Ukusebenzisa imoto ye-hydrogen (i-fuel cell)
Okuqukethwe
Enye indlela yokusebenza kwezimoto zikagesi, isixazululo se-hydrogen, sekuyisikhathi eside ifundwa amaJalimane namaJapane. I-Europe, u-Tesla ayibheka njengengazinzile, nokho inquma ukubeka iphakheji kulobu buchwepheshe (emhlabeni jikelele, hhayi ngenjongo yodwa yokuhambisa izimoto). Ngakho ake sibheke ukuthi imoto ye-hydrogen isebenza kanjani, ngakho-ke okuhlukile kuphela kwemoto kagesi.
Funda futhi:
- Ingabe imoto ye-hydrogen iyasebenza?
- Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi ze-fuel cell
Izinhlobo eziningana zezimoto ze-hydrogen
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bamanje bungezezimoto ezisebenzisa ama-fuel cell ukuze zifake amamotho kagesi, i-hydrogen ingasetshenziswa ekubuyiseleni izimoto ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Ngempela iyigesi engasetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo ne-LPG ne-CNG esezivele zisetshenziswa ezimotweni zethu. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono ushiywe, injini ye-piston ihambisana kakhulu nesikhathi ...
Nansi iToyota Mirai esebenza nge-hydrogen. Ithengiswa e-USA, ayikho eFrance, ngoba ayikho indawo yokusabalalisa i-hydrogen ... Njengoba sekwephuzile ngamatheminali kagesi, sesivele sisalela ngemuva kwe-hydrogen!
Isimiso sokusebenza
Uma bekufanele sifingqe uhlelo ngomusho owodwa, ngingakusho lokholokhu kungukuthi imoto kagesi ohamba naye carburant okungangcolisi (iyasebenza, hhayi ekukhiqizeni). Esikhundleni sokushaja ibhethri ngepulaki ngakho-ke ugesi, sigcwalisa ngoketshezi. Yingakho sibiza isistimu ye-fuel cell (i
buthelela
esebenza ngophethiloli lokho
kudliwe
et
uyanyamalala ethangini
). Eqinisweni, umehluko kuphela nge-motor kagesi ukugcinwa kwamandla, lapha ku-liquid, hhayi ifomu lamakhemikhali.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ibhethri liyaphuma, ngokungafani nebhethri ye-lithium noma i-lead-acid (bheka izixhumanisi ukuze uthole ukuthi zisebenza kanjani).
Ibalazwe lokucubungula
IHydrojeni = ingxubevange?
Cishe ... Ngempela, ngokuhlelekile banebhethri ye-lithium eyengeziwe, okuwusizo engizoyichaza ngezansi. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi usebenze kuphela ku-hydrogen, usebenzisa ibhethri evamile kuphela, noma kokubili ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Izingxenye
Ithangi le-hydrogen
Sinethangi elingagcina i-5 kuya ku-10 kg ye-hydrogen, sazi ukuthi ikhilogremu ngayinye iqukethe i-33.3 kWh yamandla (uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto zikagesi, ezinama-35 kuya ku-100 kWh). Ithangi liklanywe ngokukhethekile futhi liqinile ukumelana nokucindezela kwangaphakathi kwamabha angama-350 kuye kwangama-700.
I-Fuel cell
I-fuel cell izohlinzeka ngamandla enjini kagesi yemoto, njengebhethri elivamile le-lithium. Nokho, idinga uphethiloli, okuyi-hydrogen ethangini. Yenziwe nge-platinum ebiza kakhulu, kodwa ezinguqulweni zanamuhla kakhulu yenza ngaphandle kwayo.
Isigcinalwazi sebhethri
Lokhu akudingekile, kodwa kuyindinganiso yezimoto ze-hydrogen. Ngempela, isebenza njengebhethri eyisipele, i-amplifier yamandla (ingakwazi ukusebenza ngokuhambisana ne-fuel cell), kodwa futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, isebenzela ukubuyisela amandla e-kinetic ngesikhathi sokunciphisa nokubhuleka.
Amandla kagesi
Akubaliwe kumdwebo wami ophezulu, amandla kagesi alawula, aphazamise futhi alungise (ukuguqula phakathi kwemisinga ye-AC ne-DC) imisinga ehlukahlukene egeleza ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zemoto.
Ukufaka uphethiloli
Ukusebenza kwe-Fuel cell: i-catalysis
Umgomo uwukukhipha ama-electron (ugesi) ku-hydrogen ukuze uwathumele enjini kagesi. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngokusabela okulawulwayo kwe-electrochemical okuhlukanisa ama-electron ohlangothini olulodwa (kubheke enjinini) namaphrothoni kolunye (ku-fuel cell). Umhlangano wonke uphela ku-cathode, lapho ukusabela kugcina khona: "ingxube" yokugcina inikeza amanzi, akhishwa ngaphandle kwesistimu (i-exhaust).
Nansi umdwebo we-catalysis, okuwukukhishwa kukagesi ku-hydrogen (reverse electrolysis).
Lapha sibona ukusebenza kwe-fuel cell, okuyi-phenomenon of catalysis.
I-Hydrogen H2 (okungukuthi ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen H ahlanganiswe ndawonye: i-dihydrogen) isuka kwesokunxele iye kwesokudla. Njengoba isondela ku-anode, ilahlekelwa i-nucleus yayo (i-proton), ezodonswa phansi (ngenxa ye-oxidation phenomenon). Ama-electron azobe eseqhubeka nendlela eya kwesokudla ukuze asebenzise injini kagesi.
Ngokulandelayo, sihlanganisa kabusha yonke into ngokujova i-O2 (i-oksijini evela emoyeni sibonga i-compressor) ohlangothini lwe-cathode, okuzovumela ngokwemvelo ukwakheka kwe-molecule yamanzi (ezokwenza zonke izakhi zibe yinto eyodwa). i-molecule eyiqoqo lama-Hs nama-Os).
Isifinyezo sokusabela kwamakhemikhali / ngokomzimba
I-ANOD : ku-anode, i-athomu ye-hydrogen "inqunywe" phakathi (H2 = 2e- + 2H+). I-nucleus (H + ion) yehla ibheke ku-cathode, kuyilapho ama-electron (e-) eqhubeka nendlela yawo ngenxa yokungakwazi ukudlula ku-electrolyte (isikhala esiphakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode).
I-CATHHODE: ku-cathode sibona i-reverse (ngezindlela ezahlukene) ama-ion H + nama-e-electron. Khona-ke kwanele ukwethula ama-athomu omoya-mpilo ukuze zonke lezi zakhi zifune ukuqoqa, okuholela ekudalweni kwe-molecule yamanzi ehlanganisa ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ne-athomu eyodwa ye-oxygen. Noma ifomula: 2e- + 2H+ + O2 = H2O
Ukuvuna ?
Uma sicabangela kuphela imoto ngokwayo, okungukuthi ukusebenza kahle ithangi kuze kube sekupheleni amasondo (material ukuguqulwa / ukuqinisa mechanical), silapha kancane ngezansi 50%. Ngempela, ibhethri linokusebenza kahle okungaba ngu-50%, kanti i-motor kagesi - mayelana ne-90%. Ngakho-ke, siqala sibe nokuhlunga okungu-50%, bese kuba ngu-10%.
Uma sicabangela ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo samandla esikhiqiza amandla, khona-ke ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen noma ngisho nokusatshalaliswa kukagesi (uma kwenzeka i-lithium) sine-25% ye-hydrogen kanye ne-70% kagesi (cishe isilinganiso, ngokusobala. ).
Funda kabanzi mayelana nenzuzo lapha.
Umehluko phakathi kwemoto ye-hydrogen nemoto kagesi yebhethri ye-lithium?
Izimoto ziyafana ncamashi, ngaphandle "kwethangi lamandla". Ngakho-ke, lezi yizimoto zikagesi ezisebenzisa ama-rotor-stator motors (induction, izibuthe ezihlala njalo, noma ezisebenzayo).
Uma ibhethri ye-lithium iphinde isebenze ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwayo (ukusabela okukhiqiza ugesi ngokwemvelo: ngokunembile, ama-electron), akukho lutho oluphuma kuyo, kukhona ukuguqulwa kwangaphakathi kuphela. Ukuze ubuyele esimweni saso sokuqala (ukushaja kabusha), kwanele ukudlula okwamanje (ukuxhuma emkhakheni) futhi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuzoqala futhi ngokuphambene. Inkinga ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi, ngisho nama-supercharger.
