomu e-athomu nokuqondisa amandla okuqhuma kwawo "ngomphongolo" ngasemuva lomkhumbi. Ukuqhuma kwenyukliya kuzodala amandla "aphushela" umkhumbi phambili. Inketho engaqhumi kungaba ukusebenzisa i-fissile material kasawoti, njenge-uranium bromide, encibilikiswe emanzini. Uphethiloli onjalo ugcinwa emgqeni weziqukathi, zihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngesendlalelo sezinto ezihlala njalo, kanye nokwengezwa kwe-boron, okuhlala isikhathi eside.

  into emunca i-neutron evimbela ukuthi zigeleze phakathi kweziqukathi. Lapho siqala injini, izinto ezivela kuzo zonke iziqukathi zihlangana, okubangela ukusabela kweketanga, futhi isisombululo sikasawoti emanzini siphenduka i-plasma, okushiya i-rocket nozzle ivikelekile ekushiseni okukhulu kwe-plasma yizibuthe, inikeza ugqozi njalo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi le ndlela ingasheshisa i-rocket ifike ku-6 m/s nangaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngale ndlela, umthamo omkhulu wamafutha enuzi uyadingeka - emkhunjini onesisindo samathani ayinkulungwane, lokhu kungaba amathani ayi-10. amathani e-uranium.

• Injini ye-Fusion isebenzisa i-deuterium. I-Plasma enezinga lokushisa elingaba yizigidi ezingu-500 degrees Celsius, elinikeza ukugxila, linikeza inkinga enkulu kubaklami, isibonelo, imibhobho yokukhipha umoya. Kodwa-ke, isivinini esingase sifinyelelwe kuleli cala siseduze nengxenye yeshumi yejubane lokukhanya, i.e. kufika ku-30 ​​XNUMX. km/s. Noma kunjalo, le nketho isengenakwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe.
• I-Antimatter. Le nto eyinqaba ikhona ngempela - kwa-CERN naseFermilab, sikwazile ukuqoqa cishe ama-antiproton ayizigidi eziyisigidi, noma i-picogram eyodwa ye-antimatter, sisebenzisa izindandatho zokuqoqa. Ngokwethiyori, i-antimatter ingagcinwa kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Penning trap, lapho amandla kazibuthe ayivimbela ukuthi ingashayisani nezindonga zesitsha. Ukuqothulwa kwe-antimatter ngokujwayelekile

  ngento ethile, isibonelo, ene-hydrogen, inikeza amandla amakhulu asuka ku-plasma enamandla amakhulu esicupheni sikazibuthe. Ngokombono, imoto enikezwe amandla okuqothula izinto kanye ne-antimatter ingasheshisa ukuya ku-90% isivinini sokukhanya. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, ukukhiqizwa kwe-antimatter kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza. Iqoqo elinikeziwe lidinga amandla aphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyishumi ukuze likhiqize kunalawo elingawakhiqiza kamuva.

• amaseyili elanga. Lona umqondo wokushayela osewaziwa iminyaka eminingi, kodwa usalinde, okungenani kancane kancane, ufezeke. Amaseyili azosebenza kusetshenziswa umphumela wokuthwebula ugesi ochazwe ngu-Einstein. Nokho, ubuso bawo kufanele bube bukhulu kakhulu. Useyili ngokwawo kufanele futhi ube mncane kakhulu ukuze isakhiwo singasindi kakhulu.
• I-Actuator . Izazi ze-Phantomists zithi kwanele uku… ukusonteka isikhala, okwenza kube mfishane ibanga phakathi kwemoto nendawo oya kuyo futhi kwenyuse ibanga elingemuva kwayo. Ngakho, umgibeli ngokwakhe uhamba kancane, kodwa "bubble" unqoba ibanga elikhulu. Nakuba kuzwakala kumnandi, ososayensi be-NASA bebezama ngokujulile.

  nemiphumela kuma-photons. Ngo-1994, isazi se-physics uDkt. Miguel Alcubierre saphakamisa inkolelo-mbono yesayensi echaza ukuthi injini enjalo ingasebenza kanjani. Eqinisweni, kungaba uhlobo oluthile lweqhinga - esikhundleni sokuhamba ngokushesha kunejubane lokukhanya, kuzoshintsha isikhathi sesikhala ngokwaso. Ngeshwa, ungathembeli ekutholeni idiski noma nini maduze. Enye yezinkinga eziningi ngayo ukuthi umkhumbi oqhutshwa ngale ndlela uzodinga amandla amabi ukuwunika amandla. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamandla lwaziwa ku-physics ye-theoretical - imodeli yethiyori ye-vacuum njengolwandle olungapheli lwezinhlayiya zamandla angalungile yahlongozwa okokuqala yisazi sefiziksi saseBrithani uPaul Dirac ngo-1930 ukuchaza ukuba khona kwe-quantum yamandla ebikezelwe. uthi. ngokusho kwe-Dirac equation yama-electron relativistic.

  Ku-physics ye-classical, kucatshangwa ukuthi emvelweni kunesixazululo kuphela esinamandla amahle, futhi isisombululo esinamandla angalungile asinangqondo. Kodwa-ke, i-equation ye-Dirac ibeka ukuthi kukhona izinqubo lapho isisombululo esingalungile singavela ezinhlayiyeni ezinhle "ezivamile", ngakho-ke azikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Kodwa-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi amandla angalungile angadalwa yini eqinisweni elitholakala kithi.

  Kunezinkinga eziningi ngokusetshenziswa kwedrayivu. Ukuxhumana kubonakala kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, akwaziwa ukuthi umkhumbi ungaxhumana kanjani nezifunda ezizungezile zesikhathi sesikhathi, uhamba ngokushesha kunejubane lokukhanya? Lokhu kuzophinda kuvimbele idrayivu ukuthi ingakhubeki noma iqale.