Masenze izinto zethu mhlawumbe kuzovela uguquko

Okutholakele okuhle kakhulu, imibono enesibindi, impumelelo yesayensi. Imithombo yezindaba igcwele ukwakheka okunjalo, ngokuvamile okuyihaba. Endaweni ethile emthunzini "we-physics enkulu", i-LHC, imibuzo eyisisekelo ye-cosmological kanye nokulwa ne-Standard Model, abacwaningi abasebenza ngokuzikhandla benza umsebenzi wabo buthule, becabanga ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo nokwandisa ulwazi lwethu ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo.

"Masenze okwethu" ngokuqinisekile kungaba isiqubulo sososayensi abathintekayo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlangana kwe-thermonuclear. Ngoba, naphezu kwezimpendulo ezinkulu zemibuzo emikhulu, isixazululo sezinkinga ezingokoqobo, ezibonakala zingasho lutho ezihlobene nale nqubo ziyakwazi ukuguqula umhlaba.

Mhlawumbe, ngokwesibonelo, kuzokwazi ukwenza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear ngezinga elincane - ngemishini elingana netafula. Ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseWashington bakha lesi sisetshenziswa ngonyaka odlule Z-pinch (1), ekwazi ukulondoloza ukusabela kwe-fusion phakathi kwama-microseconds angu-5, nakuba ulwazi oluyinhloko oluhlaba umxhwele kwakuwukwenziwa kwe-miniaturization ye-reactor, engamamitha angu-1,5 kuphela ubude.

Ayisebenzi kakhulu, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu imizamo yoku . Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (i-DOE), olwanyatheliswa ngo-Okthoba 2018 kumagazini i-Physics of Plasmas, ama-fusion reactor anamandla okulawula ukuzungeza kwe-plasma. Lawa maza aphusha izinhlayiya ezinamandla amakhulu ziphume endaweni yokusabela, zihamba namanye amandla adingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuhlangana. Ucwaningo olusha lwe-DOE luchaza ukulingiswa kwekhompyutha okuyinkimbinkimbi okungalandelela nokubikezela ukwakheka kwamagagasi, okunikeza izazi zefiziksi ikhono lokuvimbela le nqubo nokugcina izinhlayiya zilawulwa. Ososayensi bathemba ukuthi umsebenzi wabo uzosiza ekwakheni ITER, mhlawumbe iphrojekthi edume kakhulu yokuhlola ye-fusion reactor e-France.

Futhi izimpumelelo ezifana plasma lokushisa 100 million degrees Celsius, etholwe ekupheleni konyaka odlule ithimba lososayensi e-China Institute of Plasma Physics in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), iyisibonelo senqubekelaphambili yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ekuhlanganiseni okuphumelelayo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaphawula ngocwaningo, kungase kubaluleke kakhulu kuphrojekthi eshiwo ngenhla ye-ITER, lapho i-China ihlanganyela khona namanye amazwe angu-35.

Ama-Superconductors kanye ne-elekthronikhi

Enye indawo enamandla amakhulu, lapho kuthathwa khona izinyathelo ezincane, ezibucayi esikhundleni sempumelelo enkulu, ukufuna ama-superconductors asezingeni eliphezulu. (2). Ngeshwa, maningi ama-alamu angamanga nokukhathazeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Imvamisa imibiko yabezindaba ye-rave iba ihaba noma amanga nje. Ngisho nasemibikweni ebucayi kakhulu kuhlale kukhona “kodwa”. Njengombiko wakamuva, ososayensi eNyuvesi yaseChicago bathole i-superconductivity, ikhono lokuqhuba ugesi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu angakaze aqoshwe. Lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili e-Argonne National Laboratory, ithimba lososayensi bendawo lacwaninga ikilasi lezinto zokwakha lapho labona khona ukusebenza kahle kakhulu emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-23°C. Lokhu ukweqa okungaba ngu-50 degrees ukusuka kurekhodi eliqinisekisiwe langaphambilini.

