Imigwaqo EseMpumalanga Ekude Eya Ekuzimele: Burma, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia
Okuqukethwe
Izindlela zaseMpumalanga Ekude eziya ekuzimele: Burma, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia.
IMpi Yezwe II yaphawula ukuqala kokuqedwa kobukoloni kwamazwe ase-Asia. Akazange alandele iphethini efanayo, cishe kwakukhona ukungafani okuningi kunokufana. Yini enqume isiphetho samazwe aseMpumalanga Ekude ngeminyaka yama-40s nama-50s?
Isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu senkathi yokutholwa okukhulu kwendawo kwakungekona ukutholwa kweMelika nguColumbus futhi hhayi ukuzungezwa kwembulunga yonke ngohambo lukaMagellan, kodwa ukunqoba kwamaPutukezi empini yezempi echwebeni laseDiu ngasentshonalanga. ogwini lwase-Indian Peninsula. Ngo-February 3, 1509, uFrancisco de Almeida wanqoba imikhumbi "yama-Arab" lapho - okungukuthi, amaMamluk avela eGibhithe, esekelwa ama-Turks nama-Muslim Indian princes - okwaqinisekisa ukuthi iPortugal ilawula i-Indian Ocean. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kancane kancane abeLungu bathatha amazwe azungezile.
Ngemva konyaka, amaPutukezi anqoba Goa, okwabangela India isiPutukezi, kancane kancane anda ithonya layo, wafinyelela China naseJapane. Ukubusa kwePortugal kwaphulwa ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu, lapho amaDashi ebonakala oLwandlekazini i-Indian, futhi ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka kwafika amaBrithani namaFulentshi. Imikhumbi yabo yayivela entshonalanga - ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic. Ukusuka empumalanga, ePacific, kwafika abaseSpain ngokulandelana: iPhilippines ababeyinqobile yayikade ibuswa ezindaweni zaseMelika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaseRussia bafika oLwandlekazini iPacific ngomhlaba.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, iGreat Britain yawina i-hegemony e-Indian Ocean. Igugu emqhele wempahla yamakoloni aseBrithani kwakuyiBritish India (lapho kuvela khona amaRiphabhulikhi esimanje aseNdiya, ePakistan naseBangladesh). Izifunda zanamuhla zaseSri Lanka naseMyanmar, ezaziwa kangcono ngokuthi iBurma, nazo zazingaphansi kweBritish India. I-Federation of Malaysia yesimanje ekhulwini le-XNUMX yayiyinhlanganisela yezikhulu ngaphansi kwesivikelo saseLondon (iSultanate yaseBrunei yakhetha ukuzimela), futhi manje iSingapore ecebile ngaleso sikhathi yayiyisizinda esimpofu saseBrithani.
Umfanekiso wenkondlo kaRudyard Kipling ethi "Umthwalo Womuntu Omhlophe": yile ndlela ukunqotshwa kwamakholoni ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX leminyaka: UJohn Bull kanye noMalume Sam banyathela amatshe okungazi, isono, ubuzimu, ubugqila endleleni eya endaweni. isithombe sempucuko...
I-Dutch Indies yaba i-Indonesia yanamuhla. I-French Indochina namuhla yiVietnam, iLaos neCambodia. I-French India - impahla yaseFrance encane ogwini lweNhlonhlo yaseDeccan - yahlanganiswa eRiphabhulikhi yaseNdiya. Isiphetho esifanayo sehlela i-India encane yasePutukezi. Ikoloni lamaPutukezi e-Spice Islands namuhla i-East Timor. I-Spanish India yanqotshwa yi-United States ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1919 futhi namuhla iyiPhilippines. Ekugcineni, impahla yangaphambili yamakoloni yaseJalimane eyalahleka iBerlin emuva ngo-XNUMX yenza ingxenye enkulu ye-Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Ngokulandelayo, amakoloni aseJalimane aseziQhingini zasePacific manje asemazweni ahlobene ne-United States. Ekugcineni, impahla yamakoloni yaseRussia yaphenduka iRiphabhulikhi yaseMongolia futhi yaba ingxenye yeChina.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, cishe yonke i-Asia yayingaphansi kwamandla amakoloni abantu baseYurophu. Okuhlukile bekumbalwa - i-Afghanistan, i-Iran, iThailand, iChina, iJapan, iBhutan - futhi kuyangabazeka, njengoba nala mazwe ake aphoqeleka ukuthi asayine izivumelwano ezingalingani noma awela ngaphansi kombuso waseYurophu. Noma ngaphansi kokuqashwa kwe-US, njengeJapan ngo-1945. Futhi nakuba ukusebenza kwe-US manje sekuphelile - okungenani ngokusemthethweni - iziqhingi ezine ezisogwini lwaseHokkaido zisaphethwe yiRussia, futhi azikho izivumelwano ezisayiniwe phakathi kwalamazwe amabili.
