Eli Whitney - The Cotton Revolution

Uyazibuza ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwaqala kanjani futhi nini? Ngaphambi kokuthi uHenry Ford aqale ukuhlanganisa izimoto, othile wayesevele eqhamuke nombono wokulinganisa izingxenye nokushintsha ezinye. Ngaphambi kwalokho, othile wakha umshini owawuvumela abantu baseMelika ukuba bakhiqize ukotini ngezinga elikhulu. Lowo muntu kwakungu-Eli Whitney, umfana waseMelika waseMassachusetts.

U-Eli wayeyizibulo lomlimi ocebile u-Eli Whitney Sr nomkakhe u-Elizabeth Fay. Wazalwa ngoDisemba 8, 1765 eWestboro, Massachusetts, lapho abazali bakhe babevela khona. Ngokuthanda ibhizinisi nobukhenikha, ngokushesha waqala ukuzenzela imali eyedwa.

Wenza isivumo sakhe sokuqala esinenzuzo esitolo sikayise sabakhandi bensimbi - kwakuyithuluzi lokwenza izinzipho ezithengiswayo. Ngokushesha lo mfana omude, oyisidudla, othobekile naye waba ukuphela komkhiqizi wezinsimbi zabesifazane endaweni.

U-Eli wayeneminyaka eyishumi nane ngaleso sikhathi futhi wayefuna ukufunda, okungcono kakhulu eYale. Kodwa-ke, umndeni wawuphikisa lo mbono, ngokusho ukuthi umfana kufanele anakekele indlu, ekugcineni, alethe imali eningi. Ngakho kwasebenza i-batrak Oraz uthisha eskoleni. Ekugcineni, imali eyongiwe yamvumela ukuba aqale izifundo eLeicester Academyy (manje eyi-Becker College) futhi ulungele ukuqala isikole samaphupho akho. Ngo-1792 Iziqu zobunjiniyela ezivela eYale University washiya izwe lakubo waya eGeorgia, eNingizimu Carolina, lapho kwakufanele asebenze khona umfundisi.

Umsebenzi wawulinde uthisha osemusha, kodwa ezinye izipesheli zaphenduka umkhonyovu. Wasizwa uKatherine Green, umfelokazi kaGeneral Revolution waseMelika uNathaniel Green, ahlangana naye ohambweni lwaseGeorgia. UNkz. Green umeme uWhitney ensimini yakhe e-Rhode Island, okwaphawula inguquko emsebenzini wakhe wesikhathi esizayo njengomsunguli. Wayephethe ipulazi e-Rhode Island. Phineas Miller, othweswe iziqu eYale ngeminyaka embalwa emdala kunoWhitney. UMiller waba umngani nomdlali wasemuva onekhono futhi kamuva waba nguphathina wakhe ebhizinisini.

Lwela amalungelo akho kanye nemali

U-Katherine Green wayenomunye umqondo wokusebenzisa amakhono omklamo wesivakashi. Wamethula kwabanye abakhiqizi futhi wamncenga, ethembele emqondweni wakhe wokuqonda, ukuthi abheke umsebenzi wokuhlukanisa i-cotton fiber kusuka kokusanhlamvu. Ngezindlela ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungatholakali ngaphezu kuka-0,5 kg kakotini amahora ayishumi okusebenza, okwenza amasimu angabi nanzuzo. Ngesicelo senkosikazi, uWhitney wavakashela amapulazi futhi wabona ukuhlanzwa kukakotini.

Waqaphela ukuthi izigqila ezisebenza ngekotini ngokushesha zenza ukunyakaza okufanayo: ngesandla esisodwa babambe okusanhlamvu, kanti ngesinye baklebhula imicu emifushane ikotini ethambile. Whitney design bawełny dissertation uvele walingisa umsebenzi wezandla. Esikhundleni sesandla esibambe isitshalo, umsunguli wenza isisefo ngocingo oluyi-oblong mesh ukuze lubambe imbewu. Eduze kwesisefo kwakukhona isigubhu esinamahhuku amancane, njengekama, aklebhula imicu kakotini.

Ibhulashi elijikelezayo, elihamba ngokushesha ngokuphindwe kane kunogubhu, lahlanza ukotini ezingwegweni, futhi okusanhlamvu kwawela esitsheni esihlukile ngakolunye uhlangothi lomshini. Esimweni esinjalo Esikhundleni sesigamu sekhilo likakotini ngosuku, i-gin ka-Whitney kakotini yagaya amakhilogremu angama-23, ngokushesha yaba ucezu lwesisetshenziswa esifiseleka kakhulu kunoma yiliphi ipulazi, iphindaphinda ukukhiqizwa kanye nenzuzo izikhathi eziningi.

