UDokotela Robot - ukuqala kwamarobhothi ezokwelapha

Akumele kube irobhothi elinguchwepheshe elilawula ingalo ka-Luke Skywalker esiyibone ku-Star Wars (1). Kwanele ukuthi imoto igcine inkampani futhi mhlawumbe ijabulise izingane ezigulayo esibhedlela (2) - njengakuphrojekthi ye-ALIZ-E exhaswe yi-European Union.

Njengengxenye yale phrojekthi, XNUMX Amarobhothi eNaoabalaliswe esibhedlela nezingane ezinesifo sikashukela. Ahlelelwe imisebenzi yezenhlalo kuphela, ahlome amakhono okukhuluma nokuqashelwa kobuso, kanye nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ye-didactic ehlobene nolwazi olumayelana nesifo sikashukela, inkambo yaso, izimpawu nezindlela zokwelapha.

Ukuzwelana nabanye abagulayo kuwumbono omuhle, kodwa kufika imibiko evela yonke indawo yokuthi amarobhothi athatha umsebenzi wangempela wezokwelapha ngobuqotho. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, i-Veebot, eyakhiwe ukuqaliswa kweCalifornia. Umsebenzi wakhe uwukuthatha igazi ukuze liyohlolwa (3).

Idivayisi ifakwe isistimu "yokubona" ​​ye-infrared futhi iqondise ikhamera emithanjeni ehambisanayo. Uma eseyitholile, uyaqhubeka eyihlola nge-ultrasound ukuze abone ukuthi ayingeni yini embotsheni yenaliti. Uma konke kuhamba ngohlelo, uhlaba inaliti athathe igazi.

Yonke inqubo ithatha cishe iminithi. Ukunemba kokukhethwa komkhumbi wegazi we-Veebot kungamaphesenti angama-83. Encane? Umhlengikazi owenza lokhu ngesandla unomphumela ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Veebot kulindeleke ukuthi idlule i-90% ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komtholampilo.

1. Robot Doctor kusukela Star Wars

2. Irobhothi eliphelezela izingane esibhedlela

Kwakumele basebenze emkhathini.

umqondo wokwakha amarobhothi okuhlinza njll. Ngeminyaka yawo-80 kanye nawo-90, i-NASA yase-US yakha amagumbi okuhlinza ahlakaniphile ayezosetshenziswa njengemishini yemikhumbi-mkhathi nezisekelo ze-orbital ezibamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuhlola indawo.

3. I-Veebot - irobhothi lokuqoqa nokuhlaziya igazi

Nakuba izinhlelo zivaliwe, abacwaningi e-Intuitive Surgical baqhubeka nokusebenza ekuhlinzeni i-robotic, nezinkampani ezizimele zixhasa imizamo yazo. Umphumela waba yi-da Vinci, eyethulwa okokuqala eCalifornia ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s.

Kodwa kuqala emhlabeni irobhothi lokuhlinza egunyazwe futhi yagunyazwa ukuthi isetshenziswe ngo-1994 yi-US Food and Drug Administration kwaba uhlelo lwerobhothi lwe-AESOP.

Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukubamba nokusimamisa amakhamera ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa okungatheni. Okulandelayo kwaba i-ZEUS, irobhothi elihlomile, eliqondisayo elisetshenziswa ekuhlinzeni i-laparoscopic (4), elifana kakhulu nerobhothi i-da Vinci elalizofika kamuva.

Ngo-September 2001, ngenkathi eseNew York, uJacques Maresco wasusa inyongo yesiguli esineminyaka engu-68 ubudala emtholampilo waseStrasbourg esebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlinza lwamarobhothi lwe-ZEUS.

Mhlawumbe inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-ZEUS, njengawo wonke umuntu irobhothi lokuhlinza, kwakuwukuqedwa ngokuphelele komphumela wokuthuthumela kwezandla, okuyinto ngisho nodokotela abahlinzayo abanolwazi nabangcono kakhulu emhlabeni abahlushwa yiwo.

