I-imeyili, i.e. I-imeyili

I-imeyili, i-imeyili iyisevisi ye-intanethi, echazwe ku-nomenclature yomthetho njengokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo ze-elekthronikhi, ezisetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalezo noma imiyalezo ye-multimedia, okuthiwa ama-e-mail - yingakho igama elivamile lale sevisi. Funda ukuthi i-imeyili ivele kanjani kusukela ngo-1536 esihlokweni esingezansi.

1536 Uphawu @ (1) luvela encwadini ethunyelwe isuka eSeville iya eRoma ngumthengisi we-Florentine uFrancesco Lapi, echaza ukufika kwemikhumbi emithathu evela emazweni aseMelika. “Kunephunga elimnandi lewayini elilingana nengxenye yesithathu yomthamo womgqomo, elibiza ama-thaler angu-70 noma angu-80,” kubhala umthengisi, efushanisa igama elithi “amphora” libe elithi “a” elizungezwe umsila walo: “one @ wine. .” Njengoba i-amphora ibizwa ngokuthi "arroba" ngeSpanishi, yilolu @ uphawu olusasetshenziswa eSpain nasePortugal. Enye inkolelo-mbono ukuthi i-@ sign indala nakakhulu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma lesi-XNUMX, izindela zazikwazi ukulisebenzisa njengesifinyezo segama lesiLatini elithi "ad". Lokhu konga isikhathi, indawo noyinki.

Njengoba uphawu lwathathwa abathengisi, izindlela zohwebo yasabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi yayithandwa kakhulu amaNgisi. Abathengisi lapho bayisebenzisele ukubhekisela enanini lento ngayinye, njengokuthi "amakesi amabili ewayini ngosheleni abayi-10" (okungukuthi, "osheleni abayi-10 ngeyodwa"). Kungakho uphawu lwe-@ luvele kumakhibhodi omshini wokubhala waseMelika nowesiNgisi ngekhulunyaka lika-1963. Futhi, lapho izinga lombhalo wekhodi wezinhlamvu ze-ASCII kuvunyelwana ngalo ngo-'95, uphawu lwe-@ lwaluphakathi kwezinhlamvu eziphrintekayo ezingama-XNUMX.

1. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kophawu lwe-@

1962 Inethiwekhi yezempi yase-US i-AUTODIN ihlinzeka ngemiyalezo phakathi kwamatheminali angu-1350, icubungula imilayezo eyizigidi ezingu-30 ngenyanga ngesilinganiso sobude bomlayezo esingaba yizinhlamvu ezingu-3000. Ngaphambi kuka-1968 I-AUTODIN ixhume amaphuzu angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu emazweni amaningana.

1965 nge-imeyili yasungulwa ngo-1965. Ababhali balo mbono kwaba: uLouis Pouzin, uGlenda Schroeder noPat Crisman abavela ku-CTSS MIT. Yasetshenziswa nguTom Van Vleck kanye noNoel Morris. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi le sevisi yayisetshenziselwa kuphela ukuthumela imilayezo phakathi kwabasebenzisi bekhompyutha efanayofuthi ikheli le-imeyili lalingekho okwamanje. Imilayezo yomsebenzisi ngamunye yengezwe kufayela lendawo elibizwa ngokuthi "MAILBOX" elinemodi "yangasese" ukuze umnikazi kuphela akwazi ukufunda noma ukususa imilayezo. Lolu hlelo lwe-proto-mail lusetshenziselwe ukwazisa abasebenzisi ukuthi amafayela afakwe uziphu, kanye nengxoxo phakathi kwababhali bemiyalo ye-CTSS kanye nokuxhumana kombhali womyalo kusihleli semanuwali se-CTSS.

Kancane Ikhompyutha kuleso sikhathi, babengaba nabasebenzisi abafika kwabayikhulu. Babevame ukusebenzisa amatheminali alula ukuze bafinyelele ikhompuyutha enkulu besuka kumadeski abo. bavele baxhuma emshinini ophakathi - babengenalo inkumbulo noma inkumbulo yabo, wonke umsebenzi wenziwa ku-mainframe ekude. Kodwa-ke, njengoba amakhompyutha eqala ukuxhumana phakathi kwenethiwekhi, inkinga yaba nzima nakakhulu. Bekunesidingo sokubhekana nemiyalezo, i.e. cacisa ukuthi ubani okufanele afinyelele kunethiwekhi.

