Induku yokuxhuma ye-Piston: inhloso, design, amaphutha amakhulu

Induku yokuxhuma i-piston iyisici se-crank mechanism, ngenxa yokuthi amandla adluliselwa ku-crankshaft lapho ingxube ye-air-fuel ishiswa. Kuyimininingwane ebalulekile, ngaphandle kwayo okungenakwenzeka ukuguqula ukunyakaza okuphindayo kube yindilinga.

Cabanga ukuthi le ngxenye ihlelwe kanjani, yini ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nezinketho zokulungisa.

Ukuxhuma ukwakheka kwenduku

Induku yokuxhuma isebenza kumgomo wama-pedals ngebhayisikili, kuphela indima yemilenze enjinini edlalwa yi-piston ehamba ku-cylinder. Ngokuya ngokushintshwa kwemoto, umshini wokuphotha unezinduku eziningi zokuxhuma njengoba kukhona amasilinda enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Le mininingwane inezinto ezintathu ezibalulekile:

• ikhanda le-piston;
• ikhanda crank;
• induku yamandla.

Ikhanda lepiston

Le nto yenduku yokuxhuma iyingxenye eyodwa ucezu lwepiston olumiswe kuyo (kufakwa umunwe ezingubeni). Kukhona izinketho zeminwe ezintantayo nezilungisiwe.

Iphini elihanjiswayo lifakwe esihlahleni sethusi. Iyadingeka ukuze ingxenye ingagugi ngokushesha okungaka. Noma kuvame ukuba nezinketho ngaphandle kwama-bushings. Kulesi simo, kukhona igebe elincane phakathi kwephini nekhanda, ngenxa yokuthi indawo yokuxhumana igcotshwe kangcono.

Ukulungiswa kwephini okungaguquki kudinga ukunemba okwengeziwe ekukhiqizeni. Kulokhu, umgodi ekhanda uzoba mncane kunalowo wephini.

Ukuma kwekhanda kwe-trapezoidal kwandisa indawo lapho i-piston ihlala khona. Njengoba le nto ingaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo, yenziwa ngesimo esingamelana nayo isikhathi eside.

Ikhanda Crank

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwenduku yokuxhuma kunekhanda le-crank, inhloso yalo ukuxhuma ipiston nentambo yokuxhuma ku-crankshaft KSHM. Esikhathini esiningi, le ngxenye iyagoqeka - ikhava inamathiselwe kwinduku yokuxhuma usebenzisa uxhumano oluboshiwe. Ukwenza le nto ingagugi kangako ngenxa yokungqubuzana okungapheli, amalitha afakwa phakathi kwezindonga zekhanda kanye ne-crank. Ziyaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha asikho isidingo sokushintsha yonke induku yokuxhuma.

Ikhanda le-crank lenziwa ngokunemba ngokweqile ukuze amabhawodi angaxegi ngesikhathi sokusebenza komshini futhi imoto ayidingi ukulungiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi okubizayo.

Uma ikhava yekhanda igugile, khona-ke isinqumo esihlakaniphe kakhulu kungaba ukusifaka esikhundleni saso sifane, esenzelwe lolu hlobo lwenjini ngqo, esikhundleni sokubheka i-analogue eshibhile. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ukucindezelwa komshini nokushisa kuyabhekwa, ngakho-ke onjiniyela bakhetha into efanele futhi banqume nesisindo ngqo sale ngxenye.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinduku zokuxhuma:

• ukuxhumana kwe-spike kuma-engeli angakwesokudla (okusetshenziswe ezinjini ezi-inthanethi);
• ukuxhumeka ekhoneni elibukhali ku-eksisi emaphakathi yengxenye (esetshenziswe kuma-motors enziwe ngendlela ye-V).

Ikhanda le-crank libuye libe nomkhono (okhumbuza i-crankshaft main bearing). Yenziwe ngensimbi enamandla aphezulu. Le nto imelana nemithwalo ephezulu futhi inezindawo ezilwa nokungqubuzana.

Lesi sici sidinga futhi ukuthambisa njalo. Yingakho, ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhamba ngemuva kokumiswa kwemoto, udinga ukuvumela injini ingasebenzi kancane. Kulokhu, uwoyela uzofaka zonke izinto ngaphambi kokuba zilayishwe.

Induku yamandla

Le yingxenye eyinhloko yenduku yokuxhuma, enomklamo we-I-beam (esigabeni ifana nohlamvu H). Ngenxa yobukhona be-stiffeners, le ngxenye iyakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo. Izingxenye ezingenhla nezingezansi (amakhanda) ziyandiswa.

Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula amaqiniso ambalwa ahlobene nezinduku zamandla:

• isisindo sabo kuyo yonke imoto kufanele silingane, ngakho-ke, lapho kufakwa okunye esikhundleni, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kungakhubaza ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi;
• ekulungisweni kukaphethiloli, kusetshenziswa izinduku zokuxhuma ezihlala isikhathi eside, ngoba ingcindezi idalwa kusilinda ukubasa uphethiloli kadizili, ophakeme kaningana kunokucindezelwa kwenjini ejwayelekile;
• uma kuthengwa induku esindayo (noma okuphambene nalokho - elula), ngaphambi kokuyifaka, zonke izingxenye zilungiswa ngesisindo esikalini esinembile.

Izinto zokwenziwa kwezinduku zokuxhuma

Ngomzamo wokwenza izingxenye zenjini zibe lula, abanye abakhiqizi basebenzisa izinto ze-alloy kalula ukwenza izinduku zokuxhuma. Kepha umthwalo kulezi zinto awuncishisiwe. Ngalesi sizathu, i-aluminium ayifane isetshenziswe. Ezimweni eziningi, insimbi eyisisekelo esetshenziselwa ukwenza izinduku zokuxhuma yinsimbi yensimbi.

Le nsimbi imelana kakhulu nokucindezela kwemishini nokushisa. Futhi indlela yokukhipha isivele ithuthukisiwe, esiza inqubo yezingxenye zokukhiqiza. Lezi zinduku zokuxhuma zisetshenziswa ezinjinini zikaphethiloli.

Izinjini zikadizili, njengoba sekushiwo, kudingeka into ehlala isikhathi eside. Ngalesi sizathu, kusetshenziswa ingxubevange yensimbi ephezulu. Indlela yokucubungula ishisa ekwakheni. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi busetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza futhi okokusebenza kubiza kakhulu kune-cast iron, izingxenye-ke zibiza kakhulu kunabalingani bensimbi.

Izinhlobo zezemidlalo zisebenzisa ama-alloys alula (i-titanium ne-aluminium), ngaleyo ndlela kusiza ukwakhiwa kweyunithi yamandla (kwezinye izimo kube ngamaphesenti angama-50).

Amabhawodi wokuqinisa ahlala enziwe ngensimbi ephezulu ene-alloy, ngoba ngaphezu kokucindezelwa okushisayo, imicu yabo ihlala ibhekene nokunyakaza okubukhali.

Kungani izinduku zokuxhuma zehluleka?

Isizathu esibaluleke kunazo zonke sokuxhuma ukwehluleka kwenduku ukugqokwa kwemvelo kwezinto zalo. Ikhanda elingaphezulu (le-piston) liphuka kancane. Imvamisa isebenza insiza efanayo nayo yonke imoto. Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuxhuma ukwehluleka kwenduku:

• ukushiyeka ngenxa yokushayisana kwepiston nekhanda lesilinda;
• ukwakheka kokushaya amagoli ngenxa yokungena kwe-abrasive ebusweni be-insert (isibonelo, isihlungi samafutha sidabukile, futhi uwoyela osetshenzisiwe awuhlanzwa izinhlayiya zangaphandle);
• ngenxa yendlala kawoyela, ukuthwala okucacile kungonakaliswa (lokhu kunganqunywa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa okukhulu).

Ngemuva kwesizathu semvelo, i-meta yesibili ayithambisi ngokwanele noma esezingeni eliphansi. Ngalesi sizathu, wonke umshayeli wemoto kufanele akhumbule ukuthi ukushintshwa kukawoyela njalo kufanele kwenzeke ngesikhathi esibekiwe esenziwe ngumenzi, noma ngabe imoto ayihambi kaningi. Uwoyela ulahlekelwa yizakhiwo zawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungaphazamisa ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Ukulungiswa kwezinduku zokuxhuma

Ukulungiswa kwezinduku zokuxhuma akunakwenzeka kuzo zonke izimo. Lo msebenzi ungenziwa uma:

• ukuguqulwa kwebha yokusekela;
• kukhuphuke ukuvunyelwa kwekhanda le-piston;
• ukwandisa ukuvuleka kwekhanda le-crank.

Ngaphambi kokulungiswa, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwengxenye kuyenziwa. Kusetshenziswa imitha yangaphakathi, ububanzi kanye nakho konke okucacile kwenduku yokuxhuma kukalwa. Uma lezi zinkomba zingaphakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile, asikho isidingo sokushintsha izinduku zokuxhuma.

Uma induku ikhubazekile, lokhu akufanele kunganakwa, ngoba ukwabiwa okungalingani komthwalo kuzoholela ekubhujisweni kobuso besilinda, ukukhuphuka kokugqoka kwe-crankshaft ne-piston uqobo.

Ukuguquguquka kwenduku yokuxhuma kuhlala kuhambisana nomsindo wenjini owandayo ngisho nasezivinini eziphansi. Kunzima kakhulu ukulungisa iphutha elinjalo, ngakho-ke, kulokhu, ingxenye ivele ishintshwe ibe entsha.

Uma kwenzeka kukhona igebe elingalungile, ikhava yekhanda ibhorekile ngosayizi ofanele we-fastener okufanele ifakwe. Ukuze ungasusi millimeter eyengeziwe, udinga ukusebenzisa i-lathe ekhethekile ene-nozzle eyisicefe.

Uma kukhona okugqokiwe ekhanda le-piston, kufanele usebenzise amalitha akhethekile okulungisa, ubukhulu bawo obuhambisana nokususwa okudingekayo. Vele, ngenkathi imoto isebenza, isihlahla sizongena bese sithatha isimo esifunekayo.

Lapho usebenzisa ama-bushings, hlola ukuthi ngabe i-bore ye-liner nekhanda liyaqondana yini - uwoyela ugelezela kuwo uye kuphini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukulungiswa ngeke kwandise impilo yemoto, kepha, kunalokho, kuzonciphisa kakhulu isisetshenziswa sayo (ngemuva kwakho konke, umshayeli wemoto ucabanga ukuthi imoto "ayikho emandleni" futhi ayidingi ukulungiswa ngokushesha, kepha empeleni izingxenye ziyindlala kawoyela).

Ngemuva kokuhlelwa, izingxenye kufanele zikalwe ukuze ukudlidlizela okungathandeki kungaveli emotweni ngenxa yokwehluka kwesisindo.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Indlela yokuhlola induku yokuxhuma ye-ellipse? I-geometry yenduku yokuxhuma ihlolwe kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile. Uma induku yokuxhuma ikhubazekile kancane, lokhu akukwazi ukunqunywa iso. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa igeji yangaphakathi noma umshini okhethekile.

Induku yokuxhuma yenziwe ngani? Kusukela endongeni, ekhanda lepiston engenhla, ekhanda eliphansi le-crank. Ikhanda le-piston lixhunywe ku-piston ngephini, futhi ikhanda le-crank lixhunywe entanyeni ye-crank.