Kuyini uwoyela wenjini yemoto?

Amafutha emoto

Amafutha enjini asebenza ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Ezinye izinto zokugcoba ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni, oyela begiya kanye namafutha, zenza imisebenzi yazo ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kalula. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izakhiwo ezidingekayo. Ngoba basebenza endaweni efananayo, ngokushisa okungapheli noma okuncane, ingcindezi nengcindezi. Imodi yenjini "idabukile". Ingxenye efanayo kawoyela ibhekana nengcindezi eshisayo neyomshini njalo ngomzuzwana. Ngoba izimo zokuthambisa zezinto ezahlukahlukene zenjini zikude kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uwoyela wenjini uvezwa amakhemikhali. Oxygen, amanye amagesi, imikhiqizo yomlilo ongaphelele wephethiloli, kanye nophethiloli uqobo, ongena nakanjani emafutheni, yize engamanani amancane kakhulu.

Imisebenzi kawoyela wenjini.

Nciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezingxenye zokuxhumana, ukunciphisa ukugqoka nokuvimbela ukuhukululwa kwezingxenye zokuzihlikihla. Vala izikhala, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingxenye zeqembu le-cylinder-piston, ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa ukungena kwamagesi avela ekamelweni lomlilo. Kuvikela izingxenye ekugqobeni. Ukususa ukushisa ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo. Susa izingxenye zokugqoka kusuka endaweni yokushayisana, ngaleyo ndlela unciphise ukwakheka kwamadiphozithi ebusweni bezingxenye zenjini. Ezinye zezici eziyinhloko zamafutha. I-viscosity ingenye yezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zamafutha. Owoyela bezimoto, njengama-lubricants amaningi, bashintsha i-viscosity yabo kuya ngethempelesha labo. Ukushisa okuphansi, kukhuphuka i-viscosity futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Amafutha enjini nokuqala kwamakhaza

Ukuqinisekisa ukuqala okubandayo kwenjini, shayela i-crankshaft ngesiqalo bese upompa uwoyela ngohlelo lokuthambisa. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-viscosity akufanele ibe phezulu kakhulu. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu uwoyela awudingi ukuba ne-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ukuze wakhe ifilimu kawoyela oqinile phakathi kwezingxenye zokungqubuzana nengcindezi yohlelo edingekayo. Inkomba ye-viscosity. Isikhombisi esibonisa ukuncika kwe-viscosity kawoyela ekushintsheni kokushisa Lokhu kungubukhulu obungenakulinganiswa, isb. ayilinganiswa kunoma iyiphi iyunithi, iyinombolo nje. Ukuphakama kwenkomba ye-viscosity kawoyela wenjini, kubanzi ububanzi bezinga lokushisa uwoyela ovumela ngalo injini ukuthi isebenze. Koyela wamaminerali ngaphandle kwezithasiselo ze-viscous, inkomba ye-viscosity ingu-85-100. Amafutha anezithasiselo ze-viscous nezinto zokwenziwa angaba nenkomba ye-viscosity ka-120-150. Kowoyela abacwengisiswe ngokujulile nge-viscosity ephansi, inkomba ye-viscosity ingafinyelela kuma-200.

Amafutha enjini. Iphoyinti le-Flash

Iphoyinti le-Flash. Le nkomba ibonisa ukuba khona kwezingxenyana ezibilayo emafutheni futhi, ngokufanele, kuhlotshaniswa nokuhwamuka kwamafutha ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngamafutha amahle, i-flash point kufanele ibe ngaphezu kuka-225 ° C. Endabeni yamafutha ekhwalithi empofu, izingxenye eziphansi ze-viscosity ziyahwamuka futhi zishise ngokushesha. Lokhu kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela okuphezulu kanye nokuwohloka kwezakhiwo zawo ezisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa. Inombolo yesisekelo, tbn. Ibonisa isamba se-alkalinity kawoyela, okuhlanganisa naleyo esetshenziswa izihlanzi ezine-alkaline neziwahlakazisi. I-TBN ikhombisa ikhono lamafutha okunciphisa ama-asidi ayingozi angena kuwo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini futhi amelane namadiphozithi. I-TBN ephansi, izithasiselo ezingasebenzi kancane zihlala emafutheni. Amafutha amaningi enjini kaphethiloli ngokuvamile ane-TBN ka-8 kuya ku-9, kuyilapho amafutha enjini ye-diesel ngokuvamile asuka ku-11 kuya ku-14.

