Kukhona into ebonakala ngendlela engaqondakali, into enyamalala ngaphansi kwezimo ezingachazeki

Sethula uchungechunge lokubhekwa komkhathi okungajwayelekile, okumangalisayo nokungaqondakali okwenziwa izazi zezinkanyezi ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula. Ososayensi bazama ukuthola izincazelo ezaziwayo cishe kuzo zonke izimo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okutholakele ngakunye kungashintsha isayensi...

Ukunyamalala okungaqondakali komqhele wembobo emnyama

Ngokokuqala ngqa, izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology nezinye izikhungo zabona ukuthi i-corona yayiseduze umgodi omkhulu omnyama, indandatho yokukhanya ekhanyayo yezinhlayiya zamandla aphezulu ezizungeze umkhathizwe wembobo emnyama yabhidlika kungazelelwe (1). Isizathu salolu shintsho olumangalisayo asicaci, nakuba ososayensi besola ukuthi umsuka wenhlekelele kungaba inkanyezi ebanjwe amandla adonsela phansi e-black hole. Inkanyezi ingagxuma isuke kudiski lezinto eziphothayo, ibangele yonke into ezungezile, kuhlanganise nezinhlayiya ze-corona, ukuthi iwele kungazelelwe emgodini omnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, njengoba izazi zezinkanyezi zaphawula, ngonyaka nje kwaba nokwehla okubukhali nokungalindelekile kokukhanya kwento ngenani elingu-10.

Imbobo emnyama inkulu kakhulu ku-Milky Way

ubukhulu belanga buphindwe kamashumi ayisikhombisa. Kutholwe abacwaningi e-National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC), into ebizwa nge-LB-1 ibhubhisa imibono yamanje. Ngokusho kwamamodeli amaningi wesimanje we-stellar evolution, izimbobo ezimnyama zalesi sisindo akufanele zibe khona emthaleni ofana nowethu. Kuze kube manje, besicabanga ukuthi izinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu ezinamakhemikhali afana ne-Milky Way kufanele zichithe ingxenye enkulu yegesi njengoba zisondela ekupheleni kokuphila kwazo. Ngakho-ke, awukwazi ukushiya izinto ezinkulu kangaka. Manje ama-theorists kufanele athathe incazelo yendlela yokwakheka kwalokhu okubizwa.

imibuthano eyinqaba

Izazi zezinkanyezi zithole izinto ezine ezikhanya kancane ngendlela yamasongo awela phakathi amaza omsakazo cishe ayindilinga futhi alula emaphethelweni. Azifani nanoma yisiphi isigaba sezinto zezinkanyezi ezake zabonwa. Izinto ziqanjwe ngokuthi ama-ORC (imibuthano yomsakazo engajwayelekile) ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo nezici ezijwayelekile.

Izazi zezinkanyezi azikakwazi kahle ukuthi zikude kangakanani lezi zinto, kodwa zicabanga ukuthi zingase zibe kude ehlotshaniswa nemithala ekude. Zonke lezi zinto zinobubanzi obucishe bube umzuzu owodwa we-arc (uma kuqhathaniswa, imizuzu engama-arc angama-31). Izazi zezinkanyezi zicabanga ukuthi lezi zinto zingase zibe amagagasi athusayo asele kumcimbi othile we-extragalactic noma umsebenzi ongenzeka womthala womsakazo.

"Ukuqhuma" okungaqondakali kwekhulu le-XIX

Esifundeni esiseningizimu umthamo wezinkanyezi (bona futhi: ) kukhona i-nebula enkulu, emise okungavamile, ephambana lapha nalaphaya ngemizila emnyama eyaziwa ngokuthi amafu othuli alenga phakathi kwethu ne-nebula. Esikhungweni sawo kukhona Lesi sici (2), inkanyezi kanambambili kumlaza i-Kila, ingenye yezinkanyezi ezinkulu, ezinkulu kakhulu, futhi ezikhanya kakhulu ku-Galaxy yethu.

2. Nebula ezungeze i-Eta Carina

Ingxenye eyinhloko yalolu hlelo inkanyezi enkulu (izikhathi eziyi-100-150 ngobukhulu kuneLanga) inkanyezi eguquguqukayo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanyayo. Le nkanyezi ayizinzile kakhulu futhi ingaqhuma noma nini njenge-supernova noma i-hypernova (uhlobo lwe-supernova olukwazi ukukhipha ukuqhuma kwe-gamma-ray). Ilele phakathi kwenebula enkulu, ekhanyayo eyaziwa ngokuthi Carina Nebula (I-Keyhole noma i-NGC 3372). Ingxenye yesibili yesistimu inkanyezi enkulu isigaba se-spectral O noma impisi-rayet inkanyezifuthi isikhathi sokujikeleza kwesistimu iminyaka engu-5,54.

NgoFebhuwari 1, 1827, ngokusho kwenothi lesazi semvelo. UWilliam Burchell, Lokhu sekufinyelele ubukhulu bakho bokuqala. Labe selibuyela kwesesibili futhi lahlala linjalo iminyaka eyishumi, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kuka-1837, lapho kwaqala khona isigaba esijabulisa kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi “Ukuqhuma Okukhulu”. Kuphela ekuqaleni kuka-1838 vutha eta keel kwakudlula ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi eziningi. Khona-ke waphinda waqala ukunciphisa ukukhanya kwakhe, bese ukwandisa.

Ngo-Ephreli 1843 isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokufika wafinyelela esiphezulu sakhe inkanyezi yesibili ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni ngemva kukaSirius. "Ukuqhuma" kwathatha isikhathi eside ngendlela emangalisayo. Khona-ke ukukhanya kwayo kwaqala ukufiphala futhi, kwehlela cishe ku-1900 ngo-1940-8, kangangokuthi yayingasabonakali ngeso lenyama. Kodwa-ke, isheshe yaphinda yafinyelela ku-6-7. ngo-1952. Njengamanje, inkanyezi isemngceleni wokubonakala kwamehlo enqunu ngobukhulu be-6,21 m, ilungisa ukukhanya okuphindwe kabili ngo-1998-1999.

Kukholakala ukuthi u-Eta Carinae usesigabeni esidlulele sokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi angaqhuma phakathi namashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi aze aphenduke abe umgodi omnyama. Nokho, ukuziphatha kwakhe kwamanje kuyimfihlakalo. Ayikho imodeli yetiyetha engachaza ngokugcwele ukungazinzi kwayo.

Izinguquko ezingaqondakali emkhathini weMartian

Ilebhu ithole ukuthi amazinga e-methane emkhathini we-Martian ashintsha ngendlela engaqondakali. Futhi ngonyaka odlule sathola ezinye izindaba ezivusa amadlingozi ezivela irobhothi elifaneleka kahle, kulokhu mayelana noshintsho ezingeni le-oxygen emkhathini weMartian. Imiphumela yalezi zifundo ishicilelwe kuJournal of Geophysical Research: Planets. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi abanayo incazelo ecacile yokuthi kungani lokhu kunjalo. Njengokuguquguquka kumazinga e-methane, ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga komoyampilo cishe kuhlobene nezinqubo ze-geological, kodwa futhi kungaba uphawu lomsebenzi wezinhlobo zokuphila.

Faka inkanyezi

Isibonakude saseChile sisanda kuthola into ethokozisayo eduze Ifu elincane leMagellan. Ummakile - I-HV 2112. Leli igama elingathandeki kunalokho okwakungowokuqala futhi kuze kube manje okuwukuphela kommeleli wohlobo olusha lwento yenkanyezi. Kuze kube manje, bebebhekwa njengabaqanjiwe ngokuphelele. Zinkulu futhi zibomvu. Ingcindezi enkulu kanye nezinga lokushisa kwalezi zindikimba zezinkanyezi kusho ukuthi zingakwazi ukusekela inqubo ephindwe kathathu, lapho ama-nuclei e-4Helium amathathu (izinhlayiya ze-alpha) akha i-nucleus yekhabhoni engu-12C eyodwa. Ngakho, ikhabhoni iba yimpahla yokwakha yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-spectrum yokukhanya kwe-HV 2112 kwembula inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinto ezisindayo, ezihlanganisa i-rubidium, i-lithium ne-molybdenum.

Bekuyisignesha yento Thorn-Zhitkov (TŻO), uhlobo lwenkanyezi ehlanganisa umdondoshiya obomvu noma i-supergiant enenkanyezi yenutroni ngaphakathi kuyo (3). Lo myalo usuphakamisiwe Kip Thorne (bona futhi: ) no-Anna Zhitkova ngo-1976.

3. Inkanyezi ye-neutron ngaphakathi komdondoshiya obomvu

Kunezimo ezintathu ezingaba khona zokuvela kwe-TJO. Esokuqala sibikezela ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezimbili eqoqweni eliwugqinsi eliyimbulunga ngenxa yokushayisana kwezinkanyezi ezimbili, esesibili sibikezela ukuqhuma kwe-supernova, okungakaze kufane ncamashi futhi umphumela wenkanyezi ye-neutron ingase iqale ukuhamba ngendlela ehlukile kuneyayo. okwakho. i-orbit yasekuqaleni eduze kwengxenye yesibili yesistimu, ngakho-ke, kuye ngokuthi isiqondiso sokunyakaza kwayo, inkanyezi ye-neutron ingawa ngaphandle kwesistimu, noma "igwinywe" yisathelayithi yayo uma iqala ukuya kuyo. Kukhona futhi isimo okungenzeka lapho inkanyezi ye-neutron imuncwa inkanyezi yesibili, iphenduke ibe umdondoshiya obomvu.

Ama-tsunami acekela phansi imithala

Idatha entsha evela I-Hubble Space Telescope I-NASA imemezela ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala emithalani into enamandla kunazo zonke endaweni yonke, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-quasar tsunami". Lesi isivunguvungu se-cosmic esilinganisa kakhulu kangangokuthi singabhubhisa wonke umthala. "Ayikho enye into engadlulisa amandla emishini engeziwe," kusho uNahum Arav waseVirginia Tech eposini eliphenya ngalesi sigameko. U-Arav nozakwabo bachaze lezi zenzakalo ezilimazayo ochungechungeni lwamaphepha ayisithupha ashicilelwe ku-Astrophysical Journal Supplements.