Imoto kagesi izolo, namuhla nakusasa: ingxenye 2

Amapulatifomu azimele noma izixazululo eziguquliwe zezimoto zikagesi

Ngabe ukwakhiwa kanye nokuqaliswa kwamapulatifomu kagesi ngokuphelele kusebenza kahle kwezomnotho? Impendulo: kuya. Emuva ngonyaka we-2010, iChevrolet Volt (Opel Ampera) ikhombise ukuthi kunezindlela zokuguqula ngendlela efanelekile ukwakheka komzimba kohlelo olujwayelekile lokuhambisa ngamandla ngokuhlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri emhubheni ophakathi nendawo wesikhulumi seDelta II lapho kutholakala khona uhlelo lokukhipha . ) nangaphansi kwesihlalo semoto sangemuva. Kodwa-ke, ngokubuka kwanamuhla, iVolt iyi-plug-in hybrid (ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu obufana nobo obutholakala kwiToyota Prius) enebhethri elingu-16 kWh kanye nenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, yaphakanyiswa yinkampani njengemoto kagesi enamamayela akhuphukile, futhi lokhu kukhombisa kakhulu indlela lolu hlobo lwemoto oluyithathile phakathi naleli shumi leminyaka.

KwaVolkswagen kanye nezigaba zabo, izinhlelo zabo zokufisa zihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi eziyisigidi ngonyaka, ngo-2025 ukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izimoto zikagesi kufanelekile. Nokho, kubakhiqizi abanjengoBMW, le ndaba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngemuva kwe-i3 eshiswe kabi, ebihamba phambili kodwa idalwe ngesikhathi esihlukile futhi ngenxa yalokho ayizange ibe namandla kwezomnotho, izici ezinomthwalo wemfanelo enkampanini yaseBavaria zanquma ukuthi abaklami kufanele babheke indlela yokwakha amapulatifomu aguquguqukayo angakhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwakho kokubili. izinhlobo zokushayela. Ngeshwa, amapulatifomu kagesi ajwayele ukujwayela ayingxenye yomklamo - amaseli apakishwa ngamaphakheji ahlukene futhi abekwe lapho kunendawo khona, futhi emiklameni emisha le miqulu inikezwa ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo.

Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhala asisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo njengalapho usebenzisa amaseli akhiwe phansi, futhi izakhi zixhunywe ngezintambo, okwandisa isisindo nokumelana. Izinhlobo zamanje zikagesi zezinkampani eziningi, njenge-e-Golf kanye ne-Mercedes' electric B-class, ziyilokho. Ngakho-ke, abakwaBMW bazosebenzisa izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe zeplathifomu ye-CLAR lapho kuzobe kusekelwe khona i-iX3 ne-i4 ezayo. I-Mercedes izoba nendlela efanayo eminyakeni ezayo, isebenzisa izinguqulo eziguquliwe zamapulatifomu ayo amanje ngaphambi kokwethula (cishe eminyakeni emibili kamuva) i-EVA II ezinikele. Ezinhlotsheni zayo zokuqala zikagesi, ikakhulukazi i-e-Tron, i-Audi yasebenzisa inguqulo eguquliwe ye-MLB Evo yayo evamile eyashintsha wonke amasondo ukuze ihlanganise iphakethe lebhethri eligcwele. Kodwa-ke, i-Porsche ne-Audi njengamanje bakha i-Premium Platform Electric (PPE) eklanyelwe ngqo ukuhambisa ugesi nayo ezosetshenziswa yi-Bentley. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nesizukulwane esisha samapulatifomu e-EV azinikezele ngeke sifune indlela ye-avant-garde ye-i3, ezosebenzisa ngokuyinhloko insimbi ne-aluminium kule njongo.

Futhi ngakho-ke wonke umuntu ubheka indlela yakhe entsha ehlathini lekusasa elizayo. IFiat ithengise uhlobo lukagesi lwePanda eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule, kepha iFiatChrysler manje isilele ngemuva kwalomkhuba. Uhlobo lweFiat 500e kanye ne-plug-in yeChrysler Pacifica plug-in njengamanje ziyathengiswa e-United States. Uhlelo lwebhizinisi lwenkampani ludinga ukuthi kutshalwe imali engu- € 9 billion kumamodeli afakwe ugesi ngonyaka ka-2022, futhi maduze nje luzoqala ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi ezingama-500 eYurophu kusetshenziswa ipulatifomu entsha, efakwe ugesi. IMaserati ne-Alfa Romeo nazo zizobe zinamamodeli kagesi.