Inombolo eyisisekelo kawoyela wenjini

Lapho uwoyela wenjini usebenza, i-TBN iyancipha nakanjani futhi izithasiselo eziqeda amandla ziyasebenza. Ukwehliswa okuphawulekayo kwe-TBN kuholela ekugqobeni kwe-asidi kanye nokungcoliswa kwezingxenye zenjini zangaphakathi. Inombolo ye-acid, tan. Inombolo ye-asidi yisilinganiso sobukhona bemikhiqizo ene-oxidizing kumafutha enjini. Ukwehla kwenani eliphelele, ngcono izimo zokusebenza zikawoyela wenjini. Futhi kakhulu impilo yakhe esele. Ukwanda kwe-TAN kukhombisa uketshezi kukawoyela ngenxa yempilo yesevisi ende nokushisa okusebenzayo. Inani eliphelele le-asidi lizimisele ukuhlaziya isimo samafutha enjini, njengenkomba yesimo se-oxidation kawoyela nokuqongelelwa kwemikhiqizo yomlilo ka-asidi.

Amamolekyuli kawoyela wamaminerali nowokwenziwa avela kumafutha wezimoto

Amafutha angama-hydrocarbon anenombolo ethile yama-athomu ekhabhoni. Lawa ma-athomu angaxhunyaniswa ngamaketanga amade futhi aqondile noma ngamagatsha, isibonelo, umqhele wesihlahla. Ukuqondisa amaketanga, ngcono izakhiwo zikawoyela. Ngokwesigaba se-American Petroleum Institute, u-oyela oyisisekelo uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezinhlanu. Iqembu I, uwoyela oyisisekelo otholwe ngokuhlanzwa okukhethiwe nangokususa izikelemu usebenzisa izincibilikisi ezivamile zezimbiwa Iqembu II, uwoyela oyisisekelo ocwengisiswe kakhulu, nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwamakhompiyutha anamakha nophalafini, kunokuqina kokuqina kwe-oxidative. Amafutha we-Hydrotreated, u-oyela wamaminerali othuthukisiwe.
Group III, high viscosity index base oyili etholwe yi-catalytic hydrocracking, ubuchwepheshe be-HC.

Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela wezimoto

Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okukhethekile, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana kawoyela kuyathuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zamafutha wesisekelo seqembu III ziyefana namafutha wesisekelo seqembu IV. Akumangalisi ukuthi leli qembu lamafutha lingelesigaba samafutha semi-synthetic. Futhi ezinye izinkampani zize zibhekise nakumaoyili ayisisekelo wokwenziwa. Iqembu IV, uwoyela wesisekelo wokwenziwa osuselwa kuma-polyalphaolefins, PAO. Ama-polyalphaolefins atholakale enqubeni yamakhemikhali anezici zokwakheka okufanayo. Ukuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-oxidative, inkomba ephezulu ye-viscosity nokungabikho kwama-molecule kaphalafini ekwakhekeni kwawo. Iqembu V, amanye amafutha ayisisekelo angafakiwe emaqenjini adlule. Leli qembu lifaka amanye amafutha esisekelo wokwenziwa kanye namafutha esisekelo semifino. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezisekelo zamaminerali kuncike kwikhwalithi kawoyela, ububanzi obubilayo bezingxenyana ezikhethiwe zikawoyela, kanye nezindlela nezinga lokuhlanzwa.

