Uyini futhi uqukethe ini umzimba wemoto?

Imoto yakhiwe ngezinto eziningi ezisebenza ngokubambisana ngaphandle komthungo. Okubalulekile kubhekwa njengenjini, i-chassis nokudluliswa. Kodwa-ke, zonke zilungiswe ohlelweni lwenethiwekhi, oluqinisekisa ukuxhumana kwazo. Uhlelo lwenkampani yenethiwekhi lungavezwa ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukile, kepha okuthandwa kakhulu ngumzimba wemoto. Kuyinto ebalulekile yokwakheka okuvikela izingxenye zemoto, ukufaka abagibeli nempahla egumbini, futhi kumunca yonke imithwalo ngenkathi ushayela.

Inhloso nezidingo

Uma injini ibizwa ngokuthi yinhliziyo yemoto, khona-ke umzimba uyigobolondo noma umzimba wayo. Yiba noma kanjani, ngumzimba oyinto ebiza kakhulu emotweni. Inhloso yayo enkulu ukuvikela abagibeli nezinto zangaphakathi emathonyeni ezemvelo, ekubekeni izihlalo nezinye izinto.

Njengento ebalulekile yokwakheka, izidingo ezithile zibekwa emzimbeni, kufaka phakathi:

• ukumelana nokugqwala nokuqina;
• isisindo esincane;
• ukuqina okudingekayo;
• ukwakheka okuhle ukuqinisekisa ukulungiswa nokulungiswa kwazo zonke izingxenye zemoto, ukulayishwa kalula kwemithwalo;
• ukuqinisekisa izinga elidingekayo lokunethezeka kwabagibeli nomshayeli;
• ukuqinisekisa izinga elithile lokuphepha kokushayisana;
• ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zesimanje nezitayela zedizayini.

Isakhiwo somzimba

Ingxenye ethwala umthwalo yemoto ingaqukatha ifreyimu nomzimba, umzimba kuphela, noma ihlanganiswe. Umzimba, owenza imisebenzi yesithwali, ubizwa ngokuthi umphathi. Lolu hlobo luvame kakhulu ezimotweni zesimanje.

Futhi, umzimba ungenziwa ngemiqulu emithathu:

• ivolumu eyodwa;
• amavolumu amabili;
• amavolumu amathathu.

Ingcezu eyodwa yakhelwe njengomzimba oyisigaxa esisodwa ohlanganisa igumbi lenjini, igumbi labagibeli kanye nendawo yokugcina impahla. Lesi sakhiwo sihambisana nomgibeli (amabhasi, amabhasi amancane) nezimoto ezisetshenziswayo.

Amavolumu amabili anezindawo ezimbili zesikhala. Igumbi lomgibeli, lihlanganiswe nesiqu, kanye negumbi lenjini. Lesi sakhiwo sifaka i-hatchback, isiteshi wagon ne-crossover.

Amavolumu amathathu aqukethe amakamelo amathathu: igumbi labagibeli, igumbi lenjini nendawo yokulayisha imithwalo. Lesi yisakhiwo sakudala esilingana nesedans.

Izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zingabukwa kulo mdwebo ongezansi, bese ufunda ngokuningiliziwe endatshaneni yethu ngezinhlobo zomzimba.

Idivayisi

Yize kunezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo, umzimba wemoto umgibeli unezinto ezivamile. Lokhu kuboniswa kumfanekiso ongezansi futhi kufaka:

1. Amalungu ohlangothini angaphambili nangemuva. Ziyimishayo engunxande enikezela ukuqina kwesakhiwo nokudambisa ukudlidliza.
2. Isihlangu sangaphambili. Ihlukanisa igumbi lensimbi egumbini lomgibeli.
3. Imivimbo engaphambili. Ziphinde zinikeze ukuqina nokuqinisa uphahla.
4. Uphahla.
5. Insika yangemuva.
6. Iphiko elingemuva.
7. Iphaneli yemithwalo.
8. I-rack ephakathi. Inikeza ukuqina komzimba, okwenziwe ngensimbi yensimbi ehlala njalo.
9. Imibundu.
10. Umhubhe omaphakathi lapho kutholakala khona izinto ezahlukahlukene (ipayipi le-exhaust, shaft propeller, njll.). Futhi kwandisa ukuqina.
11. Isisekelo noma phansi.
12. Isondo kahle niche.

Idizayini ingahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lomzimba (sedan, station wagon, minibus, njll.). Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kukhokhelwa kuzakhi zesakhiwo ezinjengama-spars nama-struts.

Ukomelela

Ubulukhuni impahla yomzimba wemoto ukumelana nemithwalo enamandla nezibalo ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Kuthinta ngqo ukuphatha.