2. I-Superconductor endaweni kazibuthe

Okubambayo, nokho, ukuthi kufanele ufake ingcindezi enkulu. Izinto ezahlolwa kwakungama-hydrides. Sekuyisikhathi eside, i-lanthanum perhydride inentshisekelo ethile. Ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi amasampula amancane kakhulu ale nto abonisa ukusebenza kahle ngaphansi kwengcindezi esukela ku-150 kuya ku-170 gigapascals. Imiphumela yashicilelwa ngoMeyi ephephabhukwini iNature, elabhalwa ngokuhlanganyela nguProf. U-Vitaly Prokopenko no-Eran Greenberg.

Ukuze ucabange ngokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto, kuzodingeka wehlise ingcindezi kanye nezinga lokushisa, ngoba ngisho nokwehla liye ku-23 ° C alisebenzi kakhulu. Ukusebenza kukho kuyi-physics yesinyathelo esincane esijwayelekile, eqhubeka iminyaka ezindaweni zokucwaninga emhlabeni jikelele.

Okufanayo kuyasebenza ocwaningweni olusetshenziswayo. izenzakalo kazibuthe ku-electronics. Muva nje, lisebenzisa ama-probe kazibuthe azwela kakhulu, ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi lithole ubufakazi obumangalisayo bokuthi uzibuthe owenzeka lapho kuhlangana khona izingqimba ezincanyana ze-non-magnetic oxide zingalawuleka kalula ngokusebenzisa amandla amancane emishini. Ukutholwa, okumenyezelwe ngoDisemba odlule ku-Nature Physics, kukhombisa indlela entsha nengalindelekile yokulawula uzibuthe, ngokwembono evumela ukucabanga ngenkumbulo enozibuthe eqinile kanye ne-spintronics, isibonelo.

Lokhu kutholakala kudala ithuba elisha le-miniaturization yamangqamuzana enkumbulo kazibuthe, namuhla asevele enosayizi wamashumi amaningana ama-nanometers, kodwa ukuguqulwa kwawo okuqhubekayo usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obaziwayo kunzima. Ukusebenzelana kwe-oksidi kuhlanganisa inani lezinto ezibonakalayo ezithakazelisayo ezifana ne-two-dimensional conductivity kanye ne-superconductivity. Ukulawulwa kwamanje ngokusebenzisa uzibuthe kuyinkambu ethembisa kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuthola izinto zokwakha ezinezakhiwo ezifanele, kodwa ezithengekayo futhi ezishibhile, kuzosivumela ukuthi sizimisele ngokuthuthukisa i-spintronic.

kuyakhathala futhi ukulawula ukushisa kwemfucuza kuma-elekthronikhi. Onjiniyela base-UC Berkeley basanda kwenza ifilimu elincane (ugqinsi lwefilimu oluyi-50-100 nanometers) olungasetshenziswa ukubuyisa ukushisa okulahlwayo ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla angakaze abonwe ngaphambili kulolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe. Isebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pyroelectric power conversion, ucwaningo olusha lobunjiniyela olubonisa ukuthi ifaneleka kahle ukusetshenziswa emithonjeni yokushisa engaphansi kuka-100°C. Lesi ngesinye sezibonelo zakamuva zocwaningo kule ndawo. Kunamakhulu noma izinkulungwane zezinhlelo zocwaningo emhlabeni jikelele ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwamandla kuma-electronics.

"Angazi ukuthi kungani, kodwa kuyasebenza"

Ukuhlola izinto ezintsha, ukuguquka kwesigaba sabo kanye nezimo ze-topological kuyindawo ethembisa kakhulu yocwaningo, engasebenzi kahle kakhulu, enzima futhi engavamile ukukhanga kwabezindaba. Lolu olunye ucwaningo oluvame ukucashunwa emkhakheni we-physics, nakuba lwathola ukumenyezelwa okuningi kwabezindaba, okuthiwa. okujwayelekile ngokuvamile abawini.

Ukuhlola ngokuguqulwa kwesigaba ezintweni ngezinye izikhathi kuletha imiphumela engalindelekile, isibonelo ukuncibilika kwensimbi ngamaphoyinti aphezulu ancibilika izinga lokushisa legumbi. Isibonelo impumelelo yakamuva yokuncibilika kwamasampuli egolide, avame ukuncibilika ku-1064°C ekamelweni lokushisa, kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi nesibonakhulu se-electron. Lolu shintsho lubuyiseleke emuva ngoba ukucisha inkambu kagesi kungaqinisa igolide futhi. Ngakho, insimu kagesi ijoyine izici ezaziwayo ezithonya ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ngaphezu kokushisa nokucindezela.

