Luyini uhlelo lwemoto e-hybrid?

Muva nje, izimoto zikagesi ziya ngokuthandwa. Kodwa-ke, izimoto zikagesi ezigcwele ngokugcwele zinokubuyela emuva okukhulu - indawo yokugcina amandla encane ngaphandle kokushaja kabusha. Ngalesi sizathu, abenzi bezimoto abaningi abahamba phambili bahlomisa ezinye zezinhlobo zabo ngamayunithi we-hybrid.

Ngokuyinhloko, imoto eyi-hybrid iyimoto ene-powertrain eyinhloko eyinjini yangaphakathi yomlilo, kepha inikwa amandla uhlelo logesi olunama-motors kagesi owodwa noma amaningi nebhethri elengeziwe.

Namuhla, kunezigaba eziningana zezinhlamvu ezisetshenzisiwe. Abanye basiza kuphela injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ekuqaleni, abanye bakuvumela ukuthi ushayele usebenzisa i-traction kagesi. Cabanga ngezici zalezi zitshalo zamandla: uyini umehluko wazo, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, kanye nobuhle nobubi bezinhlamvu.

Umlando wezinjini ze-hybrid

Umqondo wokwenza imoto eyi-hybrid (noma isiphambano phakathi kwemoto yakudala nemoto kagesi) uqhutshwa ngamanani aphezulu kaphethiloli, izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa kwezimoto nokududuza okukhulu kokushayela.

Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sokuphehla ugesi esixutshiwe kwenziwa okokuqala yinkampani yaseFrance iParisisi de voitures electriques. Kodwa-ke, imoto yokuqala esebenzisekayo eyi-hybrid kwakhiwa uFerdinand Porsche. Esikhungweni samandla kagesi iLohner Electric Chaise, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yasebenza njenge-generator kagesi, eyayinika amandla ama-motor amabili kagesi angaphambili (afakwa ngqo emasondweni).

Imoto yethulwa emphakathini ngo-1901. Sekukonke, kwathengiswa amakhophi angaba ngu-300 ezimoto ezinjalo. Imodeli ibe usizo kakhulu, kodwa iyabiza ukuyenza, ngakho-ke umshayeli ojwayelekile akakwazanga ukuthenga imoto enjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi kwavela imoto eshibhile futhi engasebenzi kangako, eyenziwe ngumklami uHenry Ford.

Ama-powertrains akudala kaphethiloli aphoqelela abathuthukisi ukuthi bashiye umbono wokudala inzalo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Intshisekelo ekuthuthweni okuluhlaza ikhulile ngokuhamba koMthethosivivinywa Wokukhuthaza Ezokuhamba Ngogesi wase-United States. Yamukelwa ngo-1960.

Kwaqondana nje, ngo-1973, kwaqubuka inkinga yomhlaba kawoyela. Uma imithetho yase-US ingakhuthazi abakhiqizi ukuthi bacabange ngokwakha izimoto ezingabizi kakhulu, isimo esibucayi sabaphoqa ukuthi bakwenze.

Uhlelo lokuqala lwe-hybrid olugcwele, okuyisisekelo esisasetshenziswa nanamuhla, lwakhiwa yi-TRW ngo-1968. Ngokomqondo, kanye nenjini kagesi, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa injini encane yomlilo yangaphakathi, kepha ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla omshini awalahlekile, futhi umsebenzi waba bushelelezi kakhulu.

Isibonelo semoto eyi-hybrid ephelele iGM 512 Hybrid. Inikwe amandla yimoto kagesi esheshisa imoto yafika ku-17 km / h. Kuleli jubane, injini yokushisa yangaphakathi ivuliwe, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kohlelo, ngenxa yokuthi ijubane lemoto lenyuke lafika ku-21 km / h. Uma kunesidingo sokuhamba ngokushesha, imoto kagesi ivaliwe, futhi imoto yasheshiswa vele ku-injini kaphethiloli. Ijubane lalingu-65 km / h.

IVW Taxi Hybrid, enye imoto eyi-hybrid ephumelelayo, yethulwa emphakathini ngo-1973.

Kuze kube manje, abenzi bezimoto bazama ukuletha ama-hybrid nawo wonke amandla kagesi ezingeni elingabenza bancintisane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zakudala zomlilo zangaphakathi. Yize lokhu kungakenzeki, intuthuko eningi ithethelele izigidigidi zamaRandi ezisetshenziselwe ukuthuthuka kwazo.

Ngokuqala kwenkulungwane yesithathu yesintu, isintu sabona into entsha ebizwa ngeToyota Prius. Ingqondo yomkhiqizi waseJapan isifana nomqondo "wemoto eyi-hybrid". Izentuthuko eziningi zesimanje zibolekwe kulokhu kuthuthukiswa. Kuze kube manje, kudalwe inani elikhulu lokuguqulwa kokufakwa okuhlanganisiwe, okuvumela umthengi ukuthi azikhethele inketho engcono kakhulu.

Zisebenza kanjani izimoto ezi-hybrid

Musa ukudida imoto eyi-hybrid nemoto kagesi ephelele. Ukufakwa kukagesi kuyabandakanyeka kwezinye izimo. Isibonelo, kwimodi yasemadolobheni, lapho imoto isiminyaminya, ukusetshenziswa kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi kuholela ekushiseni kakhulu kwenjini, kanye nasekwandiseni ukungcoliswa komoya. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukufakwa kukagesi kuyasebenza.

Ngokwakhiwa, i-hybrid iqukethe:

• Iyunithi eyinhloko yamandla. Kuyinto injini kaphethiloli noma udizili.
• Imoto kagesi. Kungenzeka kube neziningana zazo ngokuya ngokuguqulwa. Ngokwesimiso sesenzo, bangahluka futhi. Isibonelo, amanye angasetshenziswa njengedrayivu eyengeziwe yamasondo, kanti amanye angaba umsizi wenjini lapho uqala imoto ingami.
• Ibhethri elengeziwe. Kwezinye izimoto, inomthamo omncane, amandla kagesi anele ukwenza kusebenze ukufakwa kagesi isikhathi esifushane. Kwabanye, leli bhethri linamandla amakhulu ukuze izimoto zihambe ngokukhululeka kusuka kugesi.
• Uhlelo lokulawula i-elekthronikhi. Izinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ziqapha ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi futhi zihlaziye ukusebenza komshini, lapho injini kagesi icushiwe / ingasebenzi khona.
• Inverter. Lesi siguquli samandla adingekayo aqhamuka ebhetri aye ezimotweni zikagesi ezinezigaba ezintathu. Le nto iphinde isabalalise umthwalo kuma-node ahlukile, kuya ngokuguqulwa kokufakwa.
• I-Generator. Ngaphandle kwale ndlela, akunakwenzeka ukuthi uvuselele ibhethri eliyinhloko noma elengeziwe. Njengezimoto ezivamile, i-generator inikwa amandla yinjini yangaphakathi yomlilo.
• Izinhlelo zokuvuselela ukushisa. Iningi lama-nzalo anamuhla afakwe uhlelo olunjalo. It "iqoqa" amandla angeziwe kusuka kuzinto ezifana nemoto njengohlelo lwe-braking kanye ne-chassis (lapho imoto igudla, ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka egqumeni, isiguquli siqoqa amandla akhululiwe angene ebhethri).

Ama-powertrains we-hybrid angasebenza ngawodwana noma ngababili.

Amaqhinga wokusebenza

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlamvu eziyimpumelelo. Kukhona ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• kuyavumelana;
• ukufana;
• i-serial-parallel.

Isifunda somkhiqizo

Kulokhu, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi isetshenziswa njenge-generator kagesi yokusebenza kwezinjini zikagesi. Eqinisweni, uphethiloli noma injini kadizili ayinakho ukuxhumana ngqo nokudluliswa kwemoto.

Lolu hlelo luvumela ukufakwa kwezinjini ezinamandla aphansi ezinevolumu encane egumbini lezinjini. Umsebenzi wabo omkhulu ukushayela i-generator yegesi.

Lezi zimoto zivame ukufakwa uhlelo lokululama, lapho amandla we-mechanical kanye ne-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi wokushaja ibhethri. Ngokuya ngosayizi webhethri, imoto ingahamba ibanga elithile kuphela ekuthambekeleni kukagesi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa injini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Isibonelo esidume kunazo zonke zalesi sigaba sembewu yiChevrolet Volt. Ingakhokhiswa njengemoto ejwayelekile kagesi, kepha ngenxa yenjini kaphethiloli, uhla lukhuphuke kakhulu.

Isifunda esifanayo

Ngokufakwa okufanayo, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi kanye nemoto kagesi isebenza ngokulandelana. Umsebenzi wemoto kagesi ukunciphisa umthwalo kuyunithi enkulu, okuholela ekongeni kakhulu uphethiloli.

Uma injini yomlilo yangaphakathi inqanyuliwe ekudlulisweni, imoto iyakwazi ukumboza ibanga elithile ukusuka kugesi. Kepha umsebenzi omkhulu wengxenye kagesi ukuqinisekisa ukushesha okubushelelezi kwemoto. Iyunithi yamandla amakhulu kulezi zinguquko iphethiloli (noma udizili) injini.

Lapho imoto yehlisa ijubane noma isuka ekusebenzeni kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, imoto kagesi isebenza njenge-generator yokugcwalisa ibhethri. Ngenxa yenjini yomlilo, lezi zimoto azidingi ibhethri elinamandla amakhulu.

Ngokungafani nenzalo elandelanayo, lezi zingxenye zinokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kukaphethiloli, ngoba imoto kagesi ayisetshenziswa njengeyunithi yamandla ehlukile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, njengeBMW 350E iPerformance, imoto kagesi ifakwe ku-gearbox.

Isici salolu hlelo lomsebenzi i-torque ephezulu ngejubane eliphansi le-crankshaft.

Isifunda se-serial-parallel

Lesi sifunda sakhiwa onjiniyela baseJapan. Ibizwa nge-HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive). Eqinisweni, ihlanganisa imisebenzi yezinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zokusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla.

Lapho imoto idinga ukuqala noma ukuhamba kancane esiminyaminyeni sezimoto, kusebenze imoto kagesi. Ukonga amandla ngejubane elikhulu, injini kaphethroli noma udizili (kuya ngohlobo lwemoto) iyaxhunywa.

Uma udinga ukusheshisa kakhulu (isibonelo, lapho udlula) noma imoto ikhuphuka intaba, isitshalo samandla sisebenza ngemodi efanayo - imoto kagesi isiza injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, eyehlisa umthwalo kuyo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yonga ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.

Ukuxhumeka kwamaplanethi kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi kudlulisa ingxenye yamandla kuye egiyeni elikhulu lokudluliswa, futhi ngokwengxenye kuya ku-generator yokushaja kabusha ibhethri noma idrayivu kagesi. Kuhlelo olunjalo, kufakwe i-elekthronikhi eyinkimbinkimbi ehambisa amandla ngokwesimo.

Isibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke se-hybrid esine-powertrain yochungechunge-olulinganayo yiToyota Prius. Kodwa-ke, okunye ukuguqulwa kwamamodeli owenziwe kahle aseJapan asevele etholile ukufakwa okunjalo. Isibonelo salokhu yiToyota Camry, iToyota Highlander Hybrid, iLexus LS 600h. Lobu buchwepheshe buthengwe nangokukhathazeka okuthile kwaseMelika. Isibonelo, intuthuko ithole indlela eya kuFord Escape Hybrid.

Izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe zeHybrid

Onke ama-powertrains we-hybrid ahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezintathu:

• i-hybrid ethambile;
• i-hybrid ephakathi;
• i-hybrid ephelele.

