Okudingayo ukwazi ngokukhanyisa imoto?

Ukukhanyisa kwezimoto

Ukukhanyisa kwezimoto. Umthombo wokuqala wokukhanya kwezimoto kwakuyigesi ye-acetylene. Umshayeli wendiza kanye nomklami wezindiza uLouis Blériot uphakamise ukuthi isetshenziswe ekukhanyisweni komgwaqo ngo-1896. Ukubeka izibani ze-acetylene kuwumkhuba. Okokuqala kufanele uvule umpompi kujeneretha ye-acetylene. Ngakho amanzi aconsela ku-calcium carbide. Engaphansi kwesiqu. I-acetylene yakhiwa ngokusebenzisana kwe-carbide namanzi. Okungena kumshini wokushisa we-ceramic ngamashubhu erabha okugxilwe kuwo isibonisi. Kodwa kufanele ayeke amahora angaphezu kwamane - ukuvula kabusha isibani, asihlanze ku-soot futhi agcwalise i-generator ngengxenye entsha ye-carbide namanzi. Kodwa izibani ze-carbide zazikhazimula ngenkazimulo. Isibonelo, eyakhiwe ngo-1908 yi-Westphalian Metal Company.

Amalensi Wokukhanyisa Izithuthi

Lo mphumela ophakeme utholwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamalensi nezibonakalisi eziyimidwebo. Imoto yokuqala yentambo yayinelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1899. Kusuka enkampanini yaseFrance iBassee Michel. Kodwa kuze kube ngu-1910, amalambu e-carbon ayengathembekile. Ayisebenzisi imali futhi idinga amabhethri amakhulu asindayo. Lokho futhi bekuncike eziteshini zokushaja. Awekho ama-generator ezimoto afanelekile anamandla afanele. Futhi-ke kwaba nokuguquka kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa. I-filament yaqala ukwenziwa nge-tungsten ekhanyayo enendawo yokuncibilika engu-3410 ° C. Imoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza enamalambu kagesi, kanye nokuqala kukagesi kanye nokuthungela kwenziwa ngo-1912, iCadillac Model 30 Self Starter.

Ukukhanyisa kwezimoto nokukhanya

Inkinga yokuphuphuthekisa. Ngokokuqala ngqá, inkinga yokuqhakambisa abashayeli abeza phambili yavela ngokufika kwamalambu e-carbide. Balwa naye ngezindlela ezahlukene. Bahambisa isibonakaliso, basusa umthombo wokukhanya ekugxileni kwawo, ngenhloso efanayo nethoshi uqobo. Baphinde bafaka amakhethini ahlukahlukene nezimpumputhe endleleni yokukhanya. Futhi lapho isibani se-incandescent sikhanyiswa emalambini, phakathi nohambo oluzayo, ukumelana okwengeziwe kwafakwa ngisho nasekwesekeni kagesi, okwanciphisa ukukhanya. Kepha isixazululo esihle kakhulu savela kuBosch, owathi ngo-1919 wakha isibani esinezibani ezimbili ze-incandescent. Okwenziwe ngemishayo ephezulu naphansi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakusungulwe ingilazi yesibani sangaphambili embozwe ama-prismatic lens. Okuphambukisa ukukhanya kwesibani phansi naseceleni. Kusukela lapho, abaklami babhekane nezinselelo ezimbili eziphikisanayo.

Ubuchwepheshe besibani sezimoto

Khanyisa umgwaqo ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ugweme abashayeli abakhazimulayo abeza ngaphambili. Ungakhuphula ukugqama kwama-incandescent ngokwenyusa izinga lokushisa kwentambo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-tungsten yaqala ukuhwamuka ngamandla. Uma kukhona igebe ngaphakathi kwesibani, ama-athomu e-tungsten ayahlala kancane kubhalbhu. Ukumboza kusuka ngaphakathi ngokuqhakaza okumnyama. Isixazululo senkinga satholakala ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kusukela ngo-1915, amalambu agcwaliswe ngengxube ye-argon ne-nitrogen. Ama-molecule egesi akha uhlobo lwesithiyo esivimbela i-tungsten ekuhwamukeni. Futhi isinyathelo esilandelayo sithathwe kakade ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50. Ibhodlela laligcwele ama-halides, amakhemikhali wegesi we-iodine noma i-bromine. Bahlanganisa i-tungsten ehwamukile bese beyibuyisela kwikhoyili.

