Imoto kagesi izolo, namuhla, kusasa: ingxenye 3

Igama elithi "lithium-ion batteries" lifihla ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene.

Into eyodwa eqinisekile - inqobo nje uma i-lithium-ion electrochemistry ihlala ingashintshile kulokhu. Abukho obunye ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla e-electrochemical obungakwazi ukuncintisana ne-lithium-ion. Iphuzu, nokho, ukuthi kunemiklamo ehlukene esebenzisa izinto ezihlukene ze-cathode, i-anode kanye ne-electrolyte, ngayinye enezinzuzo ezihlukene mayelana nokuqina (inani lokushaja nokukhipha imijikelezo kuze kufike kumthamo osele ovumelekile wezimoto zikagesi. okungama-80%), amandla athile kWh/kg, i-euro/kg yenani lentengo noma isilinganiso samandla kumandla.

Emuva ngesikhathi

Amathuba okwenza izinqubo ze-electrochemical kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. Amaseli e-lithium-ion avela ekuhlukaneni kwe-lithium protons nama-electron asuka ku-lithium junction ku-cathode ngesikhathi sokushaja. I-athomu ye-lithium inikela kalula enye yama-electron ayo amathathu, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo isebenza kakhulu futhi kufanele ihlukaniswe emoyeni namanzi. Emthonjeni we-voltage, ama-electron aqala ukuhamba ngesekethe yawo, futhi ama-ion aqondiswe ku-carbon-lithium anode futhi, edlula ulwelwesi, axhumeke kuyo. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, ukunyakaza okuphambene kwenzeka - ama-ion abuyela ku-cathode, futhi ama-electron, nawo, adlula umthwalo kagesi wangaphandle. Nokho, ukushaja okusheshayo kwamanje kanye nokukhipha okugcwele kubangela ukwakheka koxhumano olusha oluhlala isikhathi eside, okunciphisa noma kumise ngisho nokusebenza kwebhethri. Umqondo wokusebenzisa i-lithium njengomnikezeli wezinhlayiyana usukela eqinisweni lokuthi iyinsimbi elula futhi ingakhulula kalula ama-proton nama-electron ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bashiya ngokushesha ukusetshenziswa kwe-lithium ehlanzekile ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu, ikhono layo lokuhlangana nomoya, nangenxa yezizathu zokuphepha.

Ibhethri lokuqala le-lithium-ion lenziwa ngawo-1970 nguMichael Whittingham, osebenzise i-lithium emsulwa ne-titanium sulfide njengama-electrode. Le electrochemistry ayisasetshenziswa, kepha empeleni ibeka izisekelo zamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Ngawo-1970, uSamar Basu wakhombisa ikhono lokumunca i-lithium ions kwi-graphite, kepha ngenxa yesipiliyoni sesikhathi, amabhethri azilimaza ngokushesha lapho ekhokhiswa futhi ekhishwa. Ngawo-1980, intuthuko enkulu yaqala ukuthola izakhi ezifanele ze-lithium ze-cathode ne-anode yamabhethri, futhi impumelelo yangempela yafika ngo-1991.

Amaseli e-NCA, NCM lithium ... kusho ukuthini lokhu ngempela?

Ngemva kokuhlola izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ze-lithium ngo-1991, imizamo yososayensi yathweswa umqhele wokuphumelela - u-Sony waqala ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Njengamanje, amabhethri alolu hlobo anamandla aphezulu okukhipha amandla kanye nokuminyana kwamandla, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, amandla abalulekile okuthuthukiswa. Ngokuya ngezidingo zebhethri, izinkampani ziphendukela ezinhlobonhlobo ze-lithium njengezinto ezibonakalayo ze-cathode. Lezi yi-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), izinhlanganisela ezine-nickel, i-cobalt ne-aluminium (NCA) noma nge-nickel, i-cobalt ne-manganese (NCM), i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), i-lithium manganese spinel (LMS), i-lithium titanium oxide (LTO) nabanye. I-electrolyte iyingxube kasawoti we-lithium kanye nezinyibilikisi eziphilayo futhi ibaluleke kakhulu "ekuhambeni" kwe-lithium ion, futhi isihlukanisi, esibhekene nokuvimbela ama-circuits amancane ngokungena kwe-lithium ion, ngokuvamile i-polyethylene noma i-polypropylene.

