Izinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali ziyandindizela entanjeni efanayo
U-Albert Einstein akazange akwazi ukwakha ithiyori ebumbene eyayichaza umhlaba wonke ngesakhiwo esisodwa esihlangene. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, abacwaningi base behlanganise amandla emvelo amathathu kwamane aziwayo benza lokho abakubiza ngokuthi iStandard Model. Nokho, kusekhona amandla esine, amandla adonsela phansi, angangeni nhlobo kule mfumbe.
Noma mhlawumbe yilokho?
Ngenxa yokutholwa neziphetho zezazi zefiziksi ezihlotshaniswa ne-American Princeton University edumile, manje sekunethunzi lethuba lokuvumelanisa imibono ka-Einstein nomhlaba wezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezibuswa yi-quantum mechanics.
Nakuba kungakabi “inkolelo-mbono yakho konke,” umsebenzi owenziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili edlule futhi osanwetshwa nanamuhla wembula amaphethini ezibalo amangalisayo. Ithiyori ka-Einstein ye-gravity nezinye izindawo ze-physics - ikakhulukazi nge-subatomic phenomena.
Konke kwaqala ngemikhondo etholakala kuma-90s Igor Klebanov, uprofesa we-physics e-Princeton. Nakuba kufanele sibuyele emuva kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-70s, lapho ososayensi babefunda izinhlayiya ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-subatomic particles. ama-quarks.
Izazi ze-physics zakuthola kuxakile ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-proton ahlangana namandla angakanani, ama-quark ayengakhululwa - ayehlala evalelwe ngaphakathi kwama-proton.
Omunye wabantu abasebenze kulolu daba kwaba Alexander Polyakovfuthi uprofesa we-physics e-Princeton. Kwavela ukuthi ama-quark "anamathiselwe" ndawonye yizinhlayiya eziqanjwe kabusha ngaleso sikhathi ngidumise. Isikhathi esithile, abacwaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ama-gluon angakha “izintambo” ezihlanganisa ama-quark ndawonye. U-Polyakov wabona ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-particle theory kanye ithiyori ye-strun., kodwa ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa lokhu nganoma ibuphi ubufakazi.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, ama-theorists aqala ukuphakamisa ukuthi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo empeleni zaziyizingcezu ezincane zezintambo ezidlidlizayo. Lo mbono waba yimpumelelo. Incazelo ebonakalayo ingaba ngale ndlela elandelayo: njengoba nje intambo edlidlizayo kuviolin ikhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene, ukudlidliza kwezintambo ku-physics kunquma ubukhulu nokuziphatha kwezinhlayiyana.
Ngo-1996, Klebanov kanye nomfundi (futhi kamuva umfundi udokotela) USteven Gubser kanye nomlingani we-postdoctoral Amanda Peet, isebenzise ithiyori yezintambo ukubala ama-gluons, bese iqhathanisa imiphumela nethiyori yezintambo.
Amalungu eqembu amangele ukuthi zombili izindlela zikhiqize imiphumela efana kakhulu. Ngemva konyaka, uKlebanov wafunda izinga lokumuncwa kwemigodi emnyama futhi wathola ukuthi kulokhu ayefana ncamashi. Ngemva konyaka, isazi se-physics esidumile Juan Maldasena wathola ukuxhumana phakathi kohlobo olukhethekile lwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nethiyori echaza izinhlayiya. Eminyakeni eyalandela, abanye ososayensi basebenza kuyo futhi benza izibalo zezibalo.
Ngaphandle kokungena ezinkingeni zala mafomula ezibalo, konke kuvele kwaphumela ekubeni Ukusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya zamandla adonsela phansi kanye ne-subatomic kufana nezinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inguqulo eyandisiwe yamandla adonsela phansi, ethathwe embonweni ka-Einstein ye-general relativity yango-1915. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyinkolelo-mbono echaza cishe ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiya ze-subatomic nokusebenzisana kwazo.
Umsebenzi kaKlebanov waqhubeka noGubser, kamuva owaba uprofesa we-physics e-... Princeton University, kunjalo, kodwa, ngeshwa, wafa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Nguye owaphikisana iminyaka eminingi ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwamandla amane namandla adonsela phansi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-string theory, kungathatha i-physics ezingeni elisha.
Nokho, ukuncika kwezibalo kufanele ngandlela thize kuqinisekiswe ngokuhlolwa, futhi ngalokhu isimo sibi kakhulu. Namanje akukho ukuhlola ukwenza lokhu.
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