Amafutha wezimoto zamaminerali

Isisekelo samaminerali yiso esishibhile. Kungumkhiqizo we-distillation eqondile ye-petroleum, equkethe ama-molecule obude obuhlukile nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukahlukana, ukungazinzi kwe-viscosity, izakhiwo zokushisa, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuphansi kwe-oxidation. Isisekelo samaminerali, uwoyela wenjini ovame kakhulu emhlabeni. Inhlanganisela yokwenziwa kukawoyela wamaminerali kanye nokwenziwa kungaqukatha amaphesenti angama-20 kuye kwangama-40 "okwenziwe". Azikho izidingo ezikhethekile zabakhiqizi bezinto zokugcoba ezinama-semi zokwenziwa maqondana nenani lamafutha wesisekelo wokwenziwa kufutha ophelile wenjini. Akukho futhi okukhombisa ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yokwenziwa, u-Group III noma u-oyela we-Group IV, okufanele isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izinto zokuthambisa ezinhlanu zokwenziwa. Ngokuya ngezici zabo, lawa mafutha anendawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kukawoyela wamaminerali nowokwenziwa, okungukuthi, izakhiwo zawo zingcono kunalawo kawoyela wamaminerali ajwayelekile, kodwa kubi kakhulu kunalawo okwenziwa. Ngamanani, lawa mafutha ashibhile kakhulu kunalawo okwenziwa.

Ama-motor Amafutha Wokwenziwa

Amafutha okwenziwa anezici ezinhle kakhulu zokushisa kwe-viscosity. Okokuqala, kuyindawo ephansi kakhulu yokuthululwa, -50 ° C -60 ° C kunamaminerali, kanye nenkomba ephezulu kakhulu ye-viscosity. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuqala injini esimweni sezulu esineqhwa. Okwesibili, bane-viscosity ephezulu emazingeni okushisa asebenzayo angaphezu kwe-100 ° C. Ngenxa yalokho, ifilimu kawoyela ehlukanisa izindawo zokungqubuzana ayigqashuki ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo kakhulu. Ezinye izinzuzo zamafutha okwenziwa zifaka phakathi ukuzinza kweshear okuthuthukisiwe. Ngenxa yokufana kwesakhiwo, ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-thermal-oxidative. Lokho wukuthi, ukuthambekela okuphansi kokwakha amadiphozithi nama-varnishi. Amafilimu angafihli, aqinile kakhulu, angenakunyibilika asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezishisayo abizwa ngokuthi i-oxidizing varnishes. Kanye nokuhwamuka okuphansi nokusetshenziswa kwemfucuza kuqhathaniswa nooyela bamaminerali.

Izithasiselo Zikawoyela Wenjini

Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ama-synthetics adinga ukwethulwa kwenani elincane lezithasiselo zokuqina. Futhi ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zayo zekhwalithi ephezulu azidingi izithasiselo ezinjalo nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, lawa mafutha azinzile kakhulu, ngoba izithasiselo zibhujiswa kuqala. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zikawoyela zokwenziwa zisiza ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwenjini jikelele nokunciphisa ukugqoka ezingxenyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisetshenziswa sabo sidlula isisetshenziswa samaminerali izikhathi ezi-5 noma ngaphezulu. Isici esiyinhloko esinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha okwenziwa yizindleko zawo eziphezulu. Zibiza izikhathi eziphindwe ka-3-5 kunezamaminerali. Futhi ikakhulukazi amamaki ayo asezingeni eliphakeme awazidingi izithasiselo ezinjalo, ngakho-ke la mafutha azinzile kakhulu.

Izithasiselo ze-Antiwear zamafutha ezimoto

Izithasiselo ze-Antiwear. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuvimbela ukugqokwa kwezingxenye zokushayisana kwezinjini ezindaweni lapho ukwakheka kwefilimu kawoyela yokuqina okudingekayo kungenakwenzeka. Basebenza ngokumunca ingaphezulu lensimbi bese belwenza ngamakhemikhali ngalo ngenkathi kuhlangana insimbi nensimbi. Lapho kusebenza ngokwengeziwe, kukhishwa ukushisa okwengeziwe phakathi nalokhu kuthintwa, kwakhiwe ifilimu yensimbi ekhethekile enezakhiwo "ezislayidayo". Lokhu kuvimbela ukugqoka okungahambi kahle. Ama-oxidation inhibitors, izithasiselo ze-antioxidant. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, uwoyela wenjini uhlala echayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, emoyeni, oksijini nase-nitrogen oxides. Yini ebangela ukuthi yenze i-oxidize, idilize izithasiselo futhi iqine. Izithasiselo ze-antioxidants zinciphisa ijubane le-oyile nokwakheka okungenakugwemeka kwamadiphozithi anolaka ngemuva kwawo.