Amandla wokukhipha, amandla, noma kokubili

Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zamabhethri ukuqina kwamandla, ukuthembeka nokuphepha. Amabhethri akhiqizwayo njengamanje ahlanganisa lezi zimfanelo ezahlukahlukene futhi, ngokuya ngezinto ezisetshenzisiwe, anezinga elithile lamandla ka-100 kuye ku-265 W / kg (kanye namandla ka-400 kuya ku-700 W / L). Okuhamba phambili kulokhu yibhethri le-NCA nama-LFP amabi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, okubalulekile kolunye uhlangothi lwemali. Ukukhulisa amandla nokuqina kwamandla, ama-nanostructures ahlukahlukene asetshenziselwa ukumunca izinto eziningi futhi anikeze ukuqhutshwa okuphezulu komfudlana we-ion. Inani elikhulu lama-ion, "agcinwe" endaweni eqinile, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwezinto kuyizimfuneko zokushaja ngokushesha, futhi intuthuko iqondiswa kulezi zinkomba. Ngasikhathi sinye, idizayini yebhethri kufanele inikeze amandla adingekayo kumthamo wamanani ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-drive. Isibonelo, ama-plug-in nzalo adinga ukuba nenani eliphakeme kakhulu lamandla kuya kumthamo ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala. Intuthuko yanamuhla igxile kumabhethri afana ne-NCA (LiNiCoAlO2 ane-cathode ne-graphite anode) ne-NMC 811 (LiNiMnCoO2 ene-cathode ne-graphite anode). Okuqukethwe kuqala (ngaphandle kwe-lithium) cishe i-80% nickel, i-15% cobalt ne-5% ye-aluminium futhi inamandla athile we-200-250 W / kg, okusho ukuthi anokusebenzisa okulinganiselwe kwe-cobalt ebalulekile nempilo yesevisi yemijikelezo engafika ku-1500. Amabhethri anjalo azokhiqizwa nguTesla eGigafactory yayo eNevada. Lapho sifinyelela kumthamo waso ogcwele ohleliwe (ngo-2020 noma ngo-2021, kuya ngesimo), isitshalo sizokhiqiza amabhethri angama-35 GWh, anele ukunika amandla izimoto ezingama-500. Lokhu kuzophinde kwehlise izindleko zamabhethri.

Amabhethri e-NMC 811 anamandla athize aphansi kancane (140-200W/kg) kodwa anempilo ende, afinyelela imijikelezo engu-2000 egcwele, futhi angu-80% we-nickel, 10% manganese kanye ne-cobalt engu-10%. Njengamanje, bonke abakhiqizi bebhethri basebenzisa eyodwa yalezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Okuwukuphela kwento ehlukile yinkampani yaseShayina i-BYD, eyenza amabhethri e-LFP. Izimoto ezifakwe nabo zisinda, kodwa azidingi i-cobalt. Amabhethri e-NCA ancanyelwa ezimotweni zikagesi kanye ne-NMC kuma-plug-in hybrids ngenxa yezinzuzo zawo ngokulandelana kwazo ngokuya kokuminyana kwamandla kanye nokuminyana kwamandla. Izibonelo i-e-Golf kagesi enamandla/umthamo wesilinganiso esingu-2,8 kanye ne-plug-in eyingxube yeGolf GTE enesilinganiso esingu-8,5. Egameni lokwehlisa inani, i-VW ihlose ukusebenzisa amaseli afanayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri. Futhi enye into - umthamo omkhulu webhethri, inani elincane lokukhishwa okugcwele kanye nezindleko, futhi lokhu kwandisa impilo yayo yesevisi, ngakho-ke - ibhethri elikhulu, lingcono. Okwesibili kuthinta ama-hybrids njengenkinga.