Ngaphambi kokuthi u-Eli Whitney athole ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungulwa kwakhe ngo-1794 (2), amakhophi angenalayisense ejini kakotini ayesepaki yemishini yamapulazi amaningi. Futhi abanikazi bazo bebengeke bakhokhe ngisho indibilishi ngombono kaWhitney, bethi lo mshini empeleni awuvumelekile futhi kulula ukuwusebenzisa kangangokuthi bazenzela bona imoto. Ngempela, amanye alawa madivayisi athuthukiswe kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa neyokuqala eyenziwe ngumsunguli, nakuba isimiso sokusebenza sihlala singashintshile.

Amagebe emthethweni welungelo lobunikazi akwenza kube nzima kuWhitney ukuvikela amalungelo akhe njengomqambi, futhi izinkantolo zazivame ukubuswa abakhiqizi ngokwabo - njengoba ungase uqagele, bengenasithakazelo nhlobo ekukhokheni izimali eziphezulu ngokusebenzisa ilungelo lobunikazi. Inzuzo evela ekuthengisweni kwezigaxa zikakotini ezikhiqizwe ngaphakathi ifektri eyasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela nguWhitney noMiller, ziye zamuncwa kakhulu izindleko zezinqubo nabakhiqizi.

2. Umdwebo welungelo lobunikazi womshini wokuphotha ukotini.

Ozakwethu babezimisele ukudayisa amalungelo okusungulwa kohulumeni bezifunda lapho kwakutshalwa khona ukotini. Ngakho-ke, bazokhokhelwa, futhi oqalayo uzoba impahla yomphakathi yombuso. Kodwa abakhiqizi nabo bebengazimisele ukukukhokhela lokho. Kodwa-ke, isifundazwe saseNorth Carolina sifake intela kuwo wonke ama-cotton gin endaweni yaso. Lo mbono wethulwa kwezinye izifundazwe eziningana, okwaletha umsunguli nomlingani wakhe mayelana nezinkulungwane ezingu-90. amadola, okubenza babe ngabantu abacebile ngaleso sikhathi, nakuba amalungelo obunikazi ayehlonishwa, ingcebo yayizoba mkhulu kakhulu. Nokho, ngokushesha abalimi abazange bakhathazeke ngezimangalo zonjiniyela. Ilungelo lobunikazi likaWhitney liphelelwe yisikhathi.

Sekukonke, i-cotton gin yaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ngisho nenguquko esungulwe, eyaqinisa isikhundla se-United States njengomphakeli oyinhloko kakotini eNgilandi. Ngenkathi ngo-1792 i-United States yathumela ngaphandle kuphela amakhilogremu angu-138 kakotini, eminyakeni emibili kamuva kwase kuvele kumaphawundi angu-1. Akukaze nanini kube khona okusunguliwe kube nomthelela omkhulu kangaka ekukhiqizeni ukotini. U-Eli Whitney wayekwazi kahle ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kwe-gin kanye nobubanzi bephrojekthi. Encwadini ayibhalela omunye umsunguli uRobert Fulton, wachaza isimo sakhe: “Bengingeke ngibe nenkinga yokuphoqelela amalungelo ami ukube ebengabalulekile kangako futhi esetshenziswa ingxenye encane yomphakathi kuphela.

Ama-muskets kanye nezingxenye ezisele

Edunyazwe ukuqulwa kwamacala kanye nokungabi bikho kwamathemba okuthola umvuzo ofanelekile wedivayisi enelungelo lobunikazi, u-Eli wahamba waya eNew Haven ukuze asebenze ekusungulweni okusha okwakunenzuzo enkulu futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, okunzima kakhulu ukukukopisha.

Kuvele kwaba ugqozi lwamaphrojekthi amasha Umbiko Wokukhiqiza ka-Alexander Hamilton. Umqambi wedola laseMelika waphikisa lapho ukuthi isisekelo somnotho waseMelika imboni, hhayi ezolimo noma ezohwebo. Kulo mbhalo, ubuye waveza ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali zamasosha ase-US. Kwakusekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX lapho uWhitney, ehlabeke umxhwele ngokuqukethwe umbiko kaHamilton, enza isiphakamiso etafuleni lika-Oliver Wolcott, uNobhala woMgcinimafa,  okwebutho. Wayeneminyaka engamashumi amane ubudala, engenangqondo futhi esagcwele imibono.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ekhumbula isipiliyoni saseNingizimu, umsunguli waqala izingxoxo nokuxhumana kwezindaba zezimali. Ngemva kwemidlalo eminingi, wasayina inkontileka. Futhi inkontileka yayingeyokunikezwa kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10. ama-muskets angu-$13,40 lilinye.

Isikhali kwakufanele silethwe phakathi neminyaka emibili, futhi umenzi wathembisa ukunikeza okwengeziwe izingxenye ezisele. Ngokokuqala ngqa, uhulumeni ungene esivumelwaneni esivumela ukukhiqizwa kuqalwe ngesisekelo sezingxenye ezifanayo ezihambisanayo futhi ezingashintshwa kalula zifakwe ezintsha uma kunesidingo. Kuze kube manje, isibhamu ngasinye sasenziwa ngesandla, kusukela esitokisini kuya emgqonyeni, futhi izingxenye zaso zazihlukile futhi azifani nezinye izikhali zemodeli efanayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwaba nzima ukulungisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-muskets kaWhitney angalungiswa ngokushesha futhi cishe noma kuphi.

3. I-Whitney Gun Factory ngo-1827

waqhubeka nokufeza umyalo ngendlela enkulu. Ngemva kokubuya eWashington beya eNew Haven, abangani bamsiza ngokwezimali ngokukhipha amabhondi abiza u-$30. amadola. UWhitney naye waboleka imali engu-$10. amadola. Akazange abe nezinkinga ezinkulu ngakho, njengoba i-oda likahulumeni ngenani lama-dollar ayizinkulungwane eziyi-134 ngaleso sikhathi kwaba umsebenzi omkhulu wezezimali esikalini sikazwelonke. Enemali ephaketheni lakhe, umklami wahlela inqubo yokukhiqiza, waklama futhi wakha imishini edingekayo.

Phakathi kwamadivayisi adingekayo, yayingenayo indlela yokusika insimbi, eyayizosheshisa umsebenzi wabasebenzi futhi iqinisekise ukwakhiwa kwezinto eziphelele ngokuhambisana nephethini. Ngakho wasungula futhi wakha umshini wokugaya (1818). Okusungulwe nguWhitney kwasebenza ngokungaguquki iminyaka eyikhulu nesigamu. Ngaphezu kokuzungezisa umsiki, umshini wahambisa isiqeshana sokusebenza eduze kwetafula.

Whitney Factory kwakucatshangelwe kahle futhi kwenziwa, kodwa ukukhiqizwa ngokwako akuzange kuhambe ngokohlelo. Ekupheleni konyaka, umklami wayenama-muskets angamakhulu amahlanu kuphela esikhundleni sezinkulungwane ezine. izingcezu ziqinisekisiwe kushejuli ye-oda. Njengokungathi lokho akwanele, esikhundleni sika-Oliver Walcott kwafakwa uNobhala omusha woMgcinimafa uSamuel Dexter, ummeli waseMassachusetts owayengabaza noma yikuphi ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe, kanti uWhitney wayesaphuzile kwinkontileka yakhe (3).

Inkontileka yamsindisa umongameli, Thomas Jefferson. Umqondo wezingxenye eziyisipele wawujwayele kuye. Wakwazi ukwazisa ukusungulwa kwalo mbono. U-Eli Whitney uthole iziqinisekiso ezengeziwe zikahulumeni futhi angaqhubeka nokukhiqiza ama-muskets akhe. Yiqiniso, kwamthatha iminyaka ukugcwalisa isivumelwano ngokugcwele, futhi izikhathi eziningi kwakudingeka alungise noma athuthukise izinto ezihlukahlukene efektri yakhe. Ukuze lokhu, omunye oda wombuso, ngoba 15 ayizinkulungwane. wayelethe ama-muskets ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza bukaWhitney baqala ukusetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ezimbonini zezikhali, kodwa nakwezinye izimboni. Ngokulandela umqondo wokusebenzisa izingxenye ezishintshayo, amawashi, imishini yokuthunga kanye nemishini yezolimo yenziwe. U-Eli Whitney wenza izinguquko kwezokukhiqiza e-United States, futhi imishini ephumelelayo yaxazulula ukushoda kwezingcweti ezinekhono. Uhlelo lukaWhitney luqinisekise ukuthi into eyenziwe yisisebenzi esingaqeqeshiwe, kodwa kusetshenziswa imishini, izoba yinhle njengengxenye eyenziwe umakhenikha onolwazi.

Bazise abasebenzi

Umsunguli washona ngo-1825 eneminyaka engu-59 (4). Nakuba ayegxile ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe nezimboni, wabuye wazibonakalisa njengomuntu ohlonishwayo emphakathini. Ukuze enze ama-muskets, uWhitney wakha idolobha laseWhitneyville, eliseHamden, Connecticut yanamuhla. Ukuheha nokugcina ithalente elingcono kakhulu, uWhitneyville wanikela, ngaphezu komsebenzi, izimo ezazingakaze zizwakale ngaleso sikhathi kubasebenzi, njengezindlu zamahhala nemfundo yezingane.

4. Eli Whitney Memorial at New Haven Cemetery.