Amafutha enjini - isimiso sokusebenza

Umgomo wesenzo sabo ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngemikhiqizo ebangela i-oxidation yamafutha. Zihlukaniswe zibe izithasiselo ze-inhibitor ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nenani levolumu yamafutha. Nezithasiselo ze-thermal-oxidative ezenza imisebenzi yazo kusendlalelo esisebenzayo ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ama-Corrosion inhibitors aklanyelwe ukuvikela ingaphezulu lezingxenye zenjini ekugqwaleni okubangelwa ama-organic kanye nama-mineral acids akhiwa ngesikhathi sokuxutshwa kwe-oxidation yamafutha nezithasiselo. Indlela yesenzo sabo ukwakheka kwefilimu evikelayo ebusweni bezingxenye kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwama-acids. Ama-rust inhibitors ahloselwe ngokuyinhloko ukuvikela izindonga zensimbi nezinsimbi zensimbi, amaphistoni namasongo. Indlela yokwenza iyafana. Ama-Corrosion inhibitors avame ukudideka nama-antioxidants.

Amafutha wezimoto nama-antioxidants

Ama-antioxidants, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, avikela uwoyela uqobo kusuka ku-oxidation. Ubuso bezingxenye zensimbi buphikisana nokugqwala. Zibamba iqhaza ekwakheni ifilimu kawoyela eqinile ensimbini. Lokho kuyivikela ekuthintaneni nama-acid namanzi, ahlala ekhona kumthamo kawoyela. Izinguquko ze-Friction. Bazama ngokuqhubekayo ukusebenzisa owoyela abaneziguquko zezinjini zezinjini zesimanje. Lokho kunganciphisa ukulingana kokungqubuzana phakathi kwezingxenye zomshikashika ukuthola amafutha asindisa amandla. Izinguquko ezaziwa kakhulu zokungqubuzana i-graphite ne-molybdenum disulfide. Kunzima kakhulu ukusebenzisa kumafutha wesimanje. Ngoba lezi zinto azincibiliki emafutheni futhi zingahlakazeka kuphela ngezinhlayiya ezincane. Lokhu kudinga ukwethulwa kwama-dispersants angeziwe kanye ne-stabilizers ehlakazekile emafutheni, kepha lokhu akuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha anjalo isikhathi eside.

Ukufaneleka kukawoyela wezimoto

Ngenxa yalokho, ama-ester e-fatty encibilikayo kawoyela njengamanje asetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinguquko zokushayisana. Ezinamathela kahle ezindaweni zensimbi futhi zakha ungqimba lwama-molecule anciphisa ukungqubuzana. Ukwenza lula ukukhethwa kukawoyela wekhwalithi edingekayo yohlobo oluthile lwenjini nezimo zokusebenza kwayo, izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa zikhona. Njengamanje, kunezinhlelo eziningi zokuhlukaniswa kukawoyela wezinjini: i-API, ILSAC, ACEA ne-GOST. Kuhlelo ngalunye, uwoyela wezinjini uhlukaniswe uchungechunge nezigaba kuya ngekhwalithi nenjongo. Lolu chungechunge nezigaba ziqaliswe yizinhlangano zikazwelonke nezamazwe omhlaba zokuhluza kanye nabakhiqizi bezimoto. Inhloso nekhwalithi yekhwalithi kusezinhliziyweni zebanga lamafutha. Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo ezamukelwa ngokujwayelekile, kukhona futhi izidingo nezincazelo zabakhiqizi bezimoto. Ngaphezu kokugoba owoyela ngekhwalithi, uhlelo lwe-SAE viscosity grading nalo luyasetshenziswa.