Test drive udizili nophethiloli: izinhlobo
Ukungqubuzana okushubile phakathi kwezinjini zikadizili nezikaphethroli kufinyelela kuvuthondaba. Ubuchwepheshe bakamuva be-turbo, amasistimu omjovo oqondile wesitimela alawulwa nge-elekthronikhi, ukucindezelwa okuphezulu kwezilinganiso - ukuncintisana kusondeza izinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini… Futhi kungazelelwe, phakathi kwe-duel yakudala, umdlali omusha wavela kungazelelwe endaweni yesigameko. indawo ngaphansi kwelanga.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi benganakwa, abaklami baphinde bathola amandla amakhulu enjini kadizili futhi basheshisa intuthuko yabo ngokwethula okukhulu kobuchwepheshe obusha. Kufike eqophelweni lokuthi ukusebenza kwayo okunamandla kusondela ezicini zomncintiswano kaphethiloli futhi kwavumela ukwakhiwa kwezimoto ezingacabangeki kuze kube manje njengeVolkswagen Race Touareg ne-Audi R10 TDI enezinhloso ezingaphezu komjaho ezibucayi. Ukulandelana kwezikhathi zemicimbi yeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu edlule kwaziwa ... Izinjini zedizili zama1936 bezingahlukanga ngokuyisisekelo kokhokho babo, ezenziwa ngabakwaMercedes-Benz emuva ngo-13. Kwalandela inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhamba kancane, okuyiminyaka yakamuva ikhule yaba ukuqhuma kwezobuchwepheshe okunamandla. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-1, uMercedes waphinde wenza kabusha i-turbodiesel yokuqala yezimoto, ngasekupheleni kwe-XNUMXs, umjovo oqondile owaqala ngohlobo lwe-Audi, kamuva udizili wathola amakhanda ama-valve amane, kwathi ngasekupheleni kwama-XNUMX, amasistimu we-Common Rail injection alawulwa ngogesi aba ngokoqobo. ... Okwamanje, umjovo ophakeme we-petrol oqondile ufakiwe ezinjini zikaphethiloli, lapho isilinganiso sokucindezelwa namuhla sifinyelela ku-XNUMX: XNUMX kwezinye izimo. Muva nje, ubuchwepheshe be-turbo buhlangabezana nokuvuselelwa, ngamanani we-torque wezinjini zikaphethiloli aqala ukusondela kakhulu kumanani we-torque kadizili odumile we-turbo diesel. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwesimanje, ukuthambekela okungaguquki ekukhuphukeni okukhulu kwentengo yenjini kaphethiloli kuhlala ... Ngakho-ke, yize kunokubandlululwa okuphakanyisiwe kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwemibono maqondana nophethiloli kanye nezinjini zikadizili ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, noma izimbangi ezimbili zithola ukubusa okubonakalayo.
Ngaphandle kokuhlangana kwezimpawu zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamayunithi, kusekhona umehluko omkhulu kuhlobo, umlingiswa nokuziphatha kwalezinjini ezimbili zokushisa.
Endabeni yenjini kaphethiloli, ingxube yomoya kanye nophethiloli ohwamukayo kwakheka isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi iqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqala kwenqubo yomlilo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzisa i-carburetor noma izinhlelo zesimanje zomjovo oqondile we-elekthronikhi, umgomo wokuxuba ukukhiqiza ingxube efanayo, ingxube kaphethiloli elinganayo enesilinganiso esichazwe kahle samafutha omoya. Leli nani ngokuvamile liseduze nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ingxube ye-stoichiometric", lapho kukhona ama-athomu omoya-mpilo anele ukuze akwazi (ngokwethiyori) ukuhlangana esakhiweni esizinzile nayo yonke i-hydrogen ne-carbon athomu kuphethiloli, akha i-H20 ne-CO2 kuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi isilinganiso sokucindezela sincane ngokwanele ukugwema ukuthungela okuzenzakalelayo okungalawuleki ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezinye izinto kuphethiloli ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kokucindezela (ingxenye kaphethiloli iqukethe ama-hydrocarbon anezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lokuhwamuka kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvutha). ukuzithungela kusuka kulawo ayingxenye ye-diesel), ukuthungela kwengxube kuqala nge-spark plug futhi ukusha kwenzeka ngendlela yangaphambili ehamba ngesivinini esithile. Ngeshwa, izindawo ezinezinqubo ezingaphelele zakhiwa ekamelweni elivuthayo, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-carbon monoxide nama-hydrocarbons azinzile, futhi lapho ilangabi lihamba phambili, ingcindezi kanye nezinga lokushisa endaweni yalo likhuphuka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-nitrogen oxides ayingozi ( phakathi kwe-nitrogen nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni), ama-peroxides nama-hydroperoxides (phakathi komoya-mpilo nophethiloli). Ukuqoqwa kokugcina kumanani abalulekile kuholela ekushisweni kwe-detonation okungalawuleki, ngakho-ke, kuphethiloli wanamuhla, izingxenyana zama-molecule "nokwakhiwa" kwamakhemikhali okuzinzile, okunzima ukukuqhumisa - kusetshenziswa inani lezinqubo ezengeziwe. ezindaweni zokuhluza ukuze kuzuzwe ukuzinza okunjalo. kuhlanganise nokwenyuka kwenani le-octane likaphethiloli. Ngenxa yesilinganiso esinqunyiwe sengxube esingaguquki izinjini zikaphethiloli ezingasebenza, i-valve ye-throttle idlala indima ebalulekile kuzo, lapho ukulayisha kwenjini kulawulwa ngokulungisa inani lomoya omusha. Kodwa-ke, yona, iba umthombo wokulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo kwimodi yomthwalo wengxenye, idlala indima yohlobo lwe-"throat plug" yenjini.
Umqondo womqambi wenjini ye-diesel, u-Rudolf Diesel, ukwandisa kakhulu isilinganiso sokucindezela, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle komshini we-thermodynamic. Ngakho-ke, indawo yegumbi likaphethiloli iyancipha, futhi amandla omlilo awahlakazwa ngezindonga ze-cylinder kanye nesistimu yokupholisa, kodwa "ichithwa" phakathi kwezinhlayiya ngokwazo, kulokhu eziseduze kakhulu komunye nomunye. okunye. Uma ingxube ye-air-fuel elungiselelwe ngaphambilini ingena ekamelweni elivuthayo lalolu hlobo lwenjini, njengasendabeni yenjini kaphethiloli, khona-ke lapho izinga lokushisa elithile elibalulekile lifinyelelwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokucindezela (kuye ngokuthi isilinganiso sokucindezela kanye nohlobo lwamafutha). ), inqubo yokuzishisa izoqalwa kudala ngaphambi kwe-GMT. ukusha okungalawuleki kwe-volumetric. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi uphethiloli wedizili ujovwa ngomzuzu wokugcina, ngaphambi nje kwe-GMT, ngomfutho ophakeme kakhulu, okudala ukuntuleka okukhulu kwesikhathi sokuhwamuka okuhle, ukusabalalisa, ukuxutshwa, ukuzithungela kanye nesidingo somkhawulo wejubane eliphezulu. lokho akuvamile ukweqa umkhawulo. kusuka ku-4500 rpm Le ndlela ibeka izidingo ezifanele zekhwalithi kaphethiloli, kulokhu okuyingxenyana kaphethiloli we-diesel - ikakhulukazi i-distillates eqondile enokushisa okuzenzakalelayo okuphansi kakhulu, njengoba isakhiwo esingazinzile kanye nama-molecule amade kuyisidingo sokuba lula kwabo. ukuphuka nokusabela nge-oxygen.
Isici sezinqubo zomlilo zenjini kadizili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yizoni ezinenhlanganisela ecebile ezungeze izimbobo zomjovo, lapho uphethiloli ubola khona (ukuqhekeka) kusuka ekushiseni ngaphandle kwe-oxidation, kuphenduke umthombo wezinhlayiya zekhabhoni (insizi), nakwezinye. lapho kungekho mafutha nhlobo futhi, ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa okuphezulu, i-nitrogen nomoya-mpilo womoya kungena ekuxhumaneni kwamakhemikhali, kwakheka i-nitrogen oxides. Ngakho-ke, izinjini zikadizili zihlala zilungiswa ukuze zisebenze nezingxube eziphakathi nendawo (okungukuthi, ezinomoya owedlulele ngokweqile), futhi umthwalo ulawulwa kuphela ngokulinganisa inani likaphethiloli elifakiwe. Lokhu kugwema ukusebenzisa i-throttle, okuyinzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kozakwabo bephethiloli. Ukukhokhela amanye amaphutha enjini kaphethiloli, abaklami badale izinjini lapho inqubo yokwakhiwa kwengxube ibizwa ngokuthi "yi-char stratification".
Kumodi yokulayisha okuyingxenye, ingxube eyi-stoichiometric enhle idalwa kuphela endaweni ezungeze ama-electrode we-spark plug ngenxa yomjovo okhethekile wejethi kaphethiloli ojojoweyo, ukugeleza komoya okuqondisiwe, iphrofayili ekhethekile yezingqimba zepiston nezinye izindlela ezifanayo eziqinisekisa ukuthungela ukwethembeka. Ngasikhathi sinye, ingxube enkulu yevolumu yegumbi ihlala inciphile, futhi njengoba umthwalo kule modi ungalawulwa kuphela inani likaphethiloli onikezwayo, i-valve mpintsha ingahlala ivuleke ngokuphelele. Lokhu, nakho, kuholela ekwehleni ngasikhathi sinye kokulahleka nokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwe-thermodynamic yenjini. Ngokomqondo konke kubukeka kukuhle, kepha kuze kube manje impumelelo yalolu hlobo lwenjini ekhiqizwe ngabakwaMitsubishi neVW ibingakhombisi ubukhazikhazi. Ngokuvamile, kuze kube manje akekho ongaziqhayisa ngokuthi basebenzise ngokugcwele izinzuzo zalezi zixazululo zobuchwepheshe.
Kodwa kuthiwani uma "ngomlingo" sihlanganisa izinzuzo zezinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini? Ingaba yini inhlanganisela efanelekile yokuminyanisa kukadizili okuphezulu, ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwengxube kuvolumu yegumbi elivuthayo kanye nokuzishisa okufanayo ngevolumu efanayo? Ucwaningo olunzulu lwaselabhorethri lwamayunithi okuhlola alolu hlobo eminyakeni yamuva lubonise ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokukhishwa okuyingozi kumagesi aphumayo (isibonelo, inani le-nitrogen oxides lincishiswa kuze kufike ku-99%!) Ngokukhula kokusebenza kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zikaphethiloli. . Kubonakala sengathi ikusasa lingelezinjini, izinkampani zezimoto nezinkampani ezizimele eziklamayo ezisanda kuhlangana ndawonye ngaphansi kwegama lesambulela elithi HCCI - Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines noma Homogeneous Charge Self Ignition Engines.
Njengezinye izinto eziningi ezibonakala “zinguquko”, umqondo wokudala umshini onjalo awumusha, kanti ngenkathi imizamo yokwenza imodeli yokukhiqiza ethembekile isaphumelelanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, amathuba akhulayo wokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi yenqubo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwezinhlelo zokusabalalisa igesi kudala ithemba elingokoqobo nelinethemba lohlobo olusha lwenjini.
Eqinisweni, kuleli cala kuwuhlobo lwe-hybrid lwezimiso zokusebenzisa izinjini zikaphethiloli nezidizili. Ingxube ene-homogenized kahle, njengezinjini zikaphethiloli, ingena emagumbini omlilo we-HCCI, kepha iyazishisa ngokushisa okuvela kokucindezelwa. Uhlobo olusha lwenjini futhi aludingi i-valve mpintsha ngoba ingasebenza kumixube emincane. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulokhu incazelo yencazelo "yokuncika" yehluke kakhulu encazelweni kadizili, ngoba i-HCCI ayinayo ingxube encike ngokuphelele futhi icebile kakhulu, kepha iwuhlobo lwenhlanganisela enciphile. Umgomo wokusebenza uhilela ukuhlangana ngasikhathi sinye kwenhlanganisela kuwo wonke umthamo wesilinda ngaphandle kwelangabi elihambisanayo ngokufanayo nangaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekwehlisweni okukhulu kwenani lama-nitrogen oxide nomsizi emagesi aqeda amandla, futhi, ngokusho kwemithombo eminingi egunyaziwe, ukwethulwa okukhulu kwama-HCCI asebenza kangcono kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izimoto ngo-2010-2015. Sizosindisa ubuntu cishe isigamu sesigidi. amafutha nsuku zonke.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokufeza lokhu, abacwaningi nonjiniyela kufanele banqobe isikhubekiso esikhulu kunazo zonke okwamanje - ukuntuleka kwendlela enokwethenjelwa yokulawula izinqubo zokuzenzakalela usebenzisa ama-fractions aqukethe amakhemikhali ahlukene, izakhiwo kanye nokuziphatha kwamafutha esimanje. Inqwaba yemibuzo ibangelwa ukuqukathwa kwezinqubo emithwalweni ehlukahlukene, izinguquko kanye nezimo zokushisa zenjini. Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, lokhu kungenziwa ngokubuyisela inani elilinganiswe ngokunembile lamagesi e-exhaust abuyele kusilinda, ukushisa kuqala ingxube, noma ngokushintshashintsha isilinganiso sokucindezela, noma ngokushintsha ngokuqondile isilinganiso sokucindezela (isibonelo, i-SVC Saab prototype) noma ukushintsha isikhathi sokuvala i-valve kusetshenziswa amasistimu aguquguqukayo ukusatshalaliswa kwegesi.
