Efinyelela ongabonakali ngesandla sesithathu

Uma kukhona "okungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona", kungani kungenakuba "umuntu ongathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona"? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa okuningi nezisombululo ezintsha ezidizayinelwe lesi "ssuper person" zidizayinelwe ukusiza ukuzulazula "kungokoqobo okuxubile" kwezobuchwepheshe, idijithali kanye nenyama (1).

Imizamo yabacwaningi ngaphansi kwesibhengezo se-AH (Umuntu Ongathandwa Kwabanye) ukudala "umuntu ongathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona" ​​igxile ekudaleni izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuthuthuka kwengqondo nomzimba njengengxenye ebalulekile yomzimba womuntu. (2). Ngokobuchwepheshe, ukwanda komuntu kuvame ukuqondwa njengesifiso sokwandisa ukusebenza kahle noma amakhono omuntu ngisho nokuthuthukisa umzimba wakhe. Nokho, kuze kube manje, ukungenelela okuningi kwe-biomedical kugxile ekuthuthukiseni noma ekubuyiseleni okuthile obekubhekwa njengonakele, njengokuhamba, ukuzwa, noma ukubona.

Umzimba womuntu abaningi bawubheka njengobuchwepheshe obuphelelwe yisikhathi obudinga ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu. Ukuthuthukisa ibhayoloji yethu kungase kuzwakale kunjalo, kodwa imizamo yokuthuthukisa ubuntu ihlehlela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Futhi sithuthuka nsuku zonke ngemisebenzi ethile, efana nokuzivocavoca noma ukuphuza imithi noma izinto ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, njenge-caffeine. Nokho, amathuluzi esithuthukisa ngawo ibhayoloji yethu ayathuthuka ngesivinini esisheshayo futhi aba ngcono. Ukuthuthuka okuphelele empilweni yomuntu kanye namandla kusekelwa kakhulu yilokho okubizwa ama-transhumanists. Bathi i-transhumanism, ifilosofi enenhloso ecacile yokukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokuphila komuntu.

Ama-futurists amaningi aphikisa ngokuthi izisetshenziswa zethu, njengama-smartphone noma ezinye izinto eziphathwayo, sezivele ziyizandiso ze-cerebral cortex yethu futhi ngezindlela eziningi ziyindlela engabonakali yokuthuthukisa isimo somuntu. Kukhona futhi izandiso ezincane ezingabonakali njenge irobhothi lengalo yesithathuelawulwa yingqondo, esanda kwakhiwa eJapan. Vele unamathisele ibhande kukepisi ye-EEG bese uqala ukucabanga. Ososayensi e-Institute of Advanced Telecommunications Technology e-Kyoto baziklame ukuze banikeze abantu ulwazi olusha, lwesithathu oluvame ukudingeka emsebenzini.

2. Ama-diode afakwe ezingalweni

Lokhu ukuthuthuka ngaphezu kwama-prototype prostheses awaziwayo. kulawulwa isikhombikubona se-BMI. Ngokuvamile, amasistimu aklanyelwe ukudala kabusha izitho ezingekho, kuyilapho imiklamo yaseJapane ihlanganisa ukungezwa okusha ngokuphelele. Onjiniyela baklame le sistimu becabanga ukwenza izinto eziningi, ngakho-ke isandla sesithathu asidingi ukunakwa okugcwele komsebenzisi. Ekuhloleni, abacwaningi bawasebenzise ukuze babambe ibhodlela ngenkathi umhlanganyeli onogesi "wendabuko" we-BMI enza omunye umsebenzi wokulinganisa ibhola. I-athikili echaza uhlelo olusha yavela kumagazini i-Science Robotics.

I-infrared ne-ultraviolet ukubona

Ukuthambekela okudumile ekufuneni ukunikwa amandla kwabantu ukukhulisa ukubonakala noma ukwehlisa izinga lokungabonakali elisizungezile. Abanye abantu bayakwenza ukuguqulwa kofuzookuzosinika, isibonelo, amehlo afana nekati nezinyosi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye nezindlebe zelulwane kanye nomuzwa wokuhogela inja. Nokho, inqubo yokudlala ngezakhi zofuzo ibonakala ingahloliwe ngokuphelele futhi iphephile. Nokho, ungakwazi njalo ukufinyelela amagajethi azokwandisa kakhulu ukuqonda kwakho iqiniso olibonayo. Isibonelo, amalensi okuxhumana avumelayo umbono we-infrared (3). Eminyakeni yakamuva, ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseMichigan babike ngokudalwa komtshina we-graphene omncane osebenza ebangeni eligcwele le-infrared. Ngokusho kukaProf. Zhaohui Zhong kusukela emnyangweni wobunjiniyela kagesi wale nyuvesi, umtshina owenziwe yiqembu lakhe ungahlanganiswa ngempumelelo namalensi okuxhumana noma wakhelwe ku-smartphone. Ukutholwa kwamagagasi kubuchwepheshe bawo akwenziwa ngokulinganisa inani lama-electron ajabulile, kodwa ngokulinganisa umphumela wama-electron ashajiwe kungqimba lwe-graphene kumjikelezo kagesi oseduze, okuhlanganisa nesembozo se-graphene.

