Kuthiwani uma... sixazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo ku-physics. Yonke into ilindele inkolelo-mbono okungeke kuvele kuyo

Yini ezosinika impendulo yalezi zimfihlakalo njengezinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama, imfihlakalo yokuqalwa kweNdawo Yonke, imvelo yamandla adonsela phansi, inzuzo yendaba phezu kwe-antimatter, isiqondiso sesikhathi, ukuhlangana kwamandla adonsela phansi nokunye ukusebenzisana komzimba. , ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwamandla emvelo abe yisisekelo esisodwa, kuze kufike kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono yakho konke?

Ngokusho kuka-Einstein kanye nezinye izazi zefiziksi eziningi zesimanje ezivelele, umgomo wefiziksi uwukudala umbono wayo yonke into (TV). Nokho, umqondo walo mbono awucacile. Eyaziwa njengethiyori yazo zonke izinto, i-ToE iyithiyori ecatshangelwayo echaza yonke into ngokungaguquki izenzakalo zomzimba futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ubikezele umphumela wanoma yikuphi ukuhlola. Namuhla, lesi sisho sisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuchaza imibono ezama ukuxhumana nayo ithiyori evamile yokuhlobana. Kuze kube manje, ayikho kule mibono ethole ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa.

Njengamanje, ithiyori ethuthuke kakhulu ethi i-TW isekelwe kumgomo we-holographic. 11-dimensional M-thiyori. Ayikathuthukiswa futhi abaningi ibhekwa njengesiqondiso sentuthuko kunokuba ithiyori yangempela.

Ososayensi abaningi bayangabaza ukuthi into efana "nombono wakho konke" ingenzeka, futhi ngomqondo oyisisekelo, ngokusekelwe ku-logic. Ithiyori kaKurt Gödel ithi noma iluphi uhlelo lokucabanga oluyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele aluhambisani ngaphakathi (umuntu angafakazela umusho kanye nokuphikisana kwawo kuwo) noma aluphelele (kunemisho eyiqiniso kancane engenakufakazelwa). U-Stanley Jackie waphawula ngo-1966 ukuthi i-TW kufanele ibe ithiyori yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlangene, ngakho-ke ngeke ingaphelele.

Kukhona indlela ekhethekile, yokuqala kanye nemizwelo yethiyori yakho konke. i-holographic hypothesis (1), edlulisela umsebenzi ohlelweni oluhluke kancane. I-Black hole physics ibonakala ibonisa ukuthi indawo yonke ayikona lokho izinzwa zethu ezisitshela khona. Iqiniso elisizungezile lingaba ihologram, i.e. ukuqagela kwendiza enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakumbono kaGödel uqobo. Kodwa ingabe umbono onjalo wayo yonke into uyazixazulula izinkinga, ingabe uyasivumela ukuba sibhekane nezinselele zempucuko?

Chaza indawo yonke. Kodwa uyini umkhathi?

Njengamanje sinemibono emibili ebanzi echaza cishe zonke izehlakalo zomzimba: Ithiyori ka-Einstein ye-gravity (ukuhlobana okujwayelekile) i. Eyokuqala ichaza kahle ukunyakaza kwezinto ezinkulu, kusukela kumabhola ebhola kuya emithala. unolwazi kakhulu ngama-athomu nezinhlayiya ze-subatomic. Inkinga ukuthi le mibono emibili ichaza umhlaba wethu ngezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ku-quantum mechanics, izehlakalo zenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda esingashintshi. isikhathi sesikhala - ngenkathi u-w evumelana nezimo. Izobukeka kanjani ithiyori ye-quantum yesikhathi esigobile? Asazi.