Ukukhanyisa kwezimoto. Izibani ze-Halogen

Isibani sokuqala semoto i-halogen sethulwa nguHella ngo-1962. Ukuvuselelwa kwesibani se-incandescent kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule izinga lokushisa elisebenza kusuka ku-2500 K kuye ku-3200 K. Lokhu kukhulisa ukukhanya okukhiphayo isikhathi esisodwa nohhafu, kusuka ku-15 lm / W kuye ku-25 lm / W. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impilo yesibani iphindwe kabili futhi ukudluliswa kokushisa kuncishisiwe kusuka ku-90% kuya ku-40%. Futhi ubukhulu bube buncane. Futhi isinyathelo esikhulu ekuxazululeni inkinga yokungaboni sathathwa phakathi neminyaka yama-50s. Ngo-1955, inkampani yaseFrance uCibie yaphakamisa umqondo wokusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwemishayo eseduze. Futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ukukhanya kwe-asymmetric kwaba semthethweni eYurophu. Ngo-1988, kusetshenziswa ikhompyutha, kungafakwa isibani se-ellipsoidal kumalambu.

Ukuvela kwamalambu emoto.

Amalambu angaphambili ahlala eyindilinga iminyaka. Le ndlela ilula futhi eshibhe kunayo yonke yesikhombisi esiyindilinga esenziwe. Kodwa isivunguvungu somoya saqala ukukhanyisa amalambu kwiziphehli zemoto sabe sesiphendula isiyingi saba ngunxande, iCitroen AMI 6 yango-1961 yafakwa amalambu angunxande. Lezi zibani zangaphambili kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzenza, zazidinga isikhala esithe xaxa segumbi lenjini, kodwa ngokuhlangana nobukhulu obuncane bokuma mpo, zazinendawo ekhombisa enkulu futhi zanda ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Ukuze ukukhanya kukhanye ngokugqamile ngosayizi omncane, bekudingeka ukuthi kunikeze ukujula okufanekisa ukujula okujule nakakhulu. Futhi bekudla isikhathi esiningi. Ngokuvamile, imiklamo ejwayelekile ye-optical ayifanele ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo.

Ukukhanyisa kwezimoto. Kubonisa.

Ngemuva kwalokho inkampani yamaNgisi uLucas iphakamise ukusebenzisa isibonakaliso se-homofocal, inhlanganisela yama-paraboloid amabili ancishisiwe anobude obuhlukile bokugxila, kepha ngokugxila okufanayo. Enye yamanoveli amasha ahlolwa e-Austin Rover Maestro ngo-1983. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uHella wethule ukuthuthukiswa komqondo kwamalambu ama-axis amathathu anezikhanyisi ze-ellipsoidal. Iqiniso ukuthi isibonakaliso se-ellipsoidal sinezinto ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye. Imisebe ekhishwa yisibani se-halogen kusuka ekugxilweni kokuqala iqoqwa kwesesibili. Ukusuka lapho baya khona kwi-lens ye-condenser. Lolu hlobo lwe-headlight lubizwa ngokuthi yi-spotlight. Ukusebenza kahle kwesibani sesibani se-ellipsoidal kumodi yesigxobo esiphansi kungu-9% ngaphezulu kunokuphanjaniswa. Amalambu avamile akhipha kuphela u-27% wokukhanya okuhlosiwe nobubanzi obungamamilimitha angama-60 kuphela. Lezi zibani zenzelwe inkungu nogongolo oluphansi.

Ukukhanyisa kwezimoto. Amalambu ama-eksisi amathathu

Futhi imoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza enamalambu angama-triaxial kwakuyi-BMW Seven ekupheleni kuka-1986. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, izibani ze-ellipsoidal zinhle kakhulu! Ngokuqondile i-Super DE, njengoba u-Hela ababizile. Ngalesi sikhathi, iphrofayili yesibonisi yayihlukile kunesimo se-ellipsoidal - yayimahhala futhi iklanywe ngendlela yokuthi ukukhanya okuningi kudlule esikrinini esibhekene ne-beam ephansi. Ukusebenza kahle kwezibani zekhanda kukhuphuke kwafinyelela ku-52%. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezibonisi ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokumodela kwezibalo - amakhompyutha akuvumela ukuthi udale izibonisi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezihlanganisiwe. Ukumodela kwekhompiyutha kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule inani lamasegimenti ku-infinity, ukuze ahlangane abe indawo eyodwa yamahhala. Bheka, isibonelo, "amehlo" izimoto ezifana Daewoo Matiz, Hyundai Getz. Izibonisi zazo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba, ngasinye esinokugxila kwaso kanye nobude bokugxila.