Ngokulandelayo, iqembu lososayensi nonjiniyela liholwa UJoseph Ford kusuka e-UC San Diego kanye Erica Tremblay kusukela ku-Institute of Microengineering e-Lausanne yenze amalensi okuxhumana ane-polarizing filter, afana nalawo agqokwa kumasinema we-3D, ovumela kubonakala cishe ekukhulisweni okungu-XNUMXx. Ukuqanjwa, okuzuza okuyinhloko okwedlulele, ku-optics enamandla kangaka, ukushuba okuncane kwama-lens (ngaphezu kwe-millimeter), yenzelwe abantu asebekhulile abaphethwe yi-amblyopia ebangelwa izinguquko ku-macula esweni. Kodwa-ke, abantu ababona kahle bangakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa i-optical expansion - ukuze bakhulise amakhono abo.

Kukhona futhi okungavumeli odokotela kuphela ukuthi babone ingaphakathi lomzimba womuntu ngaphandle kokungenelela kokuhlinzwa, kanye ne-auto mechanics isikhungo senjini egijima, kodwa futhi inikeza, isibonelo, izicishamlilo ezinekhono lokuhamba ngokushesha emlilweni ngokubonakala okulinganiselwe. . kubi noma akukho. Kwake kwachazwa ku-"MT" I-C Thru Helmet inekhamera yokuthwebula eshisayo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, isicishamlilo esiyibona esibukweni esiphambi kwamehlo aso. Ubuchwepheshe bezigqoko ezikhethekile zabashayeli bezindiza busekelwe ezinzwa ezithuthukisiwe ezikuvumela ukuthi ubone nge-fuselage ye-F-35 fighter noma isixazululo saseBrithani esibizwa ngokuthi. Phambili XNUMX – izibuko zomshayeli zihlanganiswa kusigqoko sokuzivikela, zifakwe izinzwa futhi zishintshele kumodi yasebusuku ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho kudingeka.

Kumelwe silamukele iqiniso lokuthi izilwane eziningi ziyakwazi ukubona ngaphezu kwabantu. Asiwaboni wonke amaza okukhanya. Amehlo ethu awakwazi ukuphendula kumaza wamaza amafushane kunombala obomvana futhi amade kunobomvu. Ngakho-ke imisebe ye-ultraviolet ne-infrared ayitholakali. Kodwa abantu baseduze nombono we-ultraviolet. Ukuguqulwa kofuzo olulodwa kwanele ukushintsha ukuma kwephrotheni kuma-photoreceptors ngendlela yokuthi igagasi le-ultraviolet ngeke lisaba nandaba nalo. Ubuso obubonisa amaza e-ultraviolet emehlweni aguqulwe ngofuzo buzohluka emehlweni avamile. Kumehlo anjalo "e-ultraviolet", hhayi kuphela imvelo nama-banknotes azobukeka ehlukile. I-cosmos nayo yayizoshintsha, futhi umama wethu inkanyezi, iLanga, wayezoshintsha kakhulu.

Imishini yokubona ebusuku, izithombe ezishisayo, izithungatha ze-ultraviolet nama-sonar sekuyisikhathi eside zitholakala kithi, futhi isikhathi eside manje sekuvele imishini emincane efana namalensi.

4. Amalensi akuvumela ukuthi ubone uyinki ongabonakali ebangeni le-ultraviolet.

othintana naye (4). Nakuba zisinika amakhono ngaphambilini ezaziwa kuphela ezilwaneni, amakati, izinyoka, izinambuzane namalulwane, azilingisi izindlela zemvelo. Lena imikhiqizo yomcabango wezobuchwepheshe. Kukhona futhi izindlela ezikuvumela ukuthi "ubone" into ebumnyameni ngaphandle kokudinga ama-photon amaningi ngephikseli ngayinye, njengaleyo eyakhiwe U-Ahmed Kirmaniego evela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) futhi yanyatheliswa kumagazini iSayensi. Idivaysi, eyakhiwe yena nethimba lakhe, ithumela i-laser pulse enamandla aphansi ebumnyameni, okuthi, uma iboniswa entweni, ibhale iphikseli eyodwa kumtshina.

"Bona" uzibuthe kanye ne-radioactivity

Asiqhubeke. Sizobona noma okungenani "Izwa" izinkambu kazibuthe? Inzwa encane kazibuthe isanda kwakhiwa ukuvumela lokhu. Iyavumelana nezimo, ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ivumelana nesikhumba somuntu. Ososayensi abavela ku-Institute for Materials Research e-Dresden badale idivayisi eyimodeli enenzwa kazibuthe edidiyelwe engafakwa phezu kwesihloko somunwe. Lokhu kuzovumela abantu ukuthi bathuthukise "umqondo wesithupha" - ikhono lokuzwa inkambu yoMhlaba emile nenyakazayo.

Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo komqondo onjalo kunganikeza izinketho zesikhathi esizayo zokuhlomisa abantu izinzwa zokushintsha insimu kazibuthekanjalo nokuma endaweni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-GPS. Singabonakalisa i-magnetoreception njengekhono lezinto eziphilayo ukunquma isiqondiso semigqa yamagnetic yomhlaba, ehlinzeka ngokuma emkhathini. Lo mkhuba uvame ukusetshenziswa embusweni wezilwane futhi ubizwa ngokuthi i-geomagnetic navigation lapho. Ezikhathini eziningi, singakubona kubantu abafudukayo, kuhlanganisa. izinyosi, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, amahlengethwa, izilwane zasehlathini kanye nezimfudu.

Enye into entsha ethokozisayo ekhulisa amakhono abantu ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili ikhamera ezosivumela ukuthi “sibone” ukukhishwa kwemisebe. Iqembu lososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yase-Waseda yase-Japan lenze ngcono i-photonics eyenziwe ngu-Hamamatsu. ikhamera yomtshina we-gamma, usebenzisa okuthiwa Umphumela we-Compton. Ngenxa yokuthwebula "kwikhamera ye-Compton" ungathola futhi ubone ngokoqobo izindawo, ukuqina kanye nobubanzi bokungcoliswa kwe-radioactive. I-Waseda okwamanje isebenza ekwenzeni umshini ube mncane ube nesisindo esingamagremu angu-500 kanye nevolumu engu-10 cm³.

Umphumela weCompton, owaziwa nangokuthi I-Compton ihlakazeka, umphumela wokusatshalaliswa kwama-X-reyi nemisebe ye-gamma, okungukuthi, imisebe ye-electromagnetic yamagagasi aphezulu, kuma-electron amahhala noma abophene ngobuthaka, okuholela ekwandeni kobude begagasi lemisebe. Sicabangela i-electron ebopheke buthaka amandla ayo okubopha ku-athomu, i-molecule, noma i-crystal lattice angaphansi kakhulu kwamandla e-photon yesigameko. Inzwa ibhalisa lezi zinguquko bese idala isithombe sazo.

Noma mhlawumbe kungaba ngenxa yezinzwa "Bona" ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali into ephambi kwethu? Imbewu yento ethile inzwa-spectrometer Scio. Kwanele ukuqondisa umugqa wayo entweni ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ayo ngemizuzwana embalwa. Idivayisi ilingana nosayizi we-fob yokhiye wemoto futhi isebenza nohlelo lokusebenza lwe-smartphone olukuvumela ukuthi ubone

scan imiphumela. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo lolu hlobo lwesu luzoba nezinguqulo ezihlanganiswe nakakhulu nezinzwa zethu nomzimba wethu (5).

5. Indoda Eyeluliwe (I-Neuromuscular Interface)

Ingabe umuntu ompofu ugwetshelwe "inguqulo eyisisekelo"?

Inkathi entsha yemishini "yokuvuselela", ethuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe be-bionic, iqhutshwa isifiso sokusiza abakhubazekile nabagulayo. Ngokuyinhloko kungenxa izitho zokufakelwa i ama-exoskeletons Ukunxephezela ukuntula nokunqunywa kwezitho zomzimba, kuthuthukiswa izixhumanisi ezintsha ze-neuromuscular ukuze zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo "nezinsiza" kanye nezithuthukisi zomzimba womuntu.

Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela sezivele ziqala ukusebenza njengendlela yokunika amandla abantu abafaneleka ngempela nabanempilo. Sesivele sazichaza izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, ezinikeza amandla nokubekezela kubasebenzi noma amasosha. Kuze kube manje, zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukusiza ngokuzikhandla, imizamo, ukuvuselela, kodwa izinketho zokusebenzisa lawa masu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomuntu ophansi kancane zibonakala ngokucacile. Abanye besaba ukuthi ukukhushulwa okusafufusa kuzosusa umjaho wezikhali onobungozi bokushiya ngemuva labo abakhetha ukungayilandeli le ndlela.

Namuhla, lapho kunomehluko phakathi kwabantu - kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, imvelo imvamisa iyona "icala", futhi yilapho inkinga iphela khona. Kodwa-ke, uma, ngenxa yenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kungasancikile kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo futhi kuncike kwezinye izici ezifana nengcebo, lokhu kungase kungajabulisi kangako. Ukuhlukaniswa kube "abantu abanwetshiwe" kanye "nezinguqulo eziyisisekelo" - noma ngisho nokuhlonzwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ze-Homo sapiens - kungaba yinto entsha eyaziwa kuphela ezincwadini zezinganekwane zesayensi.