Imizamo yokuqala yokwakha ithiyori ehlanganisiwe yayo yonke into ivele ngemuva nje kokushicilelwa ithiyori evamile yokuhlobanangaphambi kokuba siqonde imithetho eyisisekelo elawula amandla enuzi. Le miqondo, eyaziwa ngokuthi Kaluzi-Klein theory, ifuna ukuhlanganisa amandla adonsela phansi ne-electromagnetism.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ithiyori yezintambo, emele indaba njengokwakhiwa kwayo izintambo ezincane ezidlidlizayo noma iluphu yamandla, ibhekwa njengengcono kakhulu ekudaleni ithiyori ehlanganisiwe ye-physics. Nokho, ezinye izazi zefiziksi zikhetha u-kamandla adonsela phansi e-loop ahlala ngekhebulalapho umkhathi ngokwawo wakhiwe ngezihibe ezincane. Nokho, ayikho ithiyori yeyunithi yezinhlamvu noma i-loop quantum gravity eye yahlolwa ngokuhlolwa.

Amathiyori amakhulu ahlanganisiwe (GUTs), ahlanganisa i-quantum chromodynamics kanye nethiyori yokusebenzisana kwe-electroweak, imelela ukusebenzisana okuqinile, okubuthakathaka nokunamandla kazibuthe njengokubonakaliswa kokusebenzelana okukodwa. Nokho, ayikho ithiyori enkulu yangaphambilini ebumbene ethole ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa. Isici esivamile se-grand united theory ukubikezela kokubola kwe-proton. Le nqubo ayikabonwa. Kulandela kulokhu ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila seproton kufanele sibe okungenani iminyaka eyi-1032.

I-Standard Model yango-1968 yahlanganisa amandla aqinile, abuthaka, kanye nakagesi ngaphansi kwesambulela esisodwa esikhulu. Zonke izinhlayiya nokusebenzisana kwazo kuye kwacatshangelwa, futhi kuye kwenziwa izibikezelo eziningi ezintsha, kuhlanganise nesibikezelo esisodwa esikhulu sokuhlanganisa. Ngamandla aphezulu, ngokohlelo lwe-GeV eyi-100 (amandla adingekayo ukusheshisa i-electron eyodwa ibe namandla angama-volts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100), ukulinganisa okuhlanganisa amandla kazibuthe kanye namandla abuthakathaka kuzobuyiselwa.

Ukuba khona kwezintsha kwabikezelwa, futhi ngokutholakala kwama-W no-Z bosons ngo-1983, lezi zibikezelo zaqinisekiswa. Amandla amane amakhulu ancishiswa aba mathathu. Umqondo wokuhlanganisa ukuthi womathathu amandla e-Standard Model, futhi mhlawumbe namandla adonsela phansi aphezulu, ahlanganiswe abe isakhiwo esisodwa.

2. Isibalo se-Langrange esichaza Imodeli Ejwayelekile, ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezinhlanu.

Abanye baye basikisela ukuthi ngamandla aphezulu nakakhulu, mhlawumbe nxazonke Isikali se-Planck, amandla adonsela phansi nawo azohlangana. Lesi esinye sezisusa eziyinhloko ze-string theory. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngale mibono ukuthi uma sifuna ukuhlanganiswa, kufanele sibuyisele ukulinganisa emandleni aphezulu. Futhi uma okwamanje ziphukile, kuholela kokuthile okubonakalayo, izinhlayiya ezintsha nokusebenzisana okusha.

I-Lagrangian ye-Standard Model iyona kuphela isibalo esichaza izinhlayiya i umthelela Wemodeli Ejwayelekile (2). Iqukethe izingxenye ezinhlanu ezizimele: mayelana nama-gluons ku-zone 1 ye-equation, ama-bosons abuthakathaka engxenyeni ephawulwe ngamabili, amakwe mathathu, incazelo yezibalo yokuthi udaba luhlangana kanjani namandla abuthakathaka kanye nenkundla ye-Higgs, izinhlayiya zesipoki ezisusayo. ukweqisa kwenkundla ye-Higgs ezingxenyeni zesine, kanye nemimoya echazwe ngaphansi kwezinhlanu UFadeev-Popovokuthinta ukuphindaphindeka kokusebenzelana okubuthakathaka. Izixuku ze-neutrino azinakwa.

