Ngakho lokho kungabi nalutho kuyeka ukuba yize
Isikhala siyindawo lapho, noma ungayiboni, kuningi okwenzekayo. Nokho, ukuthola ukuthi yini ngempela edingekayo kungamandla amaningi kangangokuthi kuze kube muva nje kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ngososayensi ukuba bahlole umhlaba wezinhlayiya ezingokoqobo. Lapho abanye abasesimweni esinjalo beyeka, kwabanye into engenakwenzeka iyisikhuthazo sokuzama.
Ngokusho kwe-quantum theory, isikhala esingenalutho sigcwele izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ezihamba phakathi kokuba khona nokungabi khona. Futhi awabonakali nhlobo - ngaphandle uma besinokuthile okunamandla wokuwathola.
“Ngokuvamile, lapho abantu bekhuluma nge-vacuum, basuke besho into engenalutho,” kusho isazi sesayensi yemvelo uMattias Marklund waseChalmers University of Technology eGothenburg, eSweden, kumagazini ka-January we-NewScientist.
Kuvele ukuthi i-laser ingakhombisa ukuthi akukhona konke okungenalutho lapho.
I-electron ngomqondo wezibalo
Izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ziwumqondo wezibalo ku-quantum field theory. Kumayelana nezinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ezibonisa ubukhona bazo ngokusebenzisana, kodwa zephula isimiso segobolondo elikhulu.
Izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo zivela emisebenzini kaRichard Feynman. Ngokombono wakhe, zonke izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo empeleni ziyi-conglomerate yezinhlayiya ezibonakalayo. I-electron engokoqobo iyi-electronic ebonakalayo ekhipha ama-photon abonakalayo abolayo abe amapheya e-electron-positron, abuye ahlangane nama-photon abonakalayo, njalonjalo ad infinitum. I-electron "engokomzimba" iyinqubo eqhubekayo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwama-electron abonakalayo, ama-positron, ama-photon, mhlawumbe nezinye izinhlayiya. "Iqiniso" le-electron umqondo wezibalo. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi iyiphi ingxenyana yale sethi engokoqobo ngempela. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi isamba samacala azo zonke lezi zinhlayiya siholela ekukhokhisweni kwe-electron (okungukuthi, ukubeka kalula, kufanele kube ne-electron eyodwa engaphezu kwama-positron abonakalayo) nokuthi isamba soquqaba. kuzo zonke izinhlayiya kudala mass electron.
Amapheya e-electron-positron akhiwa endaweni engenalutho. Noma iyiphi i-particle eshajwe kahle, njenge-proton, izoheha lawa ma-electron abonakalayo futhi ixoshe ama-positron (nge-virtual photons). Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-vacuum polarization. Amapheya e-electron-positron azungeziswa ngeproton
benza ama-dipoles amancane ashintsha insimu ye-proton ngensimu yabo kagesi. Ngakho-ke inkokhiso kagesi yeproton esiyikalayo ayikona ukushaja kweproton ngokwayo, kodwa ukushaja kwayo yonke isistimu, okuhlanganisa namapheya abonakalayo.
I-Laser endaweni engenalutho
Isizathu esenza sikholelwe ukuthi izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo zikhona sibuyela emuva ezisekelweni ze-quantum electrodynamics (QED), igatsha le-physics elizama ukuchaza ukusebenzisana kwama-photons nama-electron. Kusukela le nkolelo-mbono yasungulwa ngawo-30, izazi zefiziksi bezilokhu zizibuza ukuthi zingabhekana kanjani nenkinga yezinhlayiya ezikhona kudingekile ngokwezibalo kodwa ezingenakubonwa, ukuzwa noma ukuzwa.
I-QED ibonisa ukuthi ngokwethiyori, uma sakha inkambu kagesi eqine ngokwanele, khona-ke ama-electron ahambisana nawo (noma akha i-conglomerate yezibalo ebizwa ngokuthi i-electron) azoveza ubukhona bawo futhi kuzokwazi ukuwathola. Amandla adingekayo kulokhu kufanele afinyelele futhi adlule umkhawulo obizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo we-Shwinger, ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo ngokomfanekiso, i-vacuum ilahlekelwa izakhiwo zayo zakudala futhi iyeke ukuba "ingenalutho". Kungani kungelula kangako? Ngoba inani lamandla elidingekayo kufanele, ngokusho kokucatshangwayo, libe likhulu kunawo wonke amandla akhiqizwa yizo zonke izitshalo zamandla emhlabeni - izikhathi ezingaphezu kwebhiliyoni.
Into ibonakala ingaphezu kwamandla ethu. Njengoba kuvela, hhayi uma sisebenzisa indlela ye-laser yama-ultra-short optical pulses of high intensity, eyathuthukiswa ngeminyaka yawo-80s abawine uMklomelo KaNobel ngonyaka odlule uGérard Mourou noDonna Strickland. U-Mourou ngokwakhe washo ngokusobala ukuthi amandla e-giga-, tera- ngisho ne-petawatt azuzwe kulawa ma-laser supershots adala ithuba lokugqashula. Imiqondo yakhe ifakwe kuphrojekthi ye-Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI), esekelwa yizimali zaseYurophu futhi yathuthukiswa eRomania. Kukhona amalaser amabili angu-10-petawatt eduze kwaseBucharest ososayensi abafuna ukuwasebenzisa ukuze banqobe umkhawulo we-Shwinger.
Kepha noma ngabe izithiyo zamandla ziphulwa, umphumela - nalokho ososayensi befiziksi abazokubona ekugcineni - kuhlala kungaqiniseki kakhulu. Endabeni yezinhlayiya ezibonakalayo, indlela yocwaningo iqala ukwehluleka, futhi izibalo azisawenzi umqondo. Ukubala okulula kukhombisa ukuthi amalaser amabili e-ELI akhiqiza amandla amancane kakhulu. Ngisho nemishayo emine ehlanganisiwe isengaphansi ngokuphindwe ka-10 XNUMX kunalokho okudingekayo. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abadikibali ngalokhu, ngoba babheka lo mkhawulo wemilingo njengomkhawulo obukhali wesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa indawo kancane kancane yezinguquko. Ngakho-ke banethemba lemiphumela ethile ebonakalayo ngisho nangemithamo ephansi yamandla.
Abacwaningi banemibono eyahlukene yokukhulisa imishayo ye-laser. Enye yazo umqondo ongavamile wokubonisa nokukhulisa izibuko ezihamba ngesivinini sokukhanya. Eminye imibono ihlanganisa ukukhulisa imishayo ngokushayisana kwemishayo ye-photon nemishayo yama-electron noma imishayo ye-laser eshayisanayo, okuthiwa bayayenza ososayensi besikhungo sokucwaninga saseShayina i-Station of Extreme Light e-Shanghai. I-photon enkulu noma i-electron collider ingumqondo omusha futhi othakazelisayo okufanele ubhekwe.
