Hlola izimoto zikagesi: kulokhu kuze kube phakade

Kusuka kuCamilla Genasi ngeGM EV1 kuya kuTesla Model X, noma umlando wezimoto zikagesi

Indaba yezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ingachazwa njengokusebenza kwezenzo ezintathu. Udaba oluyinhloko kuze kube yilolu suku lusendaweni yokufunwa kocingo olufanele lwe-electrochemical, oluqinisekisa amandla anele ezidingweni zemoto kagesi.

Eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambi kokuthi u-Karl Benz ethule ibhayisekili lakhe elinamasondo amathathu elizishayelayo ngo-1886, umFulentshi u-Gustav Trouv washayela imoto yakhe kagesi enenombolo efanayo yamasondo nge-Exposition D'Electricite eParis. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseMelika bazokhunjuzwa ukuthi umuntu wakubo uThomas Davenport wadala into enjalo eminyakeni engama-47 ngaphambili. Futhi lokhu kungaba yiqiniso, ngoba ngo-1837 umkhandi wensimbi uDavenport wadala imoto kagesi futhi "wayiqhuba" eduze kwesitimela, kodwa leli qiniso lihambisana nemininingwane encane - akukho bhethri emotweni. Ngakho-ke, uma sikhuluma ngokuqinile, ngokomlando, le moto ingabhekwa njengomanduleli we-tram, hhayi imoto kagesi.

Omunye umFulentshi, isazi sefiziksi uGaston Plante, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuzalweni kwemoto kagesi yakudala: wakha ibhethri le-lead-acid futhi wethula ngo-1859, ngawo lowo nyaka ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okuhweba kwaqala e-United States. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva, phakathi kwamagama egolide anikeza umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwemishini kagesi, igama le-German Werner von Siemens laqoshwa. Kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe webhizinisi owaholela ekuphumeleleni kwemoto kagesi, okuyinto, kanye nebhethri, yaba umfutho onamandla wokuthuthukiswa kwemoto kagesi. Ngo-1882, emigwaqweni yaseBerlin kwabonakala imoto kagesi, futhi lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimoto zikagesi eYurophu nase-United States, lapho kwaqala khona ukuvela amamodeli amasha. Ngakho, ikhethini laphakanyiswa esenzweni sokuqala se-electromobility, ikusasa elalibonakala likhanya ngaleso sikhathi. Konke okubalulekile nokudingekayo kulokhu sekuvele kwasungulwa, futhi amathuba enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi enomsindo nephunga aya ngokuya efiphala. Nakuba ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lead-asidi kwakungamawathi ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela ngekhilogremu (cishe izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kunesizukulwane sakamuva samabhethri e-lithium-ion), izimoto zikagesi zinebanga eligculisayo elingafika kumakhilomitha angu-80. Leli yibanga elikhulu ngesikhathi lapho uhambo losuku lukalwa ngokuhamba, futhi lungambozwa ngenxa yamandla aphansi kakhulu amamotho kagesi. Eqinisweni, zimbalwa izimoto zikagesi ezinzima ezingafinyelela isivinini esingaphezu kuka-30 km/h.

Ngokuphikisana nalokhu okwenzeka ngemuva, indaba yomuntu waseBelgium othukuthele ogama lakhe linguCamilla Genazi uletha ingcindezi empilweni ethobekile yansuku zonke yemoto kagesi. Ngo-1898, "udeveli obomvu" waphonsela inselelo isibalo saseFrance uGaston de Chasseloup-Laub nemoto yakhe, iJeanto, kwibhanoyi elinejubane elikhulu. Imoto kagesi kaGenasi iphethe igama eliqhakazile kakhulu elithi "La jamais contente", okusho ukuthi, "Awaneliseki Njalo." Ngemuva kwemijaho eminingi emangazayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi enelukuluku, ngo-1899 imoto efana nogwayi, ozungeza i-rotor yayo ngama-900 rpm, yagijimela ngasekupheleni komjaho olandelayo, yaqopha ijubane elingaphezu kuka-100 km / h (ncamashi u-105,88 km / h). Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho uGenasi nemoto yakhe bejabule khona ...