4. I-ZEUS irobhothi nesiteshi sokulawula

Irobhothi linembile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesihlungi esifanele esisusa ukudlidliza ngemvamisa ecishe ibe ngu-6 Hz, evamile ekuxhawulweni komuntu. U-da Vinci (5) okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla waduma ekuqaleni kuka-1998 lapho iqembu laseFrance lenza ukuhlinzwa kokuqala okukodwa emhlabeni kwe-coronary bypass.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ukuhlinzwa kwe-mitral valve kwenziwa ngempumelelo, i.e. ukuhlinzwa ngaphakathi kwenhliziyo. Kwezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi, lesi kwakuyisenzakalo esiqhathaniswa nokufika kwe-Pathfinder probe ebusweni be-Mars ngo-1997.

Izingalo ezine zika-Da Vinci, ezigcina ngezinsimbi, zingena emzimbeni wesiguli ngemicu emincane esikhumbeni. Idivayisi ilawulwa udokotela ohlinzayo ohlezi kukhonsoli, efakwe uhlelo lokubona lobuchwepheshe, ngenxa yalokho abuka indawo esetshenziswayo ngezilinganiso ezintathu, ngesinqumo se-HD, ngemibala yemvelo kanye nokukhuliswa okungu-10x.

Le nqubo ethuthukisiwe ivumela ukususwa okuphelele kwezicubu ezinesifo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezithintekayo amangqamuzana omdlavuza, kanye nokuhlola izindawo okunzima ukuzifinyelela, njenge-pelvis noma isisekelo sogebhezi.

Abanye odokotela bayakwazi ukubona ukuhlinzwa kuka-da Vinci ngisho nasezindaweni eziqhele ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Lokhu kuvumela izinqubo zokuhlinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuba zenziwe kusetshenziswa ulwazi lochwepheshe abahlonishwa kakhulu, ngaphandle kokubangenisa egumbini lokuhlinza.

Izinhlobo zamarobhothi ezokwelapha Amarobhothi okuhlinzwa - isici sawo esibaluleke kakhulu ukunemba okwandisiwe kanye nokuncipha kwengozi yamaphutha. Umsebenzi wokuvuselela - wenza kube lula futhi usekele izimpilo zabantu abanokukhubazeka okungapheli noma okwesikhashana (ngesikhathi sokululama), kanye nabakhubazekile nasebekhulile.  

Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lisetshenziselwa: ukuxilongwa nokuvuselela (imvamisa ngaphansi kokuqondisa komelaphi, futhi ngokuzimela yisiguli, ikakhulukazi ekubuyiseleni ucingo), ukushintsha izikhundla nokuzivocavoca embhedeni (imibhede yerobhothi), ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba (izihlalo zabakhubazekile zerobhothi zabakhubazekile kanye ama-exoskeletons), ubuhlengikazi (amarobhothi), usizo lokufunda nomsebenzi (izindawo zokusebenza ezinamarobhothi noma amagumbi amarobhothi), kanye nokwelashwa kwezinkinga ezithile zokuqonda (amarobhothi okwelapha ezingane nabantu abadala).

Ama-Biorobots yiqembu lamarobhothi aklanyelwe ukulingisa abantu nezilwane esiwasebenzisela izinjongo zokuqonda. Isibonelo irobhothi lezemfundo laseJapan elisetshenziswa odokotela bakusasa ukuqeqesha ukuhlinza. Amarobhothi athatha indawo yomsizi ngesikhathi sokusebenza - isicelo sabo esiyinhloko sithinta ikhono likadokotela ohlinzayo ukulawula isikhundla sekhamera ye-robotic, enikeza "umbono" omuhle wezindawo eziqhutshwayo.

Kukhona nerobhothi lasePoland

История amarobhothi ezokwelapha e-Poland yaqalwa ngo-2000 ngososayensi abavela ku-Zabrze Cardiac Surgery Development Foundation, ababethuthukisa i-prototype yomndeni wamarobhothi wakwaRobinHeart (6). Banesakhiwo esihlukene esikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe imishini efanele yokusebenza okuhlukahlukene.

Amamodeli alandelayo adalwe: RobinHeart 0, RobinHeart 1 - enesisekelo esizimele futhi elawulwa yikhompyutha yezimboni; I-RobinHeart 2 - inamathisela etafuleni lokusebenza, enabakaki ababili ongafaka kuzo izinsimbi zokuhlinza noma ithrekhi yokubuka ngekhamera ye-endoscopic; I-RobinHeart mc2 ne-RobinHeart Vision zisetshenziselwa ukulawula i-endoscope.

