I-Mazda SkyActiv G injini - uphethiloli kanye ne-SkyActiv D - udizili

Ama-automaker ahlose ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ ngokuhlukile. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba, isibonelo, o Ukuyekethisa okuguqula injabulo yokushayela uye eceleni. Kodwa-ke, iMazda ithathe isinqumo sokuya kolunye uhlangothi futhi isike ukukhishwa ngesisombululo esisha sayo yonke into engasusi ubumnandi bokushayela. Ngaphezu komklamo omusha wezinjini zikaphethiloli nodizili, isixazululo sihlanganisa ne-chassis entsha, umzimba no-gearbox. Ukunciphisa isisindo sayo yonke imoto kuhambisana nobuchwepheshe obusha.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi izinjini ezivamile zomlilo zizoqhubeka nokulawula umhlaba wezimoto eminyakeni eyi-15 ezayo, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuqhubeka nokutshala umzamo omkhulu ekuzithuthukiseni. Njengoba wazi, amandla amaningi wamakhemikhali aqukethwe kukaphethiloli awashintshelwa ekusebenzeni ngomshini ngesikhathi somlilo, kodwa empeleni ayahwamuka ngendlela yokushisa kwemfucuza ngamapayipi e-exhaust, i-radiator, njll. Futhi bachaza nokulahleka okubangelwe ukungqubuzana izingxenye zemishini zenjini. Ekwakheni isizukulwane esisha sezinjini zikaphethiloli nedizili zakwaSkyActiv, onjiniyela baseHiroshima, eJapan, bagxile ezintweni eziyisithupha ezinkulu ezinomthelela ekusetshenzisweni nasekukhishweni okuvelayo:

• ukuminyanisa isilinganiso,
• isilinganiso sophethiloli nomoya,
• ubude besigaba somlilo senhlanganisela,
• isikhathi sesigaba somlilo senhlanganisela,
• ukudonsa ukulahlekelwa,
• ukungqubuzana kwezingxenye zemishini yenjini.

Endabeni yezinjini zikaphethiloli nedizili, ukuncipha kwesilinganiso kanye nokwehla kokushayisana kwemfucuza kufakazelwe njengezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwehliseni ukungcola nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.

ISkyActiv D motor

Injini engu-2191 cc ifakwe uhlelo oluphezulu lokujova ujantshi wesitimela onama-piezoelectric injectors. Ifaka isilinganiso sokucindezela esiphansi ngokungajwayelekile esingu-14,0: 1 kuphela sikadizili. Ukushaja kunikezwa ngamabhangqa ama-turbocharger osayizi abehlukene, anomphumela omuhle ekwehliseni ukubambezeleka kwempendulo yenjini ngokucindezela i-accelerator pedal. Isitimela se-valve sihlanganisa ukuhamba kwe-valve okuguquguqukayo, okufudumala ngokushesha lapho injini ibanda, njengoba amanye amagesi okukhipha ebuyela kumasilinda. Ngenxa yokuqalisa okubandayo okuthembekile nokushisa okuzinzile ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuzifudumeza, izinjini ezivamile zikadizili zidinga isilinganiso sokucindezelwa okuphezulu, okuvame ukuba sebangeni lika-16: 1 kuye ku-18: 1. Isilinganiso esiphansi sokucindezelwa esingu-14,0: 1 seSkyActiv Injini -D ivumela ukwengeza isikhathi senqubo yomlilo. Njengoba isilinganiso sokucindezelwa sincipha, izinga lokushisa lesilinda nengcindezi nakho kwehla esikhungweni esiphezulu esifile. Kulokhu, ingxube isha isikhathi eside noma ngabe kufakwa uphethiloli kusilinda ngaphambi nje kokufika esikhungweni esiphezulu esifile. Njengomphumela wokushisa isikhathi eside, izindawo ezinokushoda komoya-mpilo azakhiwa enhlanganisweni evuthayo, futhi izinga lokushisa lihlala lilingana, ukuze ukwakheka kwe-NOx nomsizi kukhishwe kakhulu. Ngokujova kukaphethiloli nomlilo eduze nendawo ephezulu efile, injini isebenza kahle. Lokhu kusho ukusetshenziswa okuthe xaxa kwamandla amakhemikhali aqukethwe kukaphethiloli kanye nomsebenzi owengeziwe womshini ngeyunithi ngayinye kaphethiloli kunasesimweni senjini ephezulu yedizili yesilinganiso sokucindezelwa. Umphumela ukwehliswa kokusetshenziswa kukadizili nokukhishwa okunengqondo kwe-CO2 ngaphezu kuka-20% uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini engu-2,2 MZR-CD esebenza nge-compression ratio engu-16: 1. Njengoba kushiwo, kuncane kakhulu ama-nitrogen oxide akhiqizwa ngesikhathi somlilo futhi cishe awunankinga yobuchwepheshe . Ngakho-ke, noma ngaphandle kohlelo olwengeziwe lokususa i-NOx, injini ihlangabezana nezinga lokukhishwa kwe-Euro 6 ngenxa yokuthi iqale ukusebenza ngo-2015. Ngakho-ke, injini ayidingi ukunciphisa okokunciphisa amandla okukhetha noma i-NOx yokuqeda i-catalyst.