Ukuphakama kokuqina, kungcono ukuphatha imoto.

Ukuqina kuncike ohlotsheni lomzimba, i-geometry isiyonke, inani leminyango, usayizi wemoto namawindi. Ukunamathiselwa nokuma kwesivikelo somoya namawindi angemuva nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile. Bangakhuphula ubunzima ngo-20-40%. Ukuze uqhubeke nokwandisa ukuqina, kufakwe imichilo ehlukahlukene yokuqinisa.

Okuzinzile kakhulu ama-hatchbacks, ama-coupes nama-sedans. Njengomthetho, lokhu kuyisakhiwo esinamavolumu amathathu, esinokuhlukaniswa okungeziwe phakathi kwegumbi lomthwalo nenjini. Ukuntuleka kokuqina kukhonjiswa ngumzimba wenqola yesiteshi, umgibeli, ikhumbi.

Kunemingcele emibili yokuqina - ukugoba nokuhlukumeza. Nge-torsion, ukumelana kuhlolwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi ezindaweni eziphikisanayo ezihlobene ne-axis yayo ye-longitudinal, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ilenga ngokulandelana. Njengoba sekushiwo, izimoto zesimanje zinomzimba owodwa we-monocoque. Ezakhiweni ezinjalo, ukuqina kunikezwa ikakhulukazi ngama-spars, imishayo enqamulelayo neye-longitudinal.

Izinto zokwenziwa nobukhulu bazo

Amandla nokuqina kwesakhiwo kungakhuphuka ngobukhulu bensimbi, kepha lokhu kuzothinta isisindo. Umzimba kufanele ukhanye futhi uqine ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kutholakala ngokusebenzisa ishidi lekhabhoni lensimbi eliphansi. Izingxenye ngazinye zenziwa ngokushaya isitembu. Izingxenye zibe sezihlanganisiwe ngokuqinile.

Ukujiya kwensimbi okuyinhloko kungu-0,8-2 mm. Uhlaka kusetshenziswa steel nge ukushuba 2-4 mm. Izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengama-spars nemivimbo, zenziwe ngensimbi, evame ukuhlanganiswa, ngobukhulu obungu-4-8 mm, izimoto ezisindayo - 5-12 mm.

Inzuzo yensimbi yekhabhoni ephansi ukuthi ingakhiwa kahle. Ungenza ingxenye yanoma yikuphi ukwakheka nejometri. Susa ukumelana nokugqwala okuphansi. Ukwandisa ukumelana nokugqwala, amashidi wensimbi ayasetshenziswa noma kufakwa ithusi. Umsebenzi wokupenda uphinde uvikele ukugqwala.

Izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingathwali umthwalo omkhulu zenziwe ngamapulasitiki noma ama-aluminium alloys. Lokhu kunciphisa isisindo nezindleko zesakhiwo. Lesi sibalo sikhombisa izinto zokwakha namandla azo kuya ngenhloso.

Umzimba we-Aluminium

Abaklami banamuhla bahlala befuna izindlela zokwehlisa isisindo ngaphandle kokulahla ukuqina namandla. I-Aluminium ingenye yezinto ezithembisayo. Isisindo sezingxenye ze-aluminium ngo-2005 ezimotweni zaseYurophu sasingu-130 kg.

Manje kusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo impahla ye-foam aluminium. Kukhanya kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye impahla enzima ebamba umthelela ekushayaneni kahle. Isakhiwo se-foam sinikeza ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu nokufakwa komsindo. Okubi ngalo mbhalo yizindleko zawo eziphakeme, cishe ezibiza ngama-20% kunezimbangi zendabuko. Ama-aluminium alloys asetshenziswa kakhulu ngabakhathazayo i- "Audi" ne- "Mercedes". Isibonelo, ngenxa yama-alloys anjalo, kungenzeka ukunciphisa kakhulu isisindo somzimba we-Audi A8. Kungu-810 kg kuphela.

Ngaphezu kwe-aluminium, izinto zepulasitiki ziyabhekwa. Isibonelo, i-Fibropur alloy entsha, ecishe iqine njengamashidi wensimbi.

Umzimba ungenye yezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakheka kwanoma iyiphi imoto. Ubukhulu, ukuphathwa nokuphepha kwemoto kuncike kakhulu kuyo. Ikhwalithi nokuqina kwezinto kuthinta ukuqina nokumelana nokugqwala. Ama-automaker anamuhla aya ngokuya asebenzise i-CFRP noma i-aluminium ukunciphisa isisindo sokwakheka. Into esemqoka ukuthi umzimba unganikeza ukuphepha okuphezulu kakhulu kubagibeli nomshayeli uma kwenzeka kushayisana.