1971-72 MIT iziqu eziqanjwe Ray Tomlinson (2) uba umuntu wokuqala ukudlulisa umyalezo usuka kwenye ikhompyutha uye kwenye, nakuba kwathatha iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani asho lo mkhuba I-imeyili mail. U-Tomlinson wasebenzela inkampani yobunjiniyela i-Bolt Beranek no-Newman (manje eyiRaytheon BBN), eyajutshwa uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US ukwakha i-ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), eyandulela i-inthanethi njengoba siyayazi namuhla. Ngalezo zinsuku amakhompiyutha ayehlukanisiwe komunye nomunyefuthi futhi kubiza kakhulu, ngakho ngalinye lalisetshenziswa inqwaba yabantu abahlukene, futhi amanothi abanye abasebenzisi aphonswa emabhokisini eposi anezinombolo.

Ngenkathi ehlola amathuba okusebenzisa inethiwekhi, u-Tomlinson waqhamuka nombono wokuhlanganisa uhlelo lwemiyalezo yangaphakathi nolunye uhlelo ukuze kudluliswe amafayela phakathi kwamakhompyutha. Ama-ARPANET futhi yasebenzisa uphawu luka-@ olukuyo ukuze ihlukanise igama lomamukeli nekheli lomamukeli. Usuku oluqondile lokuthumela umlayezo wokuqala alwaziwa. Eminye imithombo ithi lokhu kungu-1971, abanye - ngo-1972. Akuqondakali futhi - u-Tomlinson ngokwakhe uthi "bekuwuhlobo lwe-QWERTY", okufanele kusikisele isimo esingahleliwe sezindaba. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesebenzisa amakhompyutha e-Digital PDP 10, okwakungamakhabethe angamamitha amabili. Yomibili imishini (ngamunye enenkumbulo engu-288 KB) yayixhunywe nge-ARPANET. Ngokokuqala ngqa, u-Tomlinson wathola umlayezo othunyelwe uvela kwenye ikhompyutha.

1973 Amalungu e-Internet Engineering Group, ebhekisela embonweni kaTomlinson, kuvunyelwene esiphakamisweni se-RFC 469 i-syntax evamile yokuxhumana nge-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]

1978 Ugaxekile, isihlava se-imeyili, ayincane kakhulu kune-imeyili ngokwayo. Umanduleli kagaxekile u-Gary Turk, umphathi wezokukhangisa wenkampani yamakhompiyutha engasekho i-Digital Equipment Corporation, owathumela ama-imeyili ayinqwaba aphromotha imikhiqizo yekhompyutha yenkampani yakhe.

Umlayezo kaTuerk, othunyelwe kumakhulukhulu amakhompyutha nge-ARPANET, ngokushesha wacasula izethameli nezihlamba ezivela kubaphathi benethiwekhi. Электронная почта manje sekubhekwa kabanzi njengesibonelo sokuqala sikagaxekile, nakuba leli gama laqala ukusetshenziselwa ama-imeyili enqwaba angacelwanga eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Leli gama kukholakala ukuthi ligqugquzelwe umdwebo kamabonakude wango-70 okhonjiswa ku-Monty Python's Flying Circus lapho iqembu lamaViking licula ingoma yokwenqaba ugaxekile, umkhiqizo wenyama.

3. Ingoma kagaxekile "I-Monty Python's Flying Circus"

1978-79 Ukunikezwa kwe-ISP kwangaphambi kwesikhathi CompuServe I-imeyili mail ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi lakho lebhizinisi Izinsizakalo ze-Infoplex.

1981 I-CompuServe ishintsha igama lesevisi yayo ye-imeyili libe yi-"E-MAIL". Kamuva wayezofaka isicelo sophawu lokuthengisa lwase-US, okusho ukuthi leli gama lalingeke lisetshenziswe ngokukhululeka. Nokho, leli gama aligcinanga ligodliwe.