Umqalisi, umxhumanisi, umdali wokuqagela, ukuhlela imisebenzi kanye nezixazululo eziningi zephrojekthi ye-mechatronic. Irobhothi lokuhlinzwa lasePoland URobinhart wayengudokotela. UZbigniew Nawrat. Kanye noProf. U-Zbigniew Religa wayengumsunguli wayo yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa ngochwepheshe base-Zabrze ngokubonisana nezikhungo zemfundo nezikhungo zocwaningo.

Iqembu labaklami, ogesi, i-IT kanye noomakhenikha abasebenza kwa-RobinHeart bebelokhu bexoxisana nethimba lezokwelapha ukuze banqume ukuthi yiziphi izilungiso okudingeka zenziwe kulo.

“NgoJanuwari 2009, e-Center for Experimental Medicine ye-Medical University of Silesia eKatowice, lapho welapha izilwane, irobhothi layenza kalula yonke imisebenzi eliyabelwe. Okwamanje, izitifiketi zikhishelwa yona.

6. Irobhothi lezokwelapha lasePoland uRobinHeart

Uma sithola abaxhasi, izongena ekukhiqizweni okuwuchungechunge,” kusho uZbigniew Nawrat we-Foundation for the Development of Cardiac Surgery e-Zabrze. Idizayini yesiPolish inokuningi ofana ngayo ne-American da Vinci - ikuvumela ukuthi udale isithombe se-3D ngekhwalithi ye-HD, iqede ukuthuthumela kwezandla, futhi amathuluzi angena nge-telescopically esigulini.

I-RobinHeart ayilawulwa yizinti zenjabulo ezikhethekile, njengezika-da Vinci, kodwa ngezinkinobho. Upholisha ngesandla esisodwa robot ohlinzayo ekwazi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi amabili, okuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, angasuswa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, isibonelo, ukuwasebenzisa ngesandla.

Ngeshwa, ikusasa lerobhothi lokuqala lasePoland lihlala lingaqinisekile. Kuze kube manje, kune-mc2 eyodwa kuphela engakahlinzeki esigulini esiphilayo. Imbangela? Abekho abatshalizimali abanele.

UDkt. Navrat ubelokhu ebafuna iminyaka eminingi, kodwa ukwethulwa kwamarobhothi e-RobinHeart ezibhedlela zasePoland kudinga cishe izigidi ezingu-40 ze-zł. NgoZibandlela wonyaka odlule, kwethulwa umfuziselo werobhothi eliphathekayo levidiyo eliphathekayo elingasindi lezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zomtholampilo zethulwa: RobinHeart PortVisionAble.

Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaxhaswa yiNational Center for Research and Development, izimali ezivela eSikhwameni Sokuthuthukiswa Kokuhlinzwa Kwenhliziyo kanye nabaxhasi abaningi. Kulo nyaka kuhlelwe ukuthi kukhishwe amamodeli amathathu edivayisi. Uma I-Ethics Committee ivuma ukuzisebenzisa esivivinyweni somtholampilo, izohlolwa esimweni sasesibhedlela.

Hhayi ukuhlinzwa kuphela

Ekuqaleni, sikhulume ngamarobhothi asebenza nezingane esibhedlela futhi aqoqa igazi. Umuthi ungathola ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe "komphakathi" kule mishini.

Isibonelo ngu irobhothi elelapha inkulumo I-Bandit, eyakhiwe e-University of Southern California, yakhelwe ukusekela ukwelashwa kwezingane ezine-autism. Ibukeka njengethoyizi elenzelwe ukusiza ukuthintana nabagulayo.

7. Irobhothi uClara egqoke njengomhlengikazi

Kukhona amakhamera amabili "emehlweni" ayo, futhi ngenxa yezinzwa ze-infrared ezifakiwe, i-robot, ehamba ngamasondo amabili, iyakwazi ukunquma indawo yengane futhi ithathe izinyathelo ezifanele.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, uzama ukuya esigulini esincane kuqala, kodwa lapho ebaleka, uyama futhi asikhombise eduze.