isivumelwano sokuthula!
umthwalo wendoda ephuzi
Ngo-1899 uRudyard Kipling washicilela inkondlo ebizwa ngokuthi Umthwalo Wendoda Emhlophe. Kuyo, wabiza ukunqotshwa kwamakholoni futhi wakuthethelela ngokusungulwa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye namasiko obuKristu, ukulwa nendlala nezifo, ukukhuthazwa kwemfundo kanye nesiko eliphakeme phakathi kwabantu bomdabu. “Umthwalo wabamhlophe” kwaba isiqubulo sabo bobabili abamelene nabasekeli bobukoloniyali.
Uma ukunqotshwa kwamakholoni kwakuzoba umthwalo wabamhlophe, amaJapane athatha omunye umthwalo: ukukhululwa kwabantu base-Asia ababebuswa amakoloni ekubuseni kweYurophu. Baqala ukwenza lokhu kusukela ngo-1905, behlula amaRussia futhi bewaxosha eManchuria, base beqhubeka phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, bexosha amaJalimane ezindaweni zamakoloni aseShayina futhi bathumba iziqhingi zabo zasePacific. Izimpi zaseJapane ezalandela nazo zaba nesisekelo sengqondo esifanayo, namuhla esingasibiza ngokuthi i-anti-imperialist kanye ne-anti-colonial. Impumelelo yezempi ka-1941 no-1942 yaletha cishe yonke impahla yamakoloni aseYurophu naseMelika eMpumalanga Ekude eMbusweni waseJapane, kwase kuba nezinye izinkinga nezinkinga.
Nakuba amaJapane ayekusekela ngobuqotho ukuzibusa kwawo, izenzo zawo azizange zikubonise lokhu. Impi ayizange ihambe ngokohlelo lwabo: bahlela ukuyidlala njengango-1904-1905, i.e. ngemuva kokuhlasela okuyimpumelelo, kuzoba nesigaba sokuzivikela lapho bezonqoba khona i-American and British Expeditionary Forces bese beqala izingxoxo zokuthula. Izingxoxo kwakungezona ezoletha izinzuzo ezingako zendawo njengokuvikeleka kwezomnotho namasu, ngokuyinhloko ukuhoxiswa kwamandla emakoloni abo ase-Asia kanjalo nokususwa kwezizinda zamasosha ezitha eJapane kanye nokuhlinzekwa kohwebo lwamahhala. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abaseMelika babehlose ukulwa impi kuze kube yilapho iJapane izinikela okungenamibandela, futhi impi yadonsa.
Ngokomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngesikhathi sobutha akunakwenzeka ukwenza izinguquko zezombangazwe: ukwakha izifundazwe ezintsha noma ngisho nokubhala izakhamuzi zezindawo ezihlaselwe ebuthweni (noma ngabe zifuna). Kufanele silinde ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula. Lezi zinhlinzeko zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe aziyona neze into yokwenziwa, kodwa zilandela ngomqondo ojwayelekile - kuze kube nokuthula, isimo sezempi singashintsha - ngakho-ke ziyahlonishwa (okusolakala ukuthi ukudalwa koMbuso wasePoland ngo-1916 ngababusi baseJalimane nase-Austrian. kwakungekona ukudalwa kombuso omusha, kodwa kuphela ukwakhiwa kabusha okukhona kusukela ngo-1815 "umbuso wamakhongolose", owawubanjwe kusukela ngo-1831, kodwa awuzange uqedwe ngamaRussia; isivumelwano sokuthula sasizodingeka ukuze kuqedwe uMbuso wasePoland. , phela akusayinwanga).
AmaJapane, asebenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe (kanye nomqondo ovamile), awazange amemezele ukuzimela kwezizwe ayezikhulule. Yebo, lokhu kwabadumaza abameleli babo bezombangazwe, ababethenjiswe inkululeko ngisho nangaphambi kwempi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhamuzi zamakoloni angaphambili aseYurophu (naseMelika) zadumala ngokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kwala mazwe amaJapane, abaningi ababekubheka njengonya ngokungadingekile. Ukuphathwa komsebenzi waseJapane akuzange kubone izenzo zabo njengonya, izakhamuzi zamakoloni akhululiwe zaphathwa ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezifanayo nezakhamuzi zaseziqhingini zaseJapane zakuqala. Lawa mazinga, nokho, ayehluka ezindinganisweni zendawo: umehluko wawungonya kanye nokuqina.