1981 Ekuqaleni ukuthumela I-imeyili mail Kusetshenziswe iphrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-CPYNET.. Yasetshenziswa kamuva I-Ftp, I-UUCP namanye amaphrothokholi amaningi. Ngo-1982, uJon Postel wathuthukela le njongo Iphrothokholi ye-SMTP (4) isasetshenziswa nanamuhla. I-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), esetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalezo ye-imeyli kumaseva e-imeyili, yadalwa okokuqala ngo-1981 kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yabuyekezwa futhi yanwetshwa izikhathi eziningi ukuze inikeze ukuqinisekiswa, ukubethela, nokunye ukuthuthukiswa. Izinga lichazwe kudokhumenti ye-Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ebizwa ngokuthi i-RFC 821 yase ibuyekezwa ngo-2008 ku-RFC 5321.

I-SMTP iyiphrothokholi yombhalo elula uma kuqhathaniswa., ecacisa okungenani umamukeli oyedwa womlayezo (ezimweni eziningi, ihlola ukuthi ukhona), bese idlulisela phambili okuqukethwe komlayezo. I-daemon ye-SMTP, i.e. impendulo evela kuseva yemeyili yomamukeli, ngokuvamile isebenza ku-port 25. Kulula ukuhlola ukusebenza kweseva ye-SMTP usebenzisa uhlelo lwe-telnet. Le nqubo yomthetho ayisebenzanga kahle ngamafayela kanambambili ngoba ibisekelwe embhalweni ongenalutho we-ASCII. Amazinga afana ne-MIME (ekuqaleni kwawo-90s) athuthukiswa ukuze afake amakhodi kanambambili amafayela ukuze adluliselwe nge-SMTP. Amaseva amaningi e-SMTP okwamanje asekela isandiso se-8BITMIME, esivumela amafayela kanambambili ukuthi adluliselwe kalula njengombhalo. I-SMTP ayikuvumeli ukuthi uthole imilayezo evela kuseva ekude. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa amaphrothokholi e-POP3 noma e-IMAP.

1983 Isevisi yokuqala ye-imeyili yezohwebo etholakala e-US - Thumela i-MCIyethulwe yi-MCI Communications Corp.

1984-88 Inguqulo yokuqala yephrothokholi yemeyili I-POP1yachazwa ku-RFC 918 (1984). I-POP2 yachazwa ku-RFC 937 (1985). I-POP3 inguqulo esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ithathwe ku-RFC 1081 (1988), kodwa ukucaciswa kwakamuva kakhulu yi-RFC 1939, ebuyekeziwe ukuze ifake indlela yokunweba (RFC 2449) kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ku-RFC 1734. Lokhu kuholele ekusetshenzisweni okuningi kwe-POP okufana ne-Pine, i-POPmail, nezinye izinhlelo ze-imeyili zangaphambi kwesikhathi. 

1985 Izinhlelo zokuqala ezikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise i-imeyili ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Ukuthuthukiswa "kwabafundi abangaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi". Abafundi abangaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi bavumele abasebenzisi be-imeyili ukuthi bagcine imilayezo yabo kumakhompyutha abo siqu bese beyifunda futhi balungiselele izimpendulo ngaphandle kokuxhumeka kunethiwekhi. Njengamanje, uhlelo oludume kakhulu olukuvumela ukuthi wenze lokhu yiMicrosoft Outlook.

1986 Iphrothokholi Yesikhashana Yokufinyelela Imeyili, IMAP (5) yaklanywa Igama elithi Crispina ngo-1986 njengesivumelwano ukufinyelela kwebhokisi lemeyili elikude, ngokuphambene ne-POP esetshenziswa kakhulu, umthetho olandelwayo wokuthola kalula okuqukethwe kwebhokisi lemeyili. Le phrothokholi idlule eziphindaphindweni ezimbalwa kuze kufike ku-VERSION 4rev1 yamanje (IMAP4).