Ngokuvamile, izingane zizosondela erobhothini futhi zenze ubuhlobo nalo ngenxa yekhono layo lokuveza imizwa “ngesimo sobuso”.

Lokhu kuvumela izingane ukuthi zibambe iqhaza emdlalweni, futhi ukuba khona kwerobhothi nakho kusiza ukusebenzelana komphakathi njengengxoxo. Amakhamera aleli robhothi nawo avumela ukuqoshwa kokuziphatha kwengane, asekele ukwelapha okunikezwa udokotela.

Umsebenzi wokuvuselela ukuhlinzeka ngokunemba nokuphindaphinda, bavumela ukuvivinya umzimba ukuba kwenziwe ezigulini ezinokubandakanyeka okuncane kwabelaphi, okunganciphisa izindleko futhi kwandise inani labantu abathola ukwelashwa (i-exoskeleton esekelwe ibhekwa njengenye yezindlela eziphambili kakhulu zerobhothi lokuvuselela).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunemba, okungafinyeleleki kumuntu, kwenza kube lula ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuvuselela ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okukhulu. ukusetshenziswa amarobhothi okuvuselela Nokho, ukugadwa abelaphi kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha. Iziguli ngokuvamile aziboni ubuhlungu obuningi ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, zikholelwa ngephutha ukuthi, isibonelo, umthamo ophezulu wokuzivocavoca uholela emiphumeleni esheshayo.

Ukuzwa izinhlungu okweqile cishe kuzoqashelwa ngokushesha umhlinzeki wokwelapha wendabuko, njengoba kuwukuzivocavoca okulula kakhulu. Kudingeka futhi ukunikeza ithuba lokuphazamiseka okuphuthumayo kokuvuselelwa usebenzisa irobhothi, isibonelo, uma i-algorithm yokulawula ihluleka.

IRobot Clara (7), idalwe yi-USC Interaction Lab. irobhothi unesi. Ihamba emizileni enqunywe kusengaphambili, ithola izithiyo. Iziguli zibonwa ngokuskena amakhodi abekwe eduze kwemibhede. Irobhothi libonisa imiyalelo erekhodiwe ngaphambilini yokuzivocavoca kokubuyisela esimweni.

Ukuxhumana ngezinhloso zokuxilonga nesiguli kwenzeka ngezimpendulo ezithi "yebo" noma "cha". Irobhothi lenzelwe abantu ngemuva kwezinqubo zenhliziyo abadinga ukwenza izivivinyo ze-spirometry izikhathi ezingafika kweziyi-10 ngehora izinsuku ezimbalwa. Yakhiwe futhi ePoland. irobhothi lokuvuselela.

Yakhiwe nguMichal Mikulski, isisebenzi soMnyango Wokulawula kanye namaRobhothi weSilesian University of Technology eGliwice. I-prototype kwakuyi-exoskeleton - idivayisi egqokwa esandleni sesiguli, ekwazi ukuhlaziya nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwemisipha. Nokho, ingasiza isiguli esisodwa kuphela futhi izobiza kakhulu.

Ososayensi banqume ukwenza irobhothi elishibhile elinganyakazi elingasiza ekuvuseleleni noma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba. Kodwa-ke, ngayo yonke intshiseko yamarobhothi, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe amarobhothi kwezokwelapha ayisakazwa ngama roses kuphela. Ekuhlinzeni, isibonelo, lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nezindleko ezinkulu.

Inqubo esebenzisa uhlelo lwe-da Vinci, etholakala ePoland, ibiza cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-15-30. PLN, futhi ngemva kwezinqubo eziyishumi udinga ukuthenga isethi entsha yamathuluzi. I-NHF ayibuyiseli izindleko zokusebenza okwenziwe kulo mshini ngenani elilinganiselwa ku-PLN 9 million.

Iphinde ibe nokungalungi kokwandisa isikhathi esidingekayo senqubo, okusho ukuthi isiguli kufanele sihlale ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia isikhathi eside futhi sixhunywe ekujikelezeni kokwenziwa (uma kwenzeka ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo).