Indawo yebhizinisi. Imali ilindile emkhathini, vele uvule i-rocket

Ngisho nasezinganekwaneni zesayensi, sithola izibonelo zezindiza zasemkhathini lapho umbono ophelele uhlangene nokuhweba. Encwadini ka-HG Wells ka-1901 ethi, Amadoda Okuqala Enyangeni, uMnu. Bedford ohahayo ucabanga kuphela ngegolide lenyanga, ephikisana nesimo sesayensi sozakwabo. Ngakho-ke, umqondo webhizinisi kudala uhlotshaniswa nombono wokuhlola indawo.

1. Ifoni yesathelayithi ye-Iridium

Imboni yasemkhathini yomhlaba wonke njengamanje inenani elilinganiselwa ku-$340 billion. Izikhungo zezimali kusukela kuGoldman Sachs kuya kuMorgan Stanley zibikezela ukuthi inani layo lizokhuphukela ku-$1 trillion noma ngaphezulu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo. Umnotho wasemkhathini usendleleni efana nenguquko ye-inthanethi: njengoba nje nangenkathi ye-dot-com, abantu abahlakaniphile base-Silicon Valley kanye ne-ecosystem yemali ethuthukisiwe yakha ingxube eqhumayo eqhuma ngemibono emisha yebhizinisi, kanjalo nokuqalisa kumabhiliyoni akhanyayo afana ne-Elon Musk's SpaceX noma iBlue Origin kaJeff Bezos. Bobabili benza ingcebo yabo ngesikhathi se-com boom emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule.

Njengezinkampani ze-inthanethi, ibhizinisi lasemkhathini liphinde labhekana "nokubhoboza ibhaluni". Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, i-geostationary orbit yayifana nendawo yokupaka ngaphansi kwenkundla lapho kudlalwa khona owamanqamu we-Champions League. Ukuthuthuka kwe-inthanethi kwakhungathekisa futhi kwabhidliza cishe lonke igagasi lokuqala lemboni yasemkhathini. I-Iridium Satellite Ucingo System (1) phambili.

2. I-CubeSats thayipha i-microsatellite

3. Izinhlobo zemboni yasemkhathini - uhlu

kusuka ku-Bessemer Venture Partners

Kwadlula iminyaka embalwa, futhi ibhizinisi lasemkhathini laqala ukubuya ngelinye igagasi. wavuka I-SpaceX, Elon Musk, kanye nenqwaba yeziqalo ezigxile ikakhulukazi kumasathelayithi ezokuxhumana ezincane, abuye aziwe ngokuthi amasathelayithi (2). Ngemva kweminyaka, indawo ibhekwa njengevulekele ibhizinisi (3).

Singena enkathini entsha lapho umkhakha ozimele unikeza ukufinyelela okushibhile nokuthembekile endaweni. Lokhu kungavula indlela yamabhizinisi amasha nezimboni ezifana namahhotela ahamba nge-orbital kanye nezimayini zasemkhathini. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthengiswa kwezindlela zokuqalisa imikhumbi-mkhathi, amasathelayithi, nemithwalo ekhokhelwayo, futhi maduze, mhlawumbe, abantu. Ngokombiko wenkampani yokutshala izimali i-Space Angels, isamba semali esiyirekhodi satshalwa ezinkampanini ezizimele zasemkhathini ngonyaka odlule. Izinkampani zokutshala imali eziyi-120 uhlobo, oluhumushela izimali ngenani lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,9. Eqinisweni, ibhizinisi lasemkhathini liphinde lenziwe imbulunga yonke futhi lenziwa izinhlangano eziningi ezingaphandle kwendawo yamandla esikhala sendabuko, i.e.

Imakethe isalokhu yaziwa kancane kunemakethe yase-US Ukuqala kwesikhala saseShayina. Kwabanye kungase kubonakale sengathi indaba yokuhlolwa komkhathi isezandleni zombuso ngokuphelele. Akulona iqiniso. Kukhona nezinkampani zasemkhathini ezizimele. I-SpaceNews isanda kubika ukuthi ama-startups amabili aseShayina ahlole ngempumelelo futhi abonisa amarokhethi njengesisekelo sezimoto ezisetshenziswa kabusha. Ngokusho kweReuters, kunqunywe ukuvula imakethe yama-satellites amancane ezinkampanini ezizimele emuva ku-2014, futhi ngenxa yalokho, okungenani ama-startups ayishumi nanhlanu e-SpaceX adalwe.

Isiqalisi sendawo yaseShayina i-LinkSpace yethule i-rocket yayo yokuqala yokuhlola ngo-Ephreli I-RLV-T5, enesisindo esingaphezudlwana kwamathani angu-1,5. Obeye aziwe njengo Umugqa Omusha-1Ngokusho kwe-SpaceNews, ngo-2021 izozama ukufaka umthwalo wokukhokha wamakhilogremu angama-200 ku-orbit.

Enye inkampani, mhlawumbe ethuthuke kakhulu embonini Inkampani Beijing LandSpace Technology Limited (LandSpace), isanda kuqeda ukuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo kwamathani ayi-10 Phoenix rocket injini ku-liquid oxygen/methane. Ngokwemithombo yaseShayina, I-ZQ-2 izokwazi ukwethula umthwalo okhokhelwayo wamathani angu-1,5 ku-500 km synchronous solar orbit noma 3600 kg ibe yi-200 km low Earth orbit. Ezinye iziqalo zasemkhathini zaseShayina zifaka i-OneSpace, iSpace, i-ExPace - nakuba lesi sakamuva sixhaswa kakhulu yisikhungo sikahulumeni i-CASIC futhi okuhlala kuyibhizinisi elizimele kuphela.

Umkhakha wangasese omkhulu ozimele nawo uyavela eJapan. Ezinyangeni zamuva inkampani I-Interstellar Technologies yethulwe ngempumelelo emkhathini Rocket MOMO-3, oweqa kalula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umugqa weKarman (amakhilomitha ayikhulu ngaphezu kogu lolwandle). Umgomo omkhulu we-Interstellar uwukuyifaka ku-orbit ngenani elincane lezindleko zikahulumeni. I-JAXA Agency.

Ukucabanga kwebhizinisi, noma ukunciphisa izindleko, kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi ukwenza yonke into eMhlabeni bese wethula amarokhethi kuyabiza futhi kunzima. Ngakho sekuvele kunezinkampani ezithatha indlela ehlukile. Balwela ukukhiqiza emkhathini lokho abakwaziyo.

Isibonelo ngu Kwenziwe emkhathini, elenza izivivinyo ku-International Space Station ngokwakhiwa kwezingxenye kusetshenziswa ukuphrinta kwe-3D. Amathuluzi, izingxenye ezisele kanye nemishini yezokwelapha yabasebenzi ingadalwa uma icelwa. Izinzuzo ukuguquguquka okukhulu Oraz ukuphathwa kwempahla engcono use. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imikhiqizo ingenziwa emkhathini. ngempumelelo kakhudlwana kunaseMhlabeni, ngokwesibonelo, imicu ye-optical emsulwa. Ngombono obanzi akudingekile ukuthwala futhi. ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinto zokukhiqiza, ngoba zivame ukuba khona. Izinsimbi zingatholakala kuma-asteroids, futhi amanzi okwenza uphethiloli we-rocket angatholakala kakade ngesimo seqhwa kumaplanethi nasezinyangeni.

Lokhu kubalulekile nasebhizinisini lasemkhathini. ukunciphisa ingozi. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yiBank of America, enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ibilokhu ikhona ukwethulwa kwemicibisholo ehlulekile. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-0,79, izindiza zasemkhathini seziphephe kakhudlwana. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ama-50% kuphela okwethulwa kwabantu ahlulekile. Ngo-2016, imisebenzi emine kwemihlanu ayiphumelelanga, kwathi ngo-5 isabelo sezinkampani zasemkhathini sehla safinyelela cishe ku-XNUMX%.

Isikole Sokuncishiswa Komsindo

Nakuba amarokhethi amasha nemikhumbi-mkhathi kumele ingxenye encane kuphela, hhayi ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke, yemali engenayo isiyonke yemboni yasemkhathini - uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkonzo zesathelayithi ezifana nomabonakude, i-broadband kanye nokubuka umhlaba, ukwethulwa kwamarokhethi okumangalisayo kuhlala kujabulisa kakhulu. Futhi ukwenza imali eningi, udinga imizwelo, i-flash yokuthengisa nokuzijabulisa, okuqondwa kahle yinhloko eshiwo ngenhla ye-SpaceX, u-Elon Musk. Ngakho-ke, endizeni yokuhlola, omkhulu wakhe Imicibisholo Esindayo ye-Falcon wathumela emkhathini hhayi i-capsule eyisicefe, kodwa Imoto kaTesla Roadster nosomkhathi ogxilile "Starman" esondweni, konke kumculo UDavid Bowie.

Manje umemezela ukuthi uzothumela abantu ababili ku-orbit enyangeni, indiza yokuqala yabagibeli yasemkhathini ezimele emlandweni. Eyokuqala, efana neMask, ekhethelwe le mishini, Yusaku Maedzawa, kwakudingeka kwenze inkokhelo ephansi yamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-200 ukuze uthole isihlalo ebhodini. Lena ingxenye yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, njengoba inani lezindleko zemishini lilinganiselwa ku-$5 billion, kuzodingeka izimali ezengeziwe. Lokhu kungaba luqili uma ucabanga ukuthi uMaezawa ubelokhu ethumela izimpawu kamuva nje ukuthi akanazo izinsiza. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho ukundiza kweNyanga okumenyezelwe phezulu kungeke kwenzeke eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Umbuzo uwukuthi, ingabe kunendaba ngempela? Phela, i-carousel yokukhangisa nokukhangisa iyajikeleza.

I-Musk ngokusobala ivela esikoleni sokunciphisa umsindo webhizinisi. Ngokungafani nembangi yayo enkulu, UJeff Bezos, umsunguli we-Amazon kanye nenkampani yasemkhathini iBlue Origin. Lona ubonakala elandela esinye isimiso esidala sebhizinisi: "Imali ithanda ukuthula." Akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma ngubani ozwile ngezimangalo zikaMusk zokuthi uzothumela abantu abayikhulu ngesikhathi ekubukisweni okuhle. imikhumbi yezinkanyezi. Okungaziwa kakhulu, nokho, uhlelo lweBlue Origin lokunikeza izivakashi amathikithi emizuzu eyishumi nanye kulo nyaka. indiza iye onqenqemeni lwesikhala. Futhi ngubani owaziyo ukuthi zizoba ngokoqobo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.

Nokho I-SpaceX inokuthile u-Bezos angenayo. Kuyingxenye yesu le-NASA lezimoto eziphethwe umuntu (yize uBezos agcina esebenza ne-ejensi ngezinga elincane kakhulu).. Ngo-2014, i-Boeing ne-SpaceX bathola ama-oda avela ku-NASA's Commercial Crew Program. I-Boeing ikhiphe u-$4,2 billion ukuze ithuthuke Amaphilisi e-CST-100 Starliner (4) kanye ne-SpaceX yenze ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,6 ngomuntu Dragon. I-NASA yathi ngaleso sikhathi inhloso bekuwukwethula okungenani eyodwa yazo ekupheleni kuka-2017. Njengoba sazi, sisalinde ukuqaliswa.

4. I-Capsule Boeing CST-100 Starliner enezisebenzi ebhodini - ukubona ngeso lengqondo

Ukubambezeleka, kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuvamile embonini yasemkhathini. Lokhu akubangelwa nje kuphela ubunkimbinkimbi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nobusha bemiklamo, kodwa futhi nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima kakhulu zobuchwepheshe besikhala. Amaphrojekthi amaningi awenziwa nhlobo, ngoba ayaphazamiseka ngenxa yezinkinga eziphakamayo. Ngakho-ke, izinsuku zokuqala zizoshintshwa. Kumele ujwayele.

I-Boeing, isibonelo, ihlele ukundizela ku-International ISS nge-capsule yayo ye-CST-2018 ngo-Agasti 100, ezohambisana nendiza ye-SpaceX Demo-1 ngoMashi kulo nyaka (5). Kodwa-ke, ngoJuni odlule, kwavela inkinga ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-Starliner starter motor. Kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho, izikhulu ze-Boeing zamemezela ukuthi inkampani ihlehlisa umsebenzi wokuhlola, owaziwa nge-Orbital (OFT), kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2018 noma ekuqaleni kuka-2019. I-OFT yahlehliswa ngokushesha futhi, yaze yafika kuNdasa wezi-2019, kwase kuba ngu-Ephreli, Meyi, futhi ekugcineni ngo-Agasti. Le nkampani isahlose ukwenza indiza yayo yokuqala yokuhlola enomuntu eya e-ISS kulo nyaka, kusho izikhulu.

5. Ukukhishwa kwekhepsuli ye-Dragon Crew olwandle ngemva kokuhlolwa kukaMashi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-capsule yabasebenzi be-SpaceX yabhekana nengozi embi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komhlaba ngo-Ephreli walo nyaka. Nakuba amaqiniso ayemanqika ekuqaleni ukudalulwa, emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kwacaca ukuthi sekwenzekile. Ukuqhuma nokubhujiswa kukadrako. , ngokusobala ezijwayele izimo ezinjalo, waphawula ukuthi le ntuthuko edabukisayo inikeza ithuba lokwenza i-Dragon enendoda ibe ngcono nakakhulu futhi iphephe nakakhulu.

"Yilokho okushiwo ukuhlolwa," kusho isikhulu seNASA uJim Bridenstine esitatimendeni. "Sizofunda, senze izinguquko ezidingekayo, futhi siqhubekele phambili ngokuphepha ngohlelo lwethu lwemikhumbi-mkhathi ephethwe umuntu."

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenzeka kusho okunye ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi sokuhlolwa komuntu kwe-Dragon 2 (Demo-2), obekuhlelelwe uJulayi 2019. geleza futhi ungaqhumi. Njengoba kwenzeka ngoMeyi, kunezinkinga ngokusebenza kahle kwamapharashuthi e-Dragon 100, ngakho konke kuzobambezeleka. Hhayi-ke, ibhizinisi.

Kodwa-ke, akekho ongabaza amakhono nekhono le-SpaceX noma i-Boeing. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-Muska isibe enye yezinkampani zasemkhathini ezisebenza kakhulu futhi ezintsha emhlabeni. Ngo-2018 kuphela, yenze ukwethulwa okungu-21, okungama-20% akho konke ukwethulwa komhlaba. Uhlaba umxhwele nangempumelelo efana nokuba sezingeni eliphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe ukubuyiselwa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-rocket endaweni eqinile (6) noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Ukusetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwemicibisholo kubaluleke kakhulu ekwehliseni izindleko zokuqalisa okulandelayo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi okokuqala ngqa ukwehla ngempumelelo kwerokhethi ngemuva kokundiza akwenziwanga yi-SpaceX, kodwa yiBlue Origin (incane). New Shepard).

6. Ukufika kwezingxenye eziyinhloko zerokhethi ye-Falcon Space X

Inguqulo enkulu yerokhethi eyinhloko yakwa-Musk i-Falcon Heavy - eyaziwa ngokuthi isivele ihloliwe indiza - ikwazi ukwethula amathani angaphezu kuka-60 emzileni ophansi woMhlaba. Ngekwindla edlule, uMusk wembula umklamo werokhethi enkulu nakakhulu. I-Falcon Rocket enkulu (BFR), imoto eqalisa kabusha engasetshenziswa kabusha ngokugcwele kanye nesistimu yemikhumbi-mkhathi eyenzelwe umkhankaso wesikhathi esizayo we-Martian.

NgoNovemba 2018, isikhundla sesibili nomkhumbi kwaqanjwa kabusha ngu-Elon Musk ku-Starship eshiwo ngenhla (7), kanti isikhundla sokuqala saqanjwa kabusha. esindayo kakhulu. I-payload to Earth orbit okungenani amathani ayi-100 ku-BFR. Kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi I-Starship-Super Heavy complex ingase ikwazi ukwethula amathani angu-150 noma ngaphezulu ku-LEO (i-low Earth orbit), okuyirekhodi eliphelele hhayi nje phakathi kwamanje, kodwa namarokhethi ahleliwe. Indiza yokuqala ye-orbital ye-BFR ekuqaleni ihlelelwe u-2020.

7. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo iqembu le-Starship kusuka ku-rocket ye-Big Falcon.

I-spaceship ephephe kunazo zonke

Ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi kukaJeff Bezos naye akubukhazikhazi kangako. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, i-Blue Origin yayo izothuthukisa futhi ilungise i-Test Stand 4670 e-Marshall Space Flight Center e-Huntsville, e-Alabama, ukuze ikwazi ukuhlola lapho. Izinjini zamarokhethi BE-3U kanye BE-4. Indawo engu-1965, eyakhiwa ngo-4670, yasebenza njengesisekelo sokusetshenzwa ISaturn V igijima ngohlelo lwe-Apollo.

I-Bezos inohlelo lokuhlola olunezigaba ezimbili luka-2021. Amarokhethi New Glenn (igama livela ku UJohn Glenn, umMelika wokuqala ukuzungeza Umhlaba), okwazi ukwethula amathani angama-45 emzileni ophansi woMhlaba. Ingxenye yayo yokuqala iklanyelwe ukugitsheliswa olwandle futhi iphinde isetshenziswe izikhathi ezingafika ku-25.

I-Blue Origin isiqede ukwakhiwa kwemboni entsha engu-70 sqm. m², eklanyelwe ukwenza lawa marokhethi, itholakala eduze ne-Kennedy Space Center eFlorida. Izivumelwano sezisayiniwe namakhasimende ambalwa ezentengiso anentshisekelo nge-New Glenn. Izonikwa amandla yinjini i-BE-4, le nkampani ephinde idayisele i-United Launch Alliance (ULA), okuyinkampani i-Lockheed Martin kanye ne-Boeing eyasungulwa ngo-2006 ukuze isize amakhasimende kahulumeni wase-US ngokufaka imithwalo emkhathini. Ngo-Okthoba odlule, kokubili i-Blue Origin ne-ULA zithole izinkontileka ezivela e-US Air Force ukuze zisekele ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zabo zokuqalisa.

I-New Glenn yakhela phezu kokuhlangenwe nakho kweBlue Origin ngomsebenzi wezandla "wokuvakasha" we-New Shepard (8), oqanjwe ngawo. Alan Shepard, umMelika wokuqala osemkhathini (indiza emfushane ye-suborbital, 1961). YiNew Shepard, enezihlalo eziyisithupha, okungaba imoto yokuqala yezivakashi ukufika emkhathini kulo nyaka, nakuba... lokho akuqinisekile.

UJeff Bezos uthe engqungqutheleni ye-Wired25 ngo-Okthoba odlule. -

U-Elon Musk waziwa ngokukhuthaza umbono wokwenza ubuntu "Multiplanetary Civilization". Kuningi okwaziwayo ngamaphrojekthi akhe enyanga kanye ne-Martian. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inhloko yeBlue Origin iyakhuluma - futhi futhi: ithule kakhulu - kuphela ngeNyanga. Inkampani yakhe yathembisa ukuthuthukisa umhlali wenyanga. Blue Moon ukuze kulethwe impahla futhi, ekugcineni, abantu endaweni yenyanga. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuzokwethulwa futhi kucatshangelwe emqhudelwaneni weNASA wabahlali benyanga.

Izihambi ze-Orbital?

Umbala ukubukwa kwezokuvakasha emkhathini bangase balethe izithembiso eziningi kakhulu ekwahlulelweni. Yilokhu kanye okwenzeka ku-Space Adventures, eyamangalelwa usomabhizinisi wase-Austrian kanye nesizungu u-Harald McPike ngokubuyiswa kwebhondi engu-$7 million ekhokhelwe izihlalo kumishini ye-Soyuz enyangeni. Nokho, lokhu akubavimbi abakhangisi abalandelayo bohambo lwezokuvakasha lwangaphandle komhlaba.

Inkampani yaseMelika i-Orion Span, ezinze e-Houston, isebenza kuphrojekthi yemikhumbi-mkhathi, isibonelo, eyichaza ngokuthi "ihhotela lokuqala likanokusho emkhathini"(ayisishiyagalolunye). Yena Isiteshi sase-Aurora kufanele yethulwe ngo-2021. Ithimba lababili lizophelezela amakhasimende akhokha ngokukhululekile asebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-PLN 2,5 wezigidi ubusuku ngabunye, okuthi, ngeholide lezinsuku eziyishumi nambili, kwengeze isamba sokuhlala cishe esingaba yizigidi ezingu-PLN ezingu-30. Ihhotela le-orbital limiselwe ukuzungeza Umhlaba "njalo ngemizuzu engu-90", linikeza "inqwaba yokuphuma nokushona kwelanga" kanye nokubukwa okungenakuqhathaniswa. Uhambo luzoba uhambo olunzima, lufana "nokuhlangenwe nakho kosonkanyezi wangempela" kuneholide elivilaphayo.

Abanye ababoni abanesibindi abavela ku-Gateway Foundation, eyasungulwa owayengumshayeli wendiza u-John Blinkow kanye nomklami wemishini yasemkhathini u-Tom Spilker, owake wasebenza eJet Propulsion Laboratory, bafuna ukwakha. Isiteshi saseCosmodrome. Lokhu kuzovumela kokubili ukuhlola kwesayensi okwenziwa ama-ejensi kazwelonke asemkhathini kanye nokuvakasha komkhathi. Kuvidiyo ehlanzekile efakwe ku-YouTube, isisekelo sibonisa izinhlelo zaso zokuvelela, okuhlanganisa nehhotela lasemkhathini le-Hilton-class. Isiteshi kufanele sijikeleze, ngokunokwenzeka silingise amandla adonsela phansi kumaleveli ahlukene. Labo abafisayo banikezwa "ubulungu" ku-Gateway kanye nokubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokudweba. Njengembuyiselo yenkokhelo yonyaka, sithola "izincwadi zezindaba", "izaphulelo zomcimbi" nethuba lokuwina uhambo lwamahhala lokuya esikhumulweni semkhathi.

Amaphrojekthi we-Bigelow Aerospace abukeka engokoqobo kakhudlwana - ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhlolwa okwenziwa ku-ISS. Uklama izivakashi zasemkhathini amamojula aguquguqukayo B330ezibola noma "zifuthe" emkhathini. Ukubekwa kwamamojula amabili amancane ku-orbit kwengeze ukwethembeka ezinhlelweni zika-Robert Bigelow. UGenesise I no-IIfuthi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo nge I-BEAM module. Yakhiwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obuhlolwe ku-ISS iminyaka emibili, kwathi ngo-2018 yamukelwa yi-NASA njengemojula yesiteshi esigcwele.