Iphrothokholi yokuqala Yokufinyelela Imeyili Yesikhashana yasetshenziswa njengeklayenti. Imishini ye-Xerox Lisp i TOPS-20 iseva. Awekho amakhophi esicaciso sokuqala sephrothokholi yesikhathi noma isoftware yayo. Nakuba eminye yemiyalo nezimpendulo zayo bezifana ne-IMAP2, iphrothokholi yesikhashana ibingenabo omaka bokuyala/bempendulo ngakho-ke i-syntax yayo ibingahambisani nazo zonke ezinye izinguqulo ze-IMAP.

Ngokungafani I-POP3ekuvumela kuphela ukuthi ulande futhi ususe imeyili, i-IMAP ikuvumela ukuthi uphathe amafolda e-imeyili amaningi, futhi ulande futhi uphathe uhlu oluhlala kuseva ekude. I-IMAP ikuvumela ukuthi ulande izihloko zemiyalezo bese ukhetha ukuthi yimiphi imilayezo ofuna ukuyilanda kukhompuyutha yangakini. Ikuvumela ukuthi wenze imisebenzi eminingi, uphathe amafolda nemiyalezo. I-IMAP4 isebenzisa i-TCP ne-port 143 kuyilapho i-IMAPS isebenzisa i-TCP ne-port 993.

1990 I-imeyili yokuqala emlandweni wePoland yathunyelwa ngoNovemba 20, 1990. (phakathi kuka-10.57 no-13.25) ovela endlunkulu ye-European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) e-Geneva nguDkt. Grzegorz Polok kanye ne-MSc. Pavel Yaloha. Ilethwe kumsebenzisi %[email protected]' futhi yathathwa yi-M.Sc. IsiNgisi U-Andrzej Sobala e-Institute of Nuclear Physics e-Krakow. 

1991-92 Ukuzalwa Kwamanothi e-Lotus kanye ne-Microsoft Outlook (6).

6. Amanothi e-Lotus vs. Microsoft Outlook

1993 UPhilip Hallam-Baker, uchwepheshe we-cybersecurity osebenzela i-CERN, uthuthukisa inguqulo yokuqala ye-Webmail, i-imeyili ayicutshungulwa ngohlelo olukhethekile, kodwa isiphequluli sewebhu (7). Inguqulo yakhe, nokho, bekuyisivivinyo kuphela futhi ayizange ishicilelwe. Yahoo! Ihhovisi Leposi linikeze isevisi yokufinyelela iwebhusayithi ngo-1997.

7. Ikhasi lokungena nge-imeyili kusiphequluli

1999 qalisa mail kumakhalekhukhwini BlackBerry (isishiyagalombili). Lawa madivayisi adumile ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi i-BlackBerry inikeza ngamasevisi e-imeyili eselula.

8. Enye yezinhlobo zokuqala ze-BlackBerry ngokusekelwa kwe-imeyili.

2007 Ukwabelana kwe-Google Isevisi yemeyili ye-Gmail ngemva kweminyaka emine yokuhlolwa kwe-beta. I-Gmail yasungulwa ngo-2004 njengephrojekthi Paula Bucejta. Ekuqaleni, babengakholelwa ngempela kuwo njengomkhiqizo ongaphansi kwe-Google. Kwadlula iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuthi kuthathwe isinqumo sokubhalisa abasebenzisi ngaphandle kwesimemo. Ngokwemibandela yezobuchwepheshe, yahlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi kwakuwuhlelo olwaluseduze kakhulu nohlelo lokusebenza lwedeskithophu (lusebenzisa i-AJAX). Ukunikezwa kwenkumbulo engu-1 GB ebhokisini leposi nakho kwaba umbono ngaleso sikhathi.

9. Umlando welogo ye-Gmail

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-imeyili

uhlobo lwe-imeyili yewebhu

Abahlinzeki abaningi I-imeyili mail inikeza iklayenti lemeyili ngokusekelwe ku isiphequluli sewebhu (njenge-AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com, ne-Yahoo! Mail). Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bangene Ikheli le-imeyili usebenzisa noma yisiphi isiphequluli sewebhu esihambelanayo ukuthumela nokwamukela i-imeyili. Imeyili ngokuvamile ayilandwa kuklayenti lewebhu, ngakho ayikwazi ukufundwa ngaphandle koxhumano lwe-inthanethi lwamanje.