Izinguquko zesigaba nazo zabonwa ngesikhathi esishubile ukukhanya kwe-laser. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwalesi simo yashicilelwa ehlobo lika-2019 kumagazini i-Nature Physics. Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe ukufeza lokhu laliholwa nguNuh Gedik (3), uprofesa we-physics e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika okubangelwa ukubona, ukuguquka kwesigaba kwenzeka ngokwakhiwa kokuhlukana kwezinto, okwaziwa ngokuthi amaphutha e-topological, okubuye kuthinte umphumela we-electron kanye ne-lattice dynamics endabeni. Lezi zinkinga ze-topological, njengoba uGedik echaza encwadini yakhe, zifana nama-vortices amancane okwenzeka oketshezini olufana namanzi.

Ocwaningweni lwabo, ososayensi basebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-lanthanum ne-tellurium LaTe.₃. Abacwaningi bachaza ukuthi isinyathelo esilandelayo kuzoba ukuzama ukunquma ukuthi "bangawenza kanjani la maphutha ngendlela elawulwayo." Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kungase kusetshenziselwe ukugcinwa kwedatha, lapho ama-pulses alula azosetshenziselwa ukubhala noma ukulungisa okungalungile kusistimu, okuzohambisana nokusebenza kwedatha.

Futhi njengoba safika kuma-laser pulses asheshayo, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezivivinyweni eziningi ezithokozisayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingathembisayo ekusebenzeni kuyisihloko esivame ukuvela emibikweni yesayensi. Isibonelo, iqembu lika-Ignacio Franco, uprofesa osizayo we-chemistry kanye ne-physics eNyuvesi yaseRochester, muva nje libonise ukuthi i-laser pulse ingasetshenziswa kanjani ukuhlanekezela izakhiwo zento Oraz ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngesivinini esisheshayo kunanoma iyiphi indlela eyaziwa yithi kuze kube manje. Abacwaningi baphathe imicu yengilazi emincane isikhathi esingangesigidi sesigidigidi sesekhondi. Ngokuphazima kweso, ingilazi yaphenduka yaba into efana nensimbi ehambisa ugesi. Lokhu kwenzeke ngokushesha kunanoma iyiphi isistimu eyaziwayo uma ingekho i-voltage esetshenzisiwe. Isiqondiso sokugeleza kanye nokuqina kwamandla angalawulwa ngokushintsha izakhiwo ze-laser beam. Futhi njengoba ingalawuleka, wonke unjiniyela wezogesi ubukeka enentshisekelo.

– UFranco wachaza encwadini ethi Nature Communications.

Imvelo yalezi zenzakalo ayiqondwa ngokugcwele. UFranco ngokwakhe usola ukuthi izindlela ezifana umphumela omkhulu, okungukuthi, ukuhlobana kokukhipha noma ukumuncwa kwe-quanta ekhanyayo nenkambu kagesi. Ukube bekungenzeka ukwakha amasistimu kagesi asebenzayo asekelwe kulezi zenzakalo, besizoba nesinye isiqephu sochungechunge lonjiniyela olubizwa ngokuthi, Asazi Kungani, Kodwa Kuyasebenza.

Ukuzwela kanye nosayizi omncane

I-Gyroscopes zingamathuluzi asiza izimoto, ama-drones, kanye nezinsiza zika-elekthronikhi nemishini ephathekayo ukuthi ihambe endaweni enezinhlangothi ezintathu. Manje asetshenziswa kakhulu kumadivayisi esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke. Ekuqaleni, ama-gyroscopes ayeyisethi yamasondo akhiwe, ngalinye lizungeza i-eksisi yalo. Namuhla, kumaselula, sithola izinzwa ze-microelectromechanical (MEMS) ezikala izinguquko kumandla asebenza ngobuningi obufanayo obubili, anyakazayo futhi anyakaze abheke kolunye uhlangothi.