Enjinini ye-hydrogen, okuyinjini yakudala kagesi enikwa amandla i-fuel cell (okungukuthi, i-hydrogen), ibhethri idla i-hydrogen ngesikhathi sokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ithululwa nge-exhaust esusa umhwamuko wamanzi (umphumela wokusabela kwamakhemikhali).
Ngakho-ke, ngokombono onengqondo, singakwazi ukuvumelanisa noma iyiphi imoto kagesi emotweni ye-hydrogen, kwanele ukufaka esikhundleni sebhethri ye-lithium nge-fuel cell. Ngakho, ekuqondeni kwakho, "injini ye-hydrogen" kufanele kubhekwe ngokuyinhloko njengoba injini kagesi (bona ukuthi isebenza kanjani lapha). Usuke esondela kuye, hhayi ngoba ethelwa uphethiloli njengenhlangano.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phansi kwale thebhulethi kuyakhiqiza ukushisakusuka ku ugesi (lokho esikudingayo ngemoto kagesi) kanye amanzi.
Kungani kungenjalo yonke indawo?
Inkinga enkulu yezobuchwepheshe nge-hydrogen ihlobene nokuphepha kwesitoreji. Eqinisweni, njenge-LPG, leli phethiloli liyingozi ngoba liyasha lapho lithintana nomoya (futhi akugcini lapho). Ngakho-ke inkinga ayigcini nje ngokufaka uphethiloli emotweni, kodwa futhi nokuba nethangi elinamandla ngokwanele ukumelana nanoma iyiphi ingozi. Yiqiniso, izindleko ezengeziwe ziwukudonsa okukhulu, futhi kubonakala kuncane kakhulu kunebhethri ye-lithium-ion, eyehla ezindlekweni.
Ekugcineni, inethiwekhi yokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa emhlabeni ayithuthukisiwe kakhulu, futhi ohulumeni bafuna ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen nge-electrolysis besebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo (ochwepheshe abaningi bakhuluma ngohlelo lwe-utopian olungenakufezeka eqinisweni lethu "ngokuzumayo").
Ekugcineni, kunethuba elingcono lokuthi ugesi ovamile uzoba yisixazululo sokuzikhethela esikhathini esizayo, kunokuba i-hydrogen, ezosetshenziselwa uhla lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuhamba komuntu ngamunye.
Yonke imibono nokuphendula
wokugcina amazwana athunyelwe:
Bernard (Usuku: 2021, 09:23:14)
Sawubona,
Siyabonga ngale mibono eqinile nethakazelisayo. Ngizoshiya isayithi nokhanyikhanyi omusha engqondweni yami endala.
Ngokwami, kuyangimangaza ukuthi, ngaphandle kwalokho engikwaziyo ngemikhumbi-ngwenya yenuzi, akekho noyedwa owakhe injini efanelekile yomgwaqo. Ngempela bekuyileyo uPhilips eyembulwa embukisweni wezimoto waseBrussels ngo-1971, enama-200 hp. kuma-piston amabili.
UPhilips waqala ukusebenza ngo-1937-1938 futhi waqala kabusha ngo-1948.
Ngo-1971, babefuna amakhulu amaningana amahhashi piston ngayinye. Kusukela lapho angitholi lutho ... Yebo, Imfihlo Yezokuvikela.
Kuthiwani ngezinjini ze-gas turbine?
Izibani zakho zingangeza amanzi endaweni yami yokucabanga.
Siyabonga ngolwazi lwakho nokuduma.
Il J. 1 ukusabela (kula) mazwana:
- Ukuphatha UMPHATHI WENDAWO (2021-09-27 11:40:25): Kumnandi kakhulu ukufunda, ngiyabonga.
Angazi ngokwanele mayelana nalolu hlobo lwenjini ukwahlulela, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezindleko, usayizi, ukugcinwa okunzima, ukusebenza kahle okuphakathi?
Ukhumbula ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuba nesixazululo esivumela ukuthi igesi ishiswe, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo emotweni yomphakathi evamile kungaba yingozi (nokuthi izoba njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi).
Ngamafuphi, ngisola ukuthi ubunethemba lempendulo enembe futhi eqinisekayo ... Uxolo.
(Okuthunyelwe kwakho kuzobonakala ngaphansi kwamazwana ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa)
Bhala umbono
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