Ngenxa yokuminyaniswa okuphansi, injini ayikwazi ukukhiqiza ukushisa okuphezulu ngokwanele ukushisa ingxube ngesikhathi sokuqala kwamakhaza, okungaholela ekusebenzeni okuyinkinga kakhulu nasekusebenzeni ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi ebusika. Ngalesi sizathu, iSkyActiv-D ifakwe ama-ceramic glow plugs kanye ne-valve eguquguqukayo yeVVL exhaust. Lokhu kuvumela amagesi aqeda ukushisa ukuba abuyiselwe ngaphakathi egumbini lomlilo. Ukushisa kokuqala kusizwa nge-plug glow, eyanele ukuthi amagesi okukhipha afinyelele izinga lokushisa elidingekayo. Ngemuva kokuqala injini, i-valve yokukhipha ngeke ivalwe njengenjini ejwayelekile yokudla. Esikhundleni salokho, ihlala ivulekile futhi amagesi ashisayo abuyela ekamelweni lomlilo. Lokhu kukhuphula izinga lokushisa kulo ngakho-ke kusiza ukuthungela okulandelayo kwenhlanganisela. Ngakho-ke, injini isebenza ngokushelela futhi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kusuka kumzuzu wokuqala.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini kadizili engu-2,2 MZR-CD, ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi nakho kwehle ngo-25%. Lokhu akubonakali kuphela ekunciphiseni okwengeziwe kokulahlekelwa okuphelele, kodwa futhi ekuphenduleni okusheshayo nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe. Enye inzuzo yesilinganiso esiphansi sokucindezela ingcindezi ephansi yesilinda ephezulu ngakho-ke ingcindezi encane ezingxenyeni zenjini ngayinye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, asikho isidingo somklamo wenjini oqinile, okuholela ekongeni kwesisindo okwengeziwe. Ikhanda lesilinda elihlanganisiwe linezindonga ezincanyana futhi linesisindo esingamakhilogremu amathathu ngaphansi kunangaphambili. I-aluminium cylinder block ilula ngo-25 kg. Isisindo sama-piston nama-crankshaft sehliswe ngamanye amaphesenti angama-25. Ngenxa yalokho, isisindo sisonke senjini ye-SkyActiv-D siphansi ngo-20% kunesenjini engu-2,2 MZR-CD esetshenziswe kuze kube manje.

Injini yeSkyActiv-D isebenzisa ukushaja okuyizigaba ezimbili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ifakwe i-turbocharger eyodwa encane neyodwa enkulu, ngayinye isebenza ngejubane elihlukile. Encane isetshenziswa kuma-revs aphansi naphakathi. Ngenxa ye-inertia engezansi yezingxenye ezijikelezayo, ithuthukisa ijika le-torque futhi iqede lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-turbo effect, okungukuthi, ukubambezeleka kwempendulo yenjini ekugijimeni okungazelelwe kwejubane ngesivinini esiphansi lapho kungekho ukucindezela okwanele ku-exhaust . ipayipi legatsha lokujika okusheshayo kwe-turbocharger turbine. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-turbocharger enkulu isebenza ngokugcwele ebangeni lesivinini esiphakathi. Ngokubambisana, womabili ama-turbocharger ahlinzeka injini ngejika eliphansi le-torque nge-rpm ephansi namandla amakhulu nge-high rpm. Ngenxa yokutholakala komoya okwanele okuvela kuma-turbocharger ngebanga elibanzi, i-NOx ne-particulate emissions kugcinwa okungenani.

Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-2,2 Sky engine zenzelwe i-Europe. Enamandla inamandla afinyelela ku-129 kW ku-4500 rpm kanye ne-torque ephezulu engu-420 Nm ngo-2000 rpm. Ebuthakathaka ine-110 kW ku-4500 rpm kanye ne-torque engu-380 Nm ku-1800-2600 rpm, ku-max. ijubane lazo zombili izinjini liyi-5200. Ngokwenzayo, injini isebenza ngokweqile ize ifike ku-1300 rpm, kusukela kulo mkhawulo iqala ukuthola ijubane, kanti ngokushayela okujwayelekile kwanele ukuyigcina cishe ku-1700 rpm noma ngaphezulu ngisho nezidingo yokusheshisa okushelelayo.

ISkyActiv G motor

Injini kaphethiloli eshiwo ngokwemvelo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Skyactiv-G, ine-compression ratio ephezulu ngokungavamile engu-14,0:1, okwamanje ephakeme kakhulu emotweni yomgibeli ekhiqizwe ngobuningi. Ukwenyusa isilinganiso sokucindezela kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kwenjini kaphethiloli, okusho ukuthi ekugcineni kusho amanani aphansi e-CO2 futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ingozi ehambisana nenani eliphezulu lokucindezelwa ezinjinini zikaphethiloli yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusha okungqongqozayo - ukuqhunyiswa kanye nokuncipha kwetorque nokugqoka kwenjini ngokweqile. Ukuvimbela ukusha okungqongqozayo kwengxube ngenxa yesilinganiso sokuminyanisa okuphezulu, injini ye-Skyactiv-G isebenzisa ukuncishiswa kwenani kanye nokucindezela kwamagesi ashisayo ayinsalela egunjini lomlilo. Ngakho-ke, ipayipi yokukhipha ekucushweni kwe-4-2-1 isetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ipayipi le-exhaust lide kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela livimbela ngokuphumelelayo amagesi okukhipha amandla ekubuyeleni ekamelweni elivuthayo ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kuwo. Ukwehla okuwumphumela kwezinga lokushisa lomlilo kuvimbela ngempumelelo ukuvela kokushiswa kwe-detonation - ukuqhunyiswa. Njengenye indlela yokuvimbela ukuqhunyiswa, isikhathi sokushiswa kwengxube sincishisiwe. Ukushiswa ngokushesha kwengxube kusho isikhathi esifushane lapho ingxube engashiswa kaphethiloli nomoya ichayeke emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukuze ukuqhunyiswa kungabi naso isikhathi sokwenzeka. Ingxenye engezansi yama-pistons iphinde ihlinzekwe ngama-recesses akhethekile ukuze amalangabi engxube evuthayo eyakha ezindaweni eziningi akwazi ukunwebeka ngaphandle kokuwela, futhi uhlelo lomjovo lufakwe ama-injection asanda kuthuthukiswa, avumela ukuxhuma. uphethiloli ukuba athomu.

Kudingeka futhi ukunciphisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa kokudonsa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenjini. Lokhu kwenzeka ekulayisheni okuphansi kwenjini lapho i-piston idonsa umoya njengoba yehla phakathi nesigaba sokuwuthatha. Ezinjinini ezilula, kudingeka umoya omncane kuphela. I-valve ye-throttle icishe ivalwe, okuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ingcindezi emgudwini wokungena kanye ne-cylinder ingaphansi kwe-atmospheric. Ngakho-ke, i-piston kufanele inqobe ukucindezela okukhulu okungalungile - cishe i-vacuum, ethinta kabi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Abaklami be-Mazda basebenzise isikhathi esishintshashintshayo sokuthatha kanye ne-exhaust valve (S-VT) ukuze banciphise ukulahleka kwephampu. Lolu hlelo lukuvumela ukuthi ulawule inani lomoya wokungenisa usebenzisa ama-valve esikhundleni se-throttle. Enjinini elayisha kancane, kudingeka umoya omncane kakhulu. Ngakho, isistimu yesikhathi se-valve eguquguqukayo igcina ama-valve okungena evulekile ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokucindezela (lapho i-piston iphakama) futhi iwavala kuphela lapho inani lomoya elidingekayo likusilinda. Ngakho, uhlelo lwe-S-VT ekugcineni lunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokupompa ngo-20% futhi luthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yomlilo. Isixazululo esifanayo sesisetshenziswe isikhathi eside ngabakwaBMW, bebiza lolu hlelo I-VANOS ephindwe kabili.

Lapho usebenzisa lolu hlelo lokulawula ivolumu yomoya, kunengozi yokushisa okunganele kwenhlanganisela ngenxa yengcindezi ephansi, ngoba ama-valve wokudla ahlala evulekile ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuminyaniswa. Mayelana nalokhu, onjiniyela bakwaMazda basebenzise isilinganiso sokucindezela okuphezulu senjini ye-Skyactiv G engu-14,0: 1, okusho ukushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela ku-cylinder, ngakho-ke inqubo yomlilo ihlala izinzile futhi injini isebenza kakhulu ngokomnotho.

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini futhi kwenziwa lula ukuklama kwayo okulula nokushayisana okungatheni komshini kwezingxenye ezihambayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini kaphethiloli engu-2,0 MZR efakiwe, injini yeSkyactiv G ifaka ama-piston alula angama-20%, izinduku zokuxhuma ezilula ezi-15% namabhere amancane amakhulu we-crankshaft, okuholele ekwehlisweni kwesisindo okuphelele kuka-10%. Ngokunciphisa ukuxabana kwamavaluva nokushayisana kwamasongo e-piston cishe ngama-40%, ukuqubuka okuphelele kwenjini kuncishiswe ngama-30%.

Konke ukuguqulwa okukhulunywe ngakho kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kangcono kwezinjini emazingeni aphansi kuya kwaphakathi nokwehla ngo-15% ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli uma kuqhathaniswa ne-2,0 MZR yakudala. Namuhla, lokhu kukhishwa okubalulekile kwe-CO2 kungaphansi kakhulu kunenjini kadizili engu-2,2 MZR-CD esetshenziswayo namuhla. Inzuzo futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-BA 95 kaphethiloli.

Zonke izinjini zikaphethroli nedizili eYurophu zizofakelwa i-i-stop system, okuyi-stop-start system ezocima injini uma imisiwe. Ezinye izinhlelo zikagesi, ukubopha amabhuleki okwakha kabusha, njll. Kuzolandela.