Ama-gyroscopes e-MEMS anemikhawulo ebalulekile yokuzwela. Ngakho kuyakha i-optical gyroscopes, ezingenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, zemisebenzi efanayo esebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuthi Umphumela we-Sagnac. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje bekunenkinga ye-miniaturization yabo. Ama-gyroscopes abonakalayo asebenzayo amancane kakhulu atholakalayo makhulu kunebhola le-ping pong futhi awafaneleki izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi eziphathwayo. Kodwa-ke, onjiniyela baseCaltech University of Technology, eholwa ngu-Ali Hadjimiri, benze i-gyroscope entsha yokubona. izikhathi ezingamakhulu amahlanu ngaphansilokho okwaziwayo kuze kube manje4). Uthuthukisa ukuzwela kwakhe ngokusebenzisa indlela entsha ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuqinisana» Phakathi kwemishayo emibili yokukhanya esetshenziswa ku-interferometer ye-Sagnac evamile. Idivayisi entsha yachazwa esihlokweni esishicilelwe ku-Nature Photonics ngoNovemba odlule.

4. I-Optical gyroscope eyakhiwe ngu-Ali Hadjimiri kanye nozakwabo. 

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-gyroscope ye-optical enembile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuma kwama-smartphone. Ngokulandelayo, yakhiwa ososayensi abavela e-Columbia Engineering. I-lens yokuqala eyisicaba ekwazi ukugxilisa ngendlela efanele inhlobonhlobo yemibala endaweni efanayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinto ezengeziwe kungase kuthinte amakhono ezithombe wemishini ephathwayo. Ilensi eyisicaba emincane emincane eshintshashintshayo izacile kakhulu kuneshidi lephepha futhi iletha ukusebenza okuqhathaniswa namalensi ayinhlanganisela yeprimiyamu. Okutholwe yiqembu, eliholwa nguNanfang Yu, umsizi kaprofesa we-application physics, kwethulwa ocwaningweni olushicilelwe kumagazini i-Nature.

Ososayensi bakhe amalensi ayisicaba kusukela "ama-metatom". I-metatom ngayinye iyingxenyana yobude begagasi bokukhanya ngosayizi futhi ibambezela amaza okukhanya ngenani elihlukile. Ngokwakha ungqimba oluyisicaba oluncane kakhulu lwe-nanostructures ku-substrate ewugqinsi njengezinwele zomuntu, ososayensi bakwazi ukufeza ukusebenza okufanayo njengesistimu yelensi evamile ewugqinsi futhi esindayo. Ama-Metalen angashintsha amasistimu amalensi amakhulu ngendlela efanayo nama-TV wesikrini esiyisicaba athathe indawo yama-TV we-cathode ray tube.

Kungani kungqubuzana okukhulu kuyilapho zikhona ezinye izindlela

I-physics yezinyathelo ezincane ingaba nezincazelo nezincazelo ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo - esikhundleni sokwakha izinhlobo ezinkulu zezakhiwo kanye nokufuna ezinkulu nakakhulu, njengoba kwenza izazi zefiziksi eziningi, umuntu angazama ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo emikhulu ngamathuluzi anesizotha.

Ama-accelerator amaningi asheshisa imishayo yezinhlayiya ngokwakha izinkambu zikagesi nezikazibuthe. Nokho, isikhathi esithile wazama enye inqubo - ama-accelerator e-plasma, ukusheshisa kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe njengama-electron, ama-positron nama-ion kusetshenziswa inkambu kagesi ehlanganiswe negagasi elikhiqizwe ku-electron plasma. Muva nje bengisebenzela inguqulo yabo entsha. Ithimba le-AWAKE e-CERN lisebenzisa ama-proton (hhayi ama-electron) ukuze lidale igagasi le-plasma. Ukushintshela kuma-proton kungathatha izinhlayiya ziye kumazinga aphezulu wamandla ngesinyathelo esisodwa sokusheshisa. Ezinye izinhlobo zokusheshisa i-plasma Awakening field zidinga izinyathelo ezimbalwa ukuze zifinyelele ezingeni elifanayo lamandla. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe babo obususelwa ku-proton bungasenza sikwazi ukwakha ama-accelerator amancane, ashibhile, futhi anamandla kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.

5. I-accelerator yezinyathelo ezimbili ezincane kusukela ku-DESY - ukubona ngeso

Ngokulandelayo, ososayensi abavela ku-DESY (okufushane kwe-Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron - German electronic synchrotron) babeka irekhodi elisha emkhakheni we-miniaturization yama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana ngoJulayi. I-accelerator ye-terahertz iphinda kabili amandla ama-electron ajovwe (5). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusethwa kwathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi ye-electron beam uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini ngale ndlela.

- kuchaza uFranz Kärtner, ophethe i-Ultrafast Optics kanye neqembu le-X-ray e-DESY, enkulumweni yabezindaba. -

Idivayisi ehlobene ikhiqize inkambu esheshisayo enamandla amakhulu angu-200 million volts imitha ngayinye (MV/m) - okufana ne-accelerator yesimanje evamile enamandla kakhulu.

Ngokulandelayo, umtshina omusha, omncane uma kuqhathaniswa I-ALPHA-g (6), eyakhiwe yinkampani yaseCanada i-TRUMF futhi yathunyelwa e-CERN ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, inomsebenzi ukukala ukusheshisa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwe-antimatter. Ingabe i-antimatter iyashesha ebukhoneni benkambu yamandla adonsela phansi endaweni Yomhlaba ngo-+9,8 m/s2 (phansi), ngo -9,8 m/s2 (phezulu), ngo-0 m/s2 (akukho nhlobo ukusheshisa amandla adonsela phansi), noma inokuthile elinye inani ? Okungenzeka kwakamuva kungaguqula i-physics. Ithuluzi elincane le-ALPHA-g, ngaphezu kokufakazela ukuba khona "kwe-anti-gravity", lisiholele endleleni eholela ezimpicanweni ezinkulu kakhulu zendawo yonke.

Ngesilinganiso esincane nakakhulu, sizama ukufunda izenzakalo zezinga eliphansi nakakhulu. Ngenhla 60 billion wama-revolution ngomzuzwana ingaklanywa ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yasePurdue nasemanyuvesi aseShayina. Ngokusho kwababhali bokuhlolwa esihlokweni esanyatheliswa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule ku-Physical Review Letters, indalo enjalo ejikelezayo izobavumela ukuba baqonde kangcono. izimfihlo .

Into, ejikajika ngendlela efanayo ngokwedlulele, iyi-nanoparticle engaba ama-nanometer angu-170 ububanzi nama-nanometer angu-320 ubude, ososayensi abayihlanganisa nge-silica. Ithimba labacwaningi likhiphe into endaweni engenalutho lisebenzisa i-laser, eyabe isiyishaya ngesivinini esikhulu. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kuzoba ukwenza izivivinyo ngesivinini esiphezulu nakakhulu sokuzungeza, esizovumela ucwaningo olunembile lwetiyori eyisisekelo yemvelo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingavamile zokungqubuzana endaweni engenalutho. Njengoba ubona, awudingi ukwakha amakhilomitha amapayipi kanye detectors giant ukubhekana nezimfihlakalo eziyisisekelo.

Ngo-2009, ososayensi bakwazile ukudala uhlobo olukhethekile lwembobo emnyama elabhorethri edonsa umsindo. Kusukela lapho lezi umsindo  kubonakale kuwusizo njengama-analogue aselabhorethri ento emunca ukukhanya. Ephepheni elishicilelwe kumagazini i-Nature kulo Julayi, abacwaningi e-Technion Israel Institute of Technology bachaza ukuthi badale kanjani umgodi omnyama we-sonic futhi bakala izinga lokushisa layo lemisebe ye-Hawking. Lezi zilinganiso bezihambisana nezinga lokushisa elabikezelwa u-Hawking. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi akudingekile ukwenza uhambo oluya emgodini omnyama ukuze uwuhlole.

Ubani owaziyo uma kufihlwe kule miklamo yesayensi ebonakala ingasebenzi kahle, emizamweni yaselabhorethri enzima kanye nokuhlola okuphindaphindiwe ukuze kuhlolwe amathiyori amancane, ahlukene, kuyizimpendulo zemibuzo emikhulu. Umlando wesayensi ufundisa ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka.