Iyini injini yemoto eshintshiwe?

Injini evulekile

Injini ye-Turbo. Umsebenzi wokwandisa amandla enjini kanye ne-torque ubulokhu ubalulekile. Amandla enjini ahlobene ngokuqondile nokugudluzwa kwamasilinda kanye nenani lengxube kaphethiloli womoya elinikezwe wona. Okusho ukuthi, lapho uphethiloli uvutha kakhulu kumasilinda, amandla engeziwe athuthukiswa yiyunithi yamandla. Nokho, ikhambi elilula ukukhulisa amandla enjini. Ukwanda komthamo wayo wokusebenza kuholela ekwandeni kobukhulu nesisindo sesakhiwo. Inani lenhlanganisela yokusebenza enikeziwe lingandiswa ngokukhuphula isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqaliswa kwemijikelezo eminingi yomsebenzi kumasilinda ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi. Kodwa kuzoba nezinkinga ezingathi sína ezihambisana nokwanda kwamandla e-inertia kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwemithwalo yemishini ezingxenyeni zeyunithi yamandla, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni impilo yenjini.

Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yeTurbo

Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke kulesi simo amandla. Cabanga ngokushaywa unhlangothi kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Injini, ngenkathi isebenza njengephampu, nayo ayisebenzi kahle. Ipayipi lomoya linesihlungi somoya, ukugoba okuphindwe kaningi, nezinjini zikaphethiloli nazo zine-valve mpintsha. Konke lokhu, kunjalo, kunciphisa ukugcwaliswa kwesilinda. Ukukhulisa umfutho ophezulu we-valve yokungenisa, kuzobekwa umoya omningi ku-cylinder. Ukuvuselela kabusha kuthuthukisa ukukhokhiswa okusha kumasilinda, okubavumela ukuthi bashise uphethiloli omningi kumasilinda futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole amandla amaningi enjini. Izinhlobo ezintathu zokukhulisa zisetshenziselwa injini yomlilo yangaphakathi. I-resonance esebenzisa amandla we-kinetic wevolumu yomoya ezinhlakalweni eziningi zokungenisa. Kulokhu, akukho okunye ukushaja / ukukhuphula amandla okudingekayo. Imishini, kule nguqulo i-compressor iqhutshwa ibhande lezimoto.

I-turbine yegesi noma injini ye-turbo

I-turbine yegesi noma i-turbocharger, i-turbine iqhutshwa ukugeleza kwamagesi okukhipha. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo, ezinquma inkambu yohlelo. Izindlela eziningi zokudla komuntu siqu. Ukuze ugcwalise kangcono isilinda, ingcindezi ephambi kwe-valve yokungenisa kufanele inyuswe. Okwamanje, ingcindezi eyengeziwe ngokuvamile ayidingeki. Kwanele ukuyiphakamisa ngesikhathi sokuvala i-valve bese ulayisha ingxenye eyengeziwe yomoya ku-cylinder. Ngokuzakhela ingcindezi yesikhashana, igagasi lokucindezelwa elihamba ngokuningana kokudla lapho injini isebenza kahle. Kwanele ukubala ubude bepayipi uqobo lwalo ukuze igagasi libonakalise izikhathi eziningana kusuka emaphethelweni alo lifinyelela ku-valve ngesikhathi esifanele. Umbono ulula, kepha ukuqaliswa kwawo kudinga ubuhlakani obuningi. I-valve ayivuli ngezivinini ezihlukile ze-crankshaft ngakho-ke isebenzisa umphumela wokukhulisa ngamandla we-resonant.

Injini ye-Turbo - amandla ashukumisayo

Ngokuphindaphindeka kokudla okuningana, injini isebenza kangcono kuma-revs aphezulu. Ngenkathi ngejubane eliphansi, indlela ende yokudonsa isebenza kahle kakhulu. Ipayipi lokungena eliguqukayo lobude lingakhiwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Kuphakathi kokuxhuma ikamelo lokuzwakala, noma ngokushintshela esiteshini sokufaka esifiselekayo noma ngokusixhuma. Lesi sakamuva sibizwa nangokuthi amandla ashukumisayo. Ingcindezi Resonant futhi ashukumisayo kungasheshisa ukugeleza umbhoshongo emoyeni eyanele. Imiphumela yokukhulisa ebangelwa ukuguquguquka ebangeni lokucindezela kokugeleza komoya kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-20 mbar. Ngokuqhathanisa, nge-turbocharger noma nge-mechanical boost, ungathola amanani ku-750 kuye ku-1200 mbar. Ukuqedela isithombe, qaphela ukuthi kukhona ne-inertial amplifier. Lapho isici esiyinhloko sokwakha ingcindezi eyeqile kunyuka kwe-valve yinhloko yengcindezi ephezulu yokugeleza kwepayipi lokungena.

Ukwandisa amandla wenjini ye-turbo

Lokhu kunika ukukhuphuka okuncane kwamandla ngejubane eliphezulu ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-140 ngehora. Kakhulu esetshenziswa izithuthuthu. Ukugcwaliswa kwemishini kuvumela indlela elula elula yokwandisa kakhulu amandla enjini. Ngokushayela injini ngqo kusuka ku-crankshaft yenjini, i-compressor iyakwazi ukumpompa umoya kumasilinda ngaphandle kokulibala ngejubane elincane, ikhuphule umfutho wokuqina ngokulingana nejubane lenjini. Kepha futhi banokubi. Zinciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Ngoba amanye amandla akhiqizwa amandla kagesi asetshenziselwa ukuwaqhuba. Amasistimu wokucindezela imishini athatha isikhala esiningi futhi adinga i-actuator ekhethekile. I-timing belt noma u-gearbox wenza umsindo omkhulu. Ukugcwaliswa kwemishini. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-blower mechanical. I-Volumetric ne-centrifugal. Ukugcwaliswa okujwayelekile kwenqwaba ama-Roots supergenerators kanye ne-Lysholm compressor. Idizayini yeRoots ifana nepompo yegiya kawoyela.

Izici zenjini yeTurbo

Isici salo mklamo ukuthi umoya awucindezelwa ku-supercharger, kodwa ngaphandle kwepayipi, ungena esikhaleni phakathi kwezindlu nama-rotors. Ububi obuyinhloko inani elilinganiselwe lenzuzo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izingxenye zokugcwalisa zibekwe ngokunembile kangakanani, lapho ukucindezela okuthile kufinyelelwa, umoya uqala ukugeleza emuva, unciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu. Kunezindlela eziningana zokulwa. Khulisa isivinini se-rotor noma wenze i-supercharger izigaba ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukwandisa amanani okugcina ezingeni elamukelekayo, kodwa imiklamo yezigaba eziningi ayinayo inzuzo yayo eyinhloko - ukubumbana. Okunye okungalungile ukukhishwa okungalingani kwe-outlet, njengoba umoya unikezwa ngezingxenye. Imiklamo yesimanje isebenzisa izindlela zokujika ezingunxantathu, futhi amafasitela okungena nawokuphuma anonxantathu ngomumo. Ngenxa yalezi zindlela, ama-supercharger amakhulu acishe aqeda umthelela wokushaya.

Ukufakwa kwenjini yeTurbo

Isivinini se-rotor esiphansi yingakho ukuqina, kuhambisana namazinga aphansi omsindo, kuholele kumikhiqizo eyaziwayo efana neDaimlerChrysler, iFord neGeneral Motors ngokuhlomisa ngemikhiqizo yabo ngokukhululekile. Ama-supercharger wokuhambisa akhulisa amandla kanye nama-torque curve ngaphandle kokushintsha ukuma kwawo. Sezivele zisebenza ngejubane eliphansi ukuya kweliphakathi futhi lokhu kutshengisa kahle amandla okusheshisa. Inkinga kuphela ukuthi amasistimu anjalo athanda kakhulu ukukhiqiza nokufaka, okusho ukuthi ayabiza impela. Enye indlela yokwandisa ngasikhathi sinye ingcindezi yomoya kokuphindaphindwayo kokudla yaphakanyiswa ngunjiniyela uLisholm. Idizayini yokufakwa kweLysholm icishe ifane nesikhumbuzi senyama ejwayelekile. Kufakwe amaphampu amabili esikulufa ngaphakathi kwezindlu. Zijikele ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene, zithwebula ingxenye yomoya, ziyicindezele bese ziyibeka kumasilinda.

Injini ye-Turbo - ukulungisa

Lolu hlelo lubonakala ngokucindezelwa kwangaphakathi kanye nokulahlekelwa okuncane ngenxa yemvume elinganiselwe ngqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi ye-propeller iyasebenza cishe kulo lonke ibanga lesivinini senjini. Kuthule, kuhlangene kakhulu, kepha kubiza ngokweqile ngenxa yenkimbinkimbi yokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, azinakwa yizitudiyo zokudumisa ezinjengo-AMG noma iKleemann. Ukugcwaliswa kwama-Centrifugal kuyafana ekwakhiweni kwama-turbocharger. Ukucindezela ngokweqile kokuphindwayo kokudla nakho kudala isondo le-compressor. Amacembe alo asabalalayo abamba futhi acindezele umoya azungeze umhubhe esebenzisa amandla we-centrifugal. Umehluko ovela kwi-turbocharger uku-drive kuphela. Ama-blower we-Centrifugal anokukhubazeka okungafani, noma kungabonakali kangako. Kepha kunesici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ingcindezi ekhiqizwayo ilingana nejubane lesikwele lesondo le-compressor.

Injini yeTurbo

Kalula nje, kufanele ijikeleze ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze ikwazi ukukhipha inani elidingekayo lomoya kumasilinda. Kwesinye isikhathi isivinini senjini siphindwe kayishumi. Umlandeli osebenzayo we-centrifugal ngejubane eliphezulu. Ama-centrifuge e-Mechanical asebenziseka kalula futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kune-gas centrifuge. Ngoba basebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Ukulula futhi, ngokufanele, ukushibhile komklamo wazo sekuzuze ukuthandwa emkhakheni wokuhleleka kwe-amateur. I-intercooler yenjini. Umshini wokulawula ukulayishwa ngokweqile ulula. Lapho seligcwele, ikhava yokudlula ivaliwe futhi ukuminyaniswa kuvulekile. Konke ukugeleza komoya kuya enjinini. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokulayishwa okuyingxenye, ivalvevemvane iyavalwa bese kuvuleka idamper yepayipi. Umoya owedlulele ubuyiselwa kulokho okungena ku-blower. Umoya opholisa ukushaja we-intercooler uyinto ecishe ibaluleke kakhulu hhayi ezinhlelweni zokuphehla ugesi kuphela.

Ukusebenza kwe-Turbocharged engine

Umoya ocindezelweyo upholiswa ngaphambili ku-intercooler ngaphambi kokufakwa kumasilinda enjini. Ngokwakhiwa kwayo, le radiator ejwayelekile, epholile ngokugeleza komoya odlayo noma ngesipholisi. Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomoya oshisiwe ngamadigri ayi-10 kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa ubungako bawo cishe ngo-3%. Lokhu nakho kuvumela amandla enjini ukuthi akhuliswe cishe ngamaphesenti afanayo. Injini turbocharger. Ama-Turbocharger asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinjinini zesimanje zezimoto. Eqinisweni, lena yi-compressor efanayo ye-centrifugal, kepha ngesekethe yedrayivu ehlukile. Lo ngumehluko obaluleke kakhulu, mhlawumbe obalulekile phakathi kwama-supercharger womshini ne-turbocharging. Kuyinketho yokushayela enquma kakhulu izici nokusetshenziswa kwemiklamo ehlukahlukene.

Izinzuzo zenjini yeTurbo

Ku-turbocharger, impeller itholakala kushaft efanayo ne-impeller, i-turbine. Yakhelwe ezininginingi zokukhipha injini futhi iqhutshwa amagesi okukhipha. Ijubane lingadlula ku-200 rpm. Akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile ku-crankshaft yenjini futhi ukuhanjiswa komoya kulawulwa ingcindezi yegesi yokukhipha. Izinzuzo ze-turbocharger zifaka phakathi. Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini nomnotho. I-mechanical drive ithatha amandla kusuka enjinini, okufanayo kusisebenzisa amandla avela ekuqothulweni, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kuyanda. Ungadidanisi ukusebenza kwenjini ngokukhethekile nokujwayelekile. Ngokwemvelo, ukusebenza kwenjini amandla ayo akhuphukile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-turbocharger kudinga uphethiloli omningi kunenjini efanayo enamandla aphansi ane-aspirator yemvelo.

Amandla we-Turbo engine

Eqinisweni, ukugcwalisa amasilinda ngomoya kuyathuthukiswa, njengoba sikhumbula, ukuze sishise uphethiloli owengeziwe kuwo. Kepha ingxenyana yesisindo sikaphethiloli ngeyunithi yamandla ngehora yenjini efakwe iseli likaphethiloli ihlala iphansi kunaleyo yomklamo ofanayo weyunithi enamandla ngaphandle kokukhulisa amandla. I-turbocharger ikuvumela ukuthi ufeze izici ezibekiwe zamayunithi wamandla ngosayizi omncane nesisindo. Kunesimo sokusebenzisa injini enesifiso semvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini ye-turbo inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwemvelo. Ingcindezi ekamelweni lomlilo iholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokushisa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ekunciphiseni ukwakheka kwama-nitrogen oxides. Lapho kufakwa uphethiloli ezinjini zikaphethiloli, kutholwa amandla omlilo aphelele ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zesikhashana. Ezinjini zikadizili, ukunikezwa komoya okwengeziwe kukuvumela ukuthi ucindezele imingcele yokubukeka kwentuthu, i.e. lawula ukuphuma kwezinhlayiya zomsizi.

Injini edonsa ngodizili

Udizili ulungele kakhulu ukukhuphula ngokujwayelekile kanye ne-turbocharging ikakhulukazi. Ngokungafani nezinjini zikaphethiloli, lapho umfutho wokukhulisa unqunyelwe ubungozi bokungqongqoza, abazi ngale nto. Injini kadizili ingacindezelwa ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kwemishini ezindleleni zayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi khona kwe-air throttle kanye ne-high compression ratio kunikeza ukucindezela okuphezulu kwegesi yokukhipha kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zikaphethiloli. Ama-Turbocharger kulula ukukhiqizwa, akhokhela ngenqwaba yokuphazamiseka okukhona. Ngezivinini zenjini ephansi, inani legesi yokukhipha liphansi, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kwe-compressor kuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini turbocharged ngokuvamile has a okuthiwa Turboyama.

I-Ceramic metal turbo rotor

Ubunzima obuyinhloko ukushisa okuphezulu kwamagesi okukhipha umoya. I-ceramic metal turbine rotor icishe ibe ngu-20% elula kunaleyo eyenziwe ngama-alloys angashisi. Futhi inomzuzwana ophansi we-inertia. Kuze kube muva nje, impilo yalo lonke idivayisi ibikhawulelwe empilweni yasekamu. Kwakuyizihlahla ezinjenge-crankshaft ezazigcotshwe ngamafutha acindezelwe. Ukugqokwa kwama-bearings anjalo, kwakukuhle, kodwa ama-spherical bearings awakwazanga ukumelana nesivinini esikhulu namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Isixazululo satholakala lapho kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa ama-bearings ngamabhola e-ceramic. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ceramics, noma kunjalo, akumangalisi, ama-bearings agcwele ukunikezwa okuhlala njalo kwe-lubricant. Ukuqeda ukushiyeka kwe-turbocharger akuvumeli kuphela ukunciphisa inertia ye-rotor. Kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe, ngezinye izikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokulawula i-boost boost circuits.

Isebenza kanjani injini ye-turbo

Imisebenzi esemqoka kuleli cala ukwehlisa ingcindezi ngejubane elikhulu lezinjini bese uyinyusa kweziphansi. Zonke izinkinga zingaxazululwa ngokuphelele nge-geometry turbine eguquguqukayo, i-turbine eguquguqukayo yombhobho. Isibonelo, ngamakhasi ahambayo, amapharamitha awo angashintshwa kububanzi obubanzi. Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-VNT turbocharger ukukhulisa ukuhamba kwamagesi e-exhaust aqondiswe esondweni le-turbine. Ngezivinini zenjini ephansi kanye nomthamo ophansi wokukhipha, i-VNT turbocharger iqondisa ukugeleza konke kwegesi okukhipha esondweni le-turbine. Ngakho-ke, ukwandisa amandla ayo nokucindezela okwandayo. Ngejubane eliphezulu namazinga aphezulu okugeleza kwegesi, i-VNT turbocharger igcina izindwani ezihambayo zivulekile. Ukwandisa indawo enqamulelayo nokususa amanye amagesi okukhipha asuka emfuleni.

Ukuvikelwa kwenjini yeTurbo

Ukuvikelwa ngokweqile nokuqinisa ukunakekelwa kwengcindezi ezingeni le-injini elidingekayo, ukuqedwa ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokukhulisa okukodwa, ukukhulisa izigaba ezimbili kuvamile. Isigaba sokuqala sokushayela i-compressor sinikeza ukukhuphula amandla ngejubane eliphansi lenjini. Futhi eyesibili, i-turbocharger, isebenzisa amandla amagesi okukhipha. Lapho nje ukuthi iyunithi yamandla ifinyelela isivinini esanele ukusebenza okuvamile kwomoya ophendulayo, icompressor iyazivalekela, futhi uma iwa, iqala futhi. Abakhiqizi abaningi bafaka ama-turbocharger amabili ezinjini zabo ngasikhathi sinye. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi i-biturbo noma i-twin-turbo. Akukho mehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo, ngaphandle kokukodwa. IBiturbo ithatha ukusetshenziswa kwama-turbine wobubanzi obuhlukile, yingakho ukusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-algorithm yokufakwa kwabo ingaba ngokufana noma ngokulandelana.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini i-turbocharging? Ukwanda komfutho womoya omusha kusilinda kuqinisekisa ukuvutha okungcono kwengxube yamafutha omoya, okwandisa amandla enjini.

Isho ukuthini injini ye-turbocharged? Ekuklanyweni kweyunithi yamandla enjalo, kukhona indlela ehlinzeka ngokugeleza okuthuthukisiwe komoya omusha kumasilinda. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa i-turbocharger noma i-turbine.

Isebenza kanjani i-turbocharging emotweni? Amagesi e-exhaust ajikeleza i-impeller ye-turbine. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-shaft, kune-impeller yokucindezela efakwe ku-manifold yokuthatha.