Akukacaci ukuthi inkinga yomsindo nemiphumela ye-thermodynamic ekwakhiweni kwenjini ngenxa yokuzishisa kwenani elikhulu lengxube entsha ekulayisheni okugcwele izoqedwa kanjani. Inkinga yangempela ukuqala injini ekushiseni okuphansi kumasilinda, njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukuqalisa ukuzithungela ezimweni ezinjalo. Njengamanje, abacwaningi abaningi basebenzela ukuqeda lezi zinkinga ngokusebenzisa imiphumela yokubhekwa kwama-prototypes anezinzwa zokulawula okuqhubekayo kwe-elekthronikhi nokuhlaziywa kwezinqubo zokusebenza kumasilinda ngesikhathi sangempela.
По мнению специалистов автомобильных компаний, работающих в этом направлении, среди которых Honda, Nissan, Toyota и GM, вероятно, сначала будут созданы комбинированные машины, которые могут переключать режимы работы, а свеча зажигания будет использоваться как своего рода помощник в тех случаях, когда HCCI испытывает трудности. Volkswagen уже реализует аналогичную схему в своем двигателе CCS (Combined Combustion System), который в настоящее время работает только на специально разработанном для него синтетическом топливе.
Ukuthungela ingxube ezinjinini ze-HCCI kungenziwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezilinganiso phakathi kukaphethiloli, umoya kanye namagesi okukhipha umoya (kwanele ukufinyelela izinga lokushisa elizenzakalelayo), futhi isikhathi esifushane somlilo siholela ekwandeni okukhulu kokusebenza kahle kwenjini. Ezinye izinkinga zezinhlobo ezintsha zamayunithi zingaxazululwa ngempumelelo ngokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-hybrid, njenge-Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive - kulokhu, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ingasetshenziswa kuphela kwimodi ethile efanelekile ngokuya ngesivinini nomthwalo. emsebenzini, ngaleyo ndlela kudlule izindlela injini edonsa kanzima noma engasebenzi kahle.
Ukusha kwezinjini ze-HCCI, kufinyelelwa ngokushisa okuhlanganisiwe, ingcindezi, ubungako nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yengxube endaweni eseduze ne-GMT, impela kuyinkinga enkulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokushiswa okulula kakhulu nge-spark plug. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-HCCI ayidingi ukudala izinqubo ezinesiphithiphithi, ezibalulekile kuphethiloli futhi ikakhulukazi izinjini zikadizili, ngenxa yesimo sokuzenzakalela ngasikhathi sinye se-autoignition. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ngisho nokuphambuka kokushisa okuncane kungaholela ezinguquko ezinkulu ezinkambisweni ze-kinetic.
Ngokwenza, into ebaluleke kakhulu esikhathini esizayo salolu hlobo lwenjini luhlobo lwamafutha, futhi isisombululo esifanele sokuklama singatholakala kuphela ngolwazi oluningiliziwe lokuziphatha kwalo ekamelweni elivuthayo. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani eziningi zezimoto okwamanje zisebenza nezinkampani zikawoyela (njengeToyota ne-ExxonMobil), futhi iningi lezivivinyo kulesi sigaba zenziwa ngamafutha okwenziwa aklanywe ngokukhethekile, ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwawo kubalwa kusengaphambili. Ukusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa uphethiloli nodizili ku-HCCI kuphambene nomqondo wezinjini zakudala. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa okuzenzakalelayo kukaphethiloli, isilinganiso sokucindezela kuzo singahluka kusuka ku-12: 1 kuya ku-21: 1, futhi kuphethiloli we-diesel, ovutha emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kufanele kube kuncane - nge-oda lika-8 kuphela. :1.
Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev
Isithombe: inkampani