Ngo-2022, iFord izokwethula izimoto zikagesi eziyi-16 endaweni ye-MEB e-Europe; AbakwaHonda bazosebenzisa izitimela ezisebenza ngogesi ukuletha izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamamodeli abo eYurophu ngo-2025; AbakwaHyundai bebelokhu bethengisa izinhlobo zikagesi ze-Kona ne-Ioniq kahle, kodwa manje sebelungile nge-platform entsha ye-EV. I-Toyota izosekela izinhlobo zayo zikagesi zesikhathi esizayo ku-e-TNGA eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile izimoto zikagesi, ezophinde zisetshenziswe ngabakwaMazda, kanti nakuba igama lifana nenani lezixazululo ezintsha ze-TNGA, licacile kakhulu. I-Toyota inolwazi oluningi ngezimoto zikagesi kanye nokuphathwa kwamandla, kodwa hhayi ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion ngoba, egameni lokuthembeka, isebenzise amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride kuze kube sekupheleni. I-Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi isebenzisa imiklamo eshintshile ekhona kumamodeli amaningi kagesi, kodwa maduze izokwethula inkundla entsha kagesi, i-CMF-EV. Igama le-CMF akufanele likukhohlise - njengakuToyota kanye ne-TNGA, i-CMF-EV cishe ayihlanganise lutho ne-CMF. Amamodeli e-PSA azosebenzisa izinguqulo zezingxenyekazi ze-CMP kanye ne-EMP2. Inkundla yomunye wamavulandlela wokuhamba kukagesi okusha i-Jaguar I-Pace nayo isebenza ngogesi ngokugcwele.

Umkhiqizo uzokwenzeka kanjani

Ukuhlangana kwemoto efektri kubalwa ngamaphesenti ayi-15 enqubo ephelele yokukhiqiza. Amaphesenti angama-85 asele afaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwengxenye ngayinye kwezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi kanye nokwandulela kwabo izingxenye ezingaba yikhulu zamayunithi okukhiqiza abaluleke kakhulu, athunyelwa kulayini wokukhiqiza. Izimoto namuhla ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele, futhi imininingwane yezingxenye zayo ayikuvumeli ukuthi yenziwe ngokuphelele enkampanini yezimoto. Lokhu kusebenza nakwabakhiqizi abanjengoDaimler, abanezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganiswa nokuzikhiqizela izinto ezifana nama-gearbox. Izinsuku inkampani ekhiqize ngazo imininingwane emincane njengeFord Model T sezihambile. Mhlawumbe ngoba akukho mininingwane eminingi kumodeli T ...

Kodwa-ke, umfutho oqinile ekwakhiweni kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi eminyakeni yamuva uveze izinselelo ezintsha ngokuphelele kubakhiqizi bezimoto ezivamile. Njengokuguquguquka njengenqubo yokukhiqiza, ifaka ikakhulukazi amamodeli wohlelo lomhlangano onemizimba ejwayelekile, ama-powertrains, nama-powertrains. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amamodeli we-plug-in we-plug-in, angahluki kakhulu kusakhiwo ngaphandle kokungeza ibhethri namandla kagesi endaweni elula kukhisisi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho nasezimotweni zikagesi ezisuselwa kumiklamo yendabuko.

Ukwakhiwa kwezimoto, kufaka phakathi ezikagesi, kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye nokuklanywa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza, lapho ngayinye yezinkampani zezimoto ikhetha indlela yayo yokwenza isenzo. Asikhulumi ngoTesla, omkhiqizo wakhe wakhiwa cishe kusukela ekuqaleni ngesisekelo sezimoto zikagesi, kepha mayelana nabakhiqizi abaziwayo, okuthi, ngokuya ngezidingo zabo, kumele bahlanganise ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezinedrayivu ejwayelekile nekagesi. Futhi njengoba kungekho owazi ngempela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani esikhathini esifushane, izinto kufanele ziguquguquke ngokwanele.

Izinhlelo ezintsha zokukhiqiza ...

Kwabakhiqizi abaningi, isixazululo ukuguqula ulayini wabo wokukhiqiza ukwamukela izimoto zikagesi. I-GM, ngokwesibonelo, ikhiqiza i-hybrid volt ne-bolt kagesi ezimbonini ezikhona. Ababengabangane bePSA bathi bazokwakha izimoto zabo ukuthatha indlela efanayo.

Umsebenzi kaDaimler wokwakha izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ngaphansi komkhiqizo omusha we-EQ nezimboni ezishintshayo ususelwa ekulinganisweni kwamaphesenti ayi-15 kuye kwangama-25 okuthengiswa kweMercedes-Benz ngonyaka ka-2025. Ukulungela lokhu Ngokuthuthuka kwemakethe, kufaka phakathi ukucabangela lokhu kubikezela okunhlobonhlobo, inkampani ikhulisa isitshalo eSindelfingen ngesitshalo esibizwa ngeFektri 56. IMercedes ichaza lesi sitshalo ngokuthi "isitshalo sokuqala sesikhathi esizayo" futhi sizobandakanya zonke izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ... U-Enya nezinhlelo zibizwa. Imboni 4.0. Njengesitshalo se-PSA eTremeri, lesi sitshalo kanye nesitshalo seDaimler Full-Flex eKecskemét bazokwazi ukukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi eceleni kwezijwayelekile. Ukukhiqizwa nakho kuyaguquguquka kwaToyota, ezokhiqiza izimoto zayo ezisebenza ngogesi eMotomachi, eToyota City. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, inkampani ikhuphule ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza enkolweni elandelayo, kepha esikhathini esifushane, ayinazo izinhloso ezivelele zokuncintisana ne-VW ezimotweni zikagesi ezimsulwa.

... Noma izimboni ezintsha sha

Akubona bonke abakhiqizi abathatha le ndlela eguquguqukayo. IVolkswagen, ngokwesibonelo, itshala imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-euro esitshalweni sayo iZwickau, iklama kuphela ukukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi. Le nkampani ilungiselela eziningi zazo, kufaka phakathi amamodeli wemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kulokhu okukhathazayo, okuzosuselwa ekwakhiweni okusha ngokuphelele kwe-modular MEB (Modularer E-Antriebs-Baukasten). Isikhungo sokukhiqiza esilungiselelwa i-VW sizokwazi ukusingatha imiqulu emikhulu, futhi izinhlelo ezinkulu zenkampani ezinesifiso esikhulu zingumnyombo walesi sinqumo.

Ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane kule ndlela kunencazelo yako enengqondo - abakhiqizi bezimoto abasungulwe balandela amaphethini amisiwe, angaguquki okwakhiwa kwezimoto nezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Ukukhula kumele kuzinze, ngaphandle kokuphahlazeka, njengoTesla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zekhwalithi ephezulu zidinga izinqubo eziningi futhi lokhu kuthatha isikhathi. Ukuhamba kukagesi kuyithuba lezinkampani zaseShayina zokunwebeka ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe kabanzi, kodwa futhi kudingeka ziqale ukukhiqiza izimoto ezithembekile futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, eziphephile kuqala.

Eqinisweni, ukwakha amapulatifomu nokuhlela izinqubo zokukhiqiza akuyona inkinga kubakhiqizi bezimoto. Kulokhu, banolwazi oluningi kunoTesla. Ukuklanywa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenkundla eqhutshwa ngogesi akunzima kangako kunezimoto ezishayelwa ngendlela evamile - isibonelo, isakhiwo esiphansi sakamuva sinokugoba okuningi nokuxhumana okudinga inqubo yokukhiqiza eyinkimbinkimbi nemba eqolo. Izinkampani zinolwazi oluningi ekuguquleni imikhiqizo enjalo futhi lokhu ngeke kube yinkinga kubo, ikakhulukazi njengoba zithole ulwazi oluningi ngokwakhiwa kwezinto eziningi. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukulungiswa kwezinqubo kuthatha isikhathi, kodwa imigqa yokukhiqiza yesimanje kakhulu iguquguquka kakhulu kulokhu. Inkinga ebalulekile yezimoto zikagesi isalokhu iyindlela yokugcina amandla, okungukuthi, ibhethri.