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1900, imoto kagesi, nakuba yayingakabi nayo imishini ethuthukisiwe, kufanele ibe isisungule ukuphakama kwezimoto ezisebenza ngophethiloli. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaleso sikhathi eMelika, inani lezimoto zikagesi laliphindwe kabili kunelikaphethiloli. Kukhona nemizamo yokuhlanganisa okuhle kakhulu kokubili komhlaba - isibonelo, imodeli eyakhiwe umklami osemusha wase-Austria uFerdinand Porsche, namanje ongaziwa emphakathini jikelele. Nguye owaxhuma kuqala ama-hub motors anenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo, edala imoto yokuqala eyi-hybrid.

Imoto kagesi njengesitha semoto kagesi

Kodwa-ke kwenzeka okuthile okuthakazelisayo futhi okuphikisayo, ngoba ugesi obhubhisa izingane zawo. Ngo-1912, uCharles Kettering wasungula isiqalisi sikagesi esenza ukuthi umshini wenjabulo ungabi nalutho, wephula amathambo abashayeli abaningi. Ngakho-ke, okunye ukushiyeka okukhulu kwemoto ngaleso sikhathi kwakungokwedlule. Amanani aphansi kaphethiloli kanye neMpi Yezwe I yenze buthaka imoto kagesi, kwathi ngo-1931 imodeli yokugcina kagesi yokukhiqiza, iTyp 99, yasuka kulayini womhlangano eDetroit.

Ingxenye yekhulu kuphela kamuva yaqala isikhathi sesibili kanye nokuvuselelwa ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto zikagesi. Impi yase-Iran ne-Iraq okokuqala ngqa ikhombisa ukuba sengozini kwempahla kawoyela, amadolobha anezakhamuzi eziyisigidi aminza entuthuni, futhi isihloko sokuvikela imvelo siya ngokuya sisebenza. I-California iphasise umthetho othi amaphesenti ayi-2003 ezimoto kumele zingabi nasisi ngo-1602. Abakhiqizi bezimoto, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bayashaqeka yikho konke lokhu, njengoba imoto kagesi ithole ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu amashumi eminyaka. Ukuba khona kwayo okuqhubekayo ezinhlelweni zentuthuko kuwumdlalo ongavamile kunesidingo, futhi amamodeli ambalwa wangempela, njengalawo asetshenziswa ukuthutha abasebenzi bamafilimu ngesikhathi sokugijima kwe-Olympic marathon (BMW 1972 ngo-10 eMunich), acishe angabonwa. Isibonelo esimangalisayo sobuxhakaxhaka balezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe indiza enqamula inyanga enezinjini ezigibele ihabhu ezibiza ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-XNUMX.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi cishe akukho lutho olwenziwa ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bebhethri, futhi amabhethri e-lead-acid ahlala eyisilinganiso kule ndawo, iminyango yokuthuthukiswa kwezinkampani iqala ukukhiqiza izimoto ezihlukahlukene zikagesi futhi. I-GM ihamba phambili kulokhu kuhlasela, nge-Sunraycer yokuhlola ethola irekhodi elide kakhulu le-solar mileage, kanye namayunithi angu-1000 e-GM EV1 avant-garde ebabazekayo yakamuva enenani lenzuzo elingu-0,19 aqashwa eqenjini elikhethiwe labathengi. . Ekuqaleni ifakwe amabhethri okuhola futhi kusukela ngo-1999 ngamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, ifinyelela ibanga elimangalisayo lamakhilomitha ayi-100. Ngenxa yamabhethri e-studio ye-Conecta Ford ye-sodium-sulphur, ingakwazi ukuhamba amakhilomitha angu-320.

IYurophu nayo iyafaka ugesi. Izinkampani zaseJalimane ziguqula isiqhingi saseBaltic Sea iRügen sibe yisisekelo sokuhlola sezimoto zabo zikagesi kanye namamodeli afana neVW Golf Citystromer, Mercedes 190E kanye ne-Opel Astra Impuls (enebhethri leZebra elingama-270-degree) abenza ukuhlolwa okungu-1,3 million amakhilomitha. Izixazululo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ziyavela ezimane nje ziyisibonakaliso esisheshayo sesibhakabhaka sikagesi, esifana nalesi sebhethri lesodium-sulphur elalishisa ngeBMW E1.

Ngaleso sikhathi, amathemba amakhulu kakhulu okuhlukaniswa namabhethri e-lead-asidi esindayo ayebekwe kumabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride. Nokho, ngo-1991, u-Sony wavula indlela entsha ngokuphelele kule ndawo ngokukhulula ibhethri yokuqala ye-lithium-ion. Ngokuphazima kweso, ukushisa kukagesi kuyanda futhi—ngokwesibonelo, osopolitiki baseJalimane babikezela isabelo semakethe esingamaphesenti ayishumi sezimoto zikagesi ngonyaka ka-2000, kanti iCalstart yaseCalifornia ibikezela izimoto zikagesi ezingu-10 825 ekupheleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka. .