Amaseva wemeyili we-POP3

Iphrothokholi Yemeyili 3 (POP3) iphrothokholi yokufinyelela imeyili esetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza lweklayenti ukufunda imilayezo evela kuseva yemeyili. Imiyalezo eyamukelwe ivamise ukususwa kwiseva. I-POP isekela izimfuneko zokulanda nokususa okulula zokufinyelela amabhokisi eposi akude (okubizwa ngokuthi ukuthumela ngeposi ku-POP RFC). I-POP3 ikuvumela ukuthi udawunilode imilayezo ye-imeyili kukhompuyutha yangakini futhi uyifunde noma ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi.

Amaseva e-imeyili e-IMAP

Iphrothokholi Yokufinyelela Umlayezo We-inthanethi (I-IMAP) ihlinzeka ngezici ezikuvumela ukuthi uphathe ibhokisi lakho lemeyili kumadivayisi amaningi. Amadivayisi amancane aphathwayo njengama-smartphone aya ngokuya asetshenziswa ukuhlola i-imeyili ngenkathi kuhanjwa futhi anikeze izimpendulo ezimfushane, kuyilapho amadivayisi amakhulu anokufinyelela okungcono kwekhibhodi asetshenziselwa izimpendulo ezinde. I-IMAP ibonisa izihloko zemilayezo, umthumeli, nesihloko, futhi idivayisi kufanele icele ukuthi imilayezo ethile ilandwe. Ngokuvamile, imeyili ihlala kumafolda kuseva yemeyili.

Amaseva wemeyili we-MAPI

I-Messaging API (I-MAPI) isetshenziswa yi-Microsoft Outlook ukuxhumana ne-Microsoft Exchange Server, kanye nenani lamanye amaseva e-imeyili afana ne-Axigen Mail Server, i-Kerio Connect, i-Scalix, i-Zimbra, i-HP OpenMail, i-IBM Lotus Notes, i-Zarafa ne-Bynari, lapho abathengisi. ungeze ukwesekwa kwe-MAPI ukuze uvumele ukufinyelela emikhiqizweni yakho ngokuqondile nge-Outlook.

Izinhlobo zezandiso zegama lefayela ku-imeyili

Uma i-imeyili itholwa, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeklayenti le-imeyili zigcina imiyalezo kumafayela esistimu yokusebenza ohlelweni lwamafayela. Abanye bagcina imilayezo ngayinye njengamafayela ahlukene, kuyilapho abanye basebenzisa amanye, ngokuvamile awobunikazi, amafomethi esizindalwazi ukuze kugcinwe iqoqo. Izinga lokulondoloza elingokomlando yifomethi ye-mbox. Ifomethi ethile esetshenzisiwe ivame ukuboniswa izandiso zegama lefayela ezikhethekile:

• I-EML - esetshenziswa amakhasimende amaningi e-imeyili, okuhlanganisa i-Novell GroupWise, i-Microsoft Outlook Express, amanothi e-Lotus, i-Windows Mail, i-Mozilla Thunderbird, ne-Postbox. Lawa mafayela aqukethe indikimba yomlayezo we-imeyili ngombhalo ongenalutho ngefomethi ye-MIME, equkethe unhlokweni nomzimba womlayezo, okuhlanganisa okunamathiselwe kwifomethi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu.
• emlks - usebenzisa i-Apple Mail.
• MSG - I-Microsoft Office Outlook ne-OfficeLogic Groupware iyasetshenziswa.
• MBH - esetshenziswa i-Opera Mail, i-KMail ne-Apple Mail ngokusekelwe kufomethi ye-mbox.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza (ezifana ne-Apple Mail) zishiya okunamathiselwe kwi-imeyili okubethelwe emilayezweni eseshekayo kuyilapho zigcina amakhophi ahlukene okunamathiselwe. Abanye bahlukanisa okunamathiselwe emilayezweni futhi bakugcine ohlwini lwemibhalo oluthile.