Izitayela zemakethe

Njengamanje, isidingo samabhethri ngezinjongo zokuthutha sesivele singaphezu kwesidingo semikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi. Kusalindeleke ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2020 kudayiswe izimoto zikagesi eziyizigidi eziyi-1,5 ngonyaka, okuzosiza ukwehlisa izindleko zamabhethri. Ngo-2010, intengo ye-1 kWh yeseli ye-lithium-ion yayingama-euro angu-900, futhi manje ingaphansi kwama-euro angu-200. U-25% wezindleko zayo yonke ibhethri eye-cathode, u-8% eye-anode, isihlukanisi ne-electrolyte, i-16% yawo wonke amanye amaseli ebhethri kanye nama-35% edizayini yebhethri iyonke. Ngamanye amazwi, amaseli e-lithium-ion anikela ngamaphesenti angama-65 ezindlekweni zebhethri. Izintengo ezilinganiselwe ze-Tesla zango-2020 lapho i-Gigafactory 1 ingena enkonzweni icishe ibe ngu-300€/kWh kumabhethri e-NCA futhi intengo ihlanganisa umkhiqizo osuphelile one-VAT ethile emaphakathi newaranti. Kuseyintengo ephezulu, ezoqhubeka nokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinqolobane eziyinhloko ze-lithium zitholakala e-Argentina, Bolivia, eChile, eChina, e-USA, e-Australia, eCanada, eRussia, eCongo naseSerbia, kanti iningi lazo okwamanje limbiwe emachibini awomile. Njengoba amabhethri amaningi aya ngokwanda, imakethe yezinto ezenziwe kabusha kusuka kumabhethri amadala izokhula. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kepha, yinkinga ye-cobalt, okuthi, yize ikhona ngobuningi bayo, imbiwa njengomkhiqizo ovela ekukhiqizeni i-nickel nethusi. ICobalt imbiwa, naphezu kokugxila kwayo okuncane emhlabathini, eCongo (enezindawo zokugcina ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhona), kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziphikisana nokuziphatha, isimilo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obamukelwe njengethemba lekusasa eliseduze empeleni abuzona ezintsha ngokuyisisekelo, kepha kuyizinketho ze-lithium-ion. Lezi, ngokwesibonelo, amabhethri wombuso oqinile, asebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinile esikhundleni soketshezi (noma i-gel kumabhethri e-lithium polymer). Lesi sixazululo sinikeza ukwakheka okuzinzile kwama-electrode, okwephula ubuqotho bawo lapho ekhokhiswa nge-current high, ngokulandelana. izinga lokushisa eliphakeme nomthwalo omkhulu. Lokhu kungakhuphula ukushaja kwamanje, ukuminyana kwe-electrode namandla. Amabhethri wombuso aqinile asesesigabeni sokuqala kakhulu sentuthuko futhi mancane amathuba okuthi afike ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi kuze kube maphakathi neshumi leminyaka.

Enye yezinto eziqale ukuthola imiklomelo emncintiswaneni we-BMW Innovation Technology Competition ka-2017 e-Amsterdam kwakuyinkampani esebenzisa ibhethri i-silicon anode yayo ithuthukisa ukuminyana kwamandla. Onjiniyela basebenzela ama-nanotechnologies ahlukahlukene ukuhlinzeka ngamandla amakhulu namandla kuzo zombili izinto ze-anode ne-cathode, futhi isixazululo esisodwa ukusebenzisa i-graphene. Lezi zingqimba ezincane ze-graphite ezinesisindo esisodwa se-athomu nesakhiwo se-athomu esinezinxantathu zingenye yezinto ezithembisa kakhulu. "Amabhola e-graphene" akhiqizwe ngumkhiqizi wamaseli webhethri i-Samsung SDI, ahlanganiswe kwisakhiwo se-cathode ne-anode, ahlinzeka ngamandla aphakeme, amandla okungena kanye nokuqina kwento kanye nokwanda okuhambisanayo komthamo cishe wesilinganiso esingu-45% nesikhathi esisheshayo esiphindwe kahlanu. Lobu buchwepheshe ingathola umfutho onamandla kakhulu ovela ezimotweni zeFormula E, okungaba ezokuqala ukuhlonyiswa ngamabhethri anjalo.

Abadlali kulesi sigaba

Abadlali abakhulu njengabahlinzeki be-Tier 123 kanye ne-Tier 2020, okungukuthi abakhiqizi beselula namabhethri, yi-Japan (Panasonic, Sony, GS Yuasa ne-Hitachi Vehicle Energy), i-Korea (LG Chem, Samsung, Kokam ne-SK Innovation), i-China (Inkampani ye-BYD) . , ATL kanye ne-Lishen) kanye ne-USA (Tesla, Johnson Controls, A30 Systems, EnerDel and Valence Technology). Abahlinzeki abakhulu bomakhalekhukhwini njengamanje yi-LG Chem, i-Panasonic, i-Samsung SDI (Korea), i-AESC (Japan), i-BYD (e-China) ne-CATL (e-China), enesabelo semakethe sokubili kokuthathu. Kulesi sigaba e-Europe, baphikiswa kuphela yiBMZ Group yaseGermany kanye neNorthvolth yaseSweden. Ngokwethulwa kwe-Tesla's Gigafactory ngo-XNUMX, lesi sigaba sizoshintsha - inkampani yaseMelika izobalelwa ku-XNUMX% wokukhiqizwa kwamaseli e-lithium-ion emhlabeni. Izinkampani ezifana noDaimler noBMW sezisayine izinkontileka nezinye zalezi zinkampani njengeCATL eyakha imboni e-Europe.