Ngamunye wabo unomsebenzi wawo kanye nezimpawu ezihlukile.

Micro hybrid powertrain

Izitshalo ezinjalo zamandla zivame ukufakelwa uhlelo lokululama ukuze amandla e-kinetic aguqulwe abe amandla kagesi abuyiselwe ebhethri.

Indlela yokushayela kuzo iyisiqalo (futhi ingasebenza njenge-generator). Akukho drive kagesi ekufakweni okunjalo. Isikimu sisetshenziswa ngokuqala kaningi kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Medium hybrid powertrain

Izimoto ezinjalo nazo azihambi ngenxa yenjini kagesi. Imoto kagesi kuleli cala isebenza njengomsizi weyunithi yamandla amakhulu lapho umthwalo unyuka.

Izinhlelo ezinjalo zifakwe uhlelo lokululama, lokuqoqa amandla wamahhala abuyele ebhethri. Amayunithi we-hybrid aphakathi nendawo ahlinzeka ngenjini yokushisa esebenza kahle kakhulu.

I-powertrain ephelele ye-hybrid

Ekufakeni okunjalo, kukhona i-generator yamandla ephezulu, eqhutshwa yinjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Uhlelo luqaliswa ngesivinini esiphansi semoto.

Ukusebenza kohlelo kubonakala phambi komsebenzi we "Start / Stop", lapho imoto ihamba kancane esiminyaminyeni sezimoto, kepha udinga ukusheshisa kakhulu kumarobhothi. Isici sokufakwa okugcwele kwe-hybrid yikhono lokucisha injini yomlilo yangaphakathi (i-clutch ayisebenzi) bese ushayela imoto kagesi.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngezinga lokufakwa kukagesi

Emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe noma egameni lemodeli yemoto, imigomo elandelayo ingaba khona:

• i-microhybrid;
• i-hybrid emnene;
• i-hybrid ephelele;
• i-plug-in hybrid.

I-Microhybrid

Ezimotweni ezinjalo, kufakwa injini ejwayelekile. Aziqhutshwa ngogesi. Lezi zinhlelo zihlonyiswe ngomsebenzi wokuqala / wokumisa, noma zifakwe isistimu yokuziqhoboshela evuselelayo (lapho ifaka amabhuleki, ibhethri iyasebenza kabusha)

Amanye amamodeli afakelwe zombili izinhlelo. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lezo zimoto azibhekwa njengezimoto ezixubekile, ngoba zisebenzisa kuphela uphethiloli noma udizili ngaphandle kwamandla okuhlanganiswa nohlelo lokushayela ngogesi.

I-hybrid emaphakathi

Izimoto ezinjalo nazo azihambi ngenxa kagesi. Baphinde basebenzise injini yokushisa, njengasesigabeni esedlule. Ngaphandle kokunye - injini yomlilo yangaphakathi isekelwa ukufakwa kagesi.

Lezi zinhlobo azinayo i-flywheel. Umsebenzi wawo wenziwa nge-starter-generator kagesi. Isistimu kagesi inyusa ukubuyiswa kwemoto yamandla aphansi ngesikhathi sokusheshisa kanzima.

Qedela i-hybrid

Lezi zimoto ziqondwa njengezimoto ezikwazi ukumboza ibanga elithile kumandla kagesi. Kumamodeli anjalo, noma yiluphi uhlelo lokuxhumana olushiwo ngenhla lungasetshenziswa.

Ama-hybridi anjalo awakhokhiswa kuma-mains. Ibhethri ligcwaliswa ngamandla avela ohlelweni lokuzivuselela lokuzivuselela kanye ne-generator. Ibanga elingagqitshwa ngokushaja okukodwa lincike ebangeni lebhethri.

Ama-plugins we-Hybrid

Izimoto ezinjalo zingasebenza njengemoto kagesi noma zigijime kwinjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezikhungo ezimbili zamandla kagesi, kuhlinzekwa ngomnotho ophethiloli ohloniphekile.