Kodwa-ke, le firework kagesi isha ngokushesha okukhulu. Kuyacaca ukuthi amabhethri asahluleka ukufeza amazinga asebenzayo anelisayo futhi akukho simangaliso esizofika, futhi iCalifornia iphoqeleka ukuthi ilungise imigomo yayo yokukhipha umoya. I-GM ithatha wonke ama-EV1 ayo futhi iwabhubhise ngokungenasihawu. Okuxakayo ukuthi kungaleso sikhathi lapho onjiniyela bakwaToyota bakwazi khona ukuqeda ngempumelelo imodeli eyi-Prius hybrid esebenza kanzima. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuthatha indlela entsha.

Umthetho 3: Akukho Ukujikela Emuva

Ngo-2006, isenzo sokugcina sombukiso kagesi saqala. Izimpawu ezikhathaza ngokwengeziwe mayelana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwenyuka ngokushesha kwamanani kawoyela kunika umfutho onamandla ekuqaleni okusha ku-saga kagesi. Okwamanje, abase-Asia bahamba phambili kwezentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, behlinzeka ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion, kanti iMitsubishi iMiEV neNissan Leaf baphayona enkathini entsha.

IGerman isavuka ebuthongweni bukagesi, e-United States, iGM isusa uthuli imibhalo ye-EV1, kanti iTesla ezinze eCalifornia zanyakazisa umhlaba wezimoto ezindala ngomgwaqo wayo we-6831bhp roadster osetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-laptops. Izibikezelo seziqala ukuthatha izilinganiso zokuthokoza futhi.

Ngalesi sikhathi, uTesla wayesevele esebenza kanzima ekwakhiweni kweModeli S, enganikanga nje kuphela umfutho onamandla ekufakelweni kwezimoto ugesi, kepha futhi yakha isimo sodumo salo mkhiqizo, okwenza kwaba ngumholi emkhakheni.

Ngemuva kwalokho, yonke inkampani enkulu yezimoto izoqala ukwethula amamodeli kagesi ohlwini lwayo, futhi ngemuva kwamahlazo ahambisana nenjini kadizili, izinhlelo zawo sezishesha impela. Izinhlobo zohlobo lweRenault zihamba phambili - amamodeli akwaNissan neBMW i, iVW igxile kakhulu kulolu hlu ngesikhulumi seMEB, uhlobo oluphansi lomkhiqizo iMercedes EQ, namaphayona ayingxubevange iToyota neHonda ukuqala intuthuko emkhakheni kagesi. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo nokuphumelelayo kwezinkampani zamaseli e-lithium-ion, futhi ikakhulukazi i-Samsung SDI, kudala amaseli webhethri asimeme angama-37 Ah ngaphambi kwesikhathi obekulindelekile, futhi lokhu kunikeze abanye abakhiqizi amandla okwengeza ama-mileage abalulekile ama-EV abo kule minyaka emibili edlule. Okwamanje, izinkampani zaseChina nazo zingena kulo mdlalo, futhi ijika elikhulu lokukhula kwamamodeli kagesi liya ngokuya linyuka.

Ngeshwa, inkinga ngamabhethri yahlala. Ngaphandle kokuthi benze ushintsho olukhulu, ngisho namabhethri anamuhla e-lithium-ion asasinda, abiza kakhulu futhi awenele ngokomthamo.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule, intatheli yezimoto yaseFrance uBaudrillard de Saunier yaphawula: “Injini kagesi engasho lutho iyona ehlanzeke kakhulu futhi eqinile kunawo wonke umuntu angayifisa, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kahle kufinyelela kumaphesenti angu-100. Kodwa amabhethri adinga uguquko olukhulu.”

Nanamuhla, asikwazi ukwengeza lutho ngalokhu. Ngalesi sikhathi kuphela, abaklami basondela ekufakweni kukagesi ngezinyathelo ezilinganiselayo, kepha ezinokuzethemba, ezihamba kancane kancane ngezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ze-hybrid. Ngakho-ke, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungokoqobo kakhulu futhi kuyasimama.

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev, Alexander Blokh