Njengoba kungenakwenzeka ngokomzimba ukufaka ibhethri elinamandla (ezimotweni zikagesi kuthatha indawo yethangi legesi), i-hybrid enjalo ingafinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-50 ngecala elilodwa ngaphandle kokushaja kabusha.

Ubuhle nobubi bezimoto ezi-hybrid

Okwamanje, i-hybrid ingabhekwa njengesixhumanisi sesikhashana esisuka enjini yokushisa siye ku-analogue kagesi enobungani bemvelo. Yize inhloso enkulu ingakafezeki, ngenxa yokwethulwa kwentuthuko yanamuhla, kunomkhuba omuhle ekuthuthukiseni ezokuthutha ngogesi.

Njengoba ama-nzalo ayindlela yesikhashana, anezindawo zombili ezinhle nezimbi. Ama-pluses afaka:

• Umnotho we-Fuel. Ngokuya ngokusebenza kombhangqwana wamandla, le nkomba ingakhuphuka ifike ku-30% noma ngaphezulu.
• Ukushaja kabusha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-main. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yohlelo lokuvuselelwa kwamandla kagesi. Noma, ukushaja okugcwele kungenzeki, uma onjiniyela bekwazi ukuthuthukisa ukuguqulwa, khona-ke izimoto zikagesi ngeke zidinge ukuphuma.
• Amandla wokufaka imoto yevolumu encane namandla.
• I-elekthronikhi yonga kakhulu kunamakhenikha, ihambisa uphethiloli.
• Injini ishisa kancane, futhi uphethiloli uyadliwa lapho ushayela esiminyaminyeni sezimoto.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kukaphethiloli / udizili kanye nezinjini zikagesi kukuvumela ukuthi uqhubeke nokushayela uma ibhethri elinamandla amakhulu lifile.
• Ngenxa yokusebenza kwemoto kagesi, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ingasebenza ngokuzinza nangomsindo omncane.

Ukufakwa kwe-Hybrid nakho kunehlu oluhle lokungalungi:

• Ibhethri alisebenziseki ngokushesha ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokujikeleza / ukukhipha imijikelezo (noma kusezinhlelweni ze-hybrid eziphansi);
• Ibhethri livame ukukhishwa ngokuphelele;
• Izingxenye zezimoto ezinjalo ziyabiza impela;
• Ukuzilungisa cishe akunakwenzeka, ngoba lokhu kudinga izinto zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi;
• Uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli kaphethiloli noma udizili, ama-nzalo abiza izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi ngaphezulu;
• Ukugcinwa njalo kubiza kakhulu;
• I-elekthronikhi eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela, futhi amaphutha enzeka kwesinye isikhathi aphazamisa uhambo olude;
• Kunzima ukuthola uchwepheshe ongakwazi ukulungisa kahle ukusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla. Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele usebenzise izinsizakalo zama-ateliers abizayo abangochwepheshe;
• Amabhethri awanakubekezelela ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa futhi ayakhishwa ngokwawo.
• Ngaphandle kobungani bemvelo ngesikhathi kusebenza imoto kagesi, ukukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwamabhethri kungcolisa kakhulu.

Ukuze izinto eziyimbumba nezimoto zikagesi zibe imbangi yangempela ezinjinini zomlilo zangaphakathi, ukuthuthuka kuyadingeka emandleni kagesi (ukuze agcine amandla amaningi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye awekho kakhulu), kanye nezinhlelo zokushaja ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulimaza ibhethri.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini imoto eyi-hybrid? Lena imoto lapho kusetshenziswa amandla angaphezu kweyodwa ukuhamba kwayo. Lokhu empeleni kuyingxube yemoto kagesi kanye nemoto enenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo yakudala.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-hybrid kanye nemoto evamile? Imoto eyi-hybrid inezinzuzo zemoto kagesi (ukusebenza ngokuthula kwenjini nokushayela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uphethiloli), kodwa lapho ibhethri lehla, iyunithi yamandla eyinhloko (uphethiloli) iyasebenza.