Noma kunjalo imodeli ejwayelekile singayibhala njengesibalo esisodwa, aliyona ngempela into efanayo ngomqondo wokuthi kunezinkulumo eziningi ezihlukene, ezizimele ezibusa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zendawo yonke. Izingxenye ezihlukene ze-Standard Model azihlangani, ngoba ukushaja kombala akuthinti ukusebenzisana kuka-electromagnetic nokubuthakathaka, futhi imibuzo ihlala ingaphenduliwe ukuthi kungani ukusebenzisana okufanele kwenzeke, isibonelo, ukwephulwa kwe-CP ekuxhumaneni okuqinile, kungasebenzi. thatha indawo.

Lapho ama-symmetries ebuyiselwa (esiqongweni samandla), ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeka. Nokho, ukugqashuka kokulinganisa phansi kuyahambisana nendawo yonke esinayo namuhla, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlayiya ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke kufanele kube yini “kukho konke” lo mbono? Lona okungukuthi, i.e. umkhathi wangempela we-asymmetric, noma eyodwa futhi i-symmetrical, kodwa ekugcineni hhayi lena esibhekene nayo.

Ubuhle obukhohlisayo bamamodeli "aphelele".

ULars English, kwethi No Theory of Everything, uphikisa ngokuthi alikho iqoqo elilodwa lemithetho elingase libe hlanganisa ukuhlobana okujwayelekile ne-quantum mechanicsngoba lokho okuyiqiniso ezingeni le-quantum akulona iqiniso ngempela ezingeni lamandla adonsela phansi. Futhi uma uhlelo lukhudlwana futhi luyinkimbinkimbi, luhluka kakhulu ezintweni eziluhlanganisayo. "Iphuzu akukhona ukuthi le mithetho ye-gravity iphikisana ne-quantum mechanics, kodwa ukuthi ayikwazi ukutholakala ku-quantum physics," uyabhala.

Yonke isayensi, ngamabomu noma cha, isekelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuba khona kwazo. imigomo yemithetho yemvelookuhlanganisa isethi evumelana ngokufanayo yezinto eziyisisekelo ezichaza ukuziphatha kwendawo yonke ebonakalayo nakho konke okukuyo. Yiqiniso, umbono onjalo awubandakanyi incazelo ephelele noma incazelo yakho konke okukhona, kodwa, cishe, uchaza zonke izinqubo zomzimba eziqinisekisayo. Ngokunengqondo, enye yezinzuzo ezisheshayo zokuqonda okunjalo kwe-TW kungaba ukumisa ukuhlola lapho ithiyori ibikezela imiphumela engemihle.

Iningi lezazi zefiziksi kuyodingeka liyeke ukucwaninga futhi liziphilise, hhayi ukucwaninga. Nokho, umphakathi cishe awunandaba noma amandla adonsela phansi angachazwa ngokugoba kwesikhathi sasemkhathini.

Yiqiniso, kukhona enye indlela - I-Universe ngeke ihlangane. Ama-symmetries esifike kuwo ayizinto zethu zezibalo ezisunguliwe futhi awachazi umkhathi obonakalayo.

Ku-athikili ephezulu ye-Nautil.Us, uSabina Hossenfelder (3), usosayensi e-Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Study, uhlole ukuthi "wonke umqondo wethiyori yazo zonke izinto usekelwe ekucabangeni okungavumelani nesayensi." “Leli akulona isu elingcono kakhulu lokuthuthukisa amathiyori esayensi. (…) Ukuthembela ebuhleni ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori kusebenze kabi ngokomlando.” Ngokombono wakhe, asikho isizathu sokuthi imvelo ichazwe ngombono wakho konke. Nakuba sidinga ithiyori ye-quantum yamandla adonsela phansi ukuze sigweme ukungqubuzana okunengqondo emithethweni yemvelo, amandla Kumodeli Ejwayelekile akudingeki ukuba ahlanganiswe futhi akudingeki ahlanganiswe namandla adonsela phansi. Kungaba kuhle, yebo, kodwa akudingekile. Imodeli evamile isebenza kahle ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa, umcwaningi uyagcizelela. Imvelo ngokusobala ayinandaba ukuthi izazi zefiziksi zicabanga ukuthi yizibalo ezinhle, uNksz Hossenfelder usho kanje ngokucasuka. Ku-physics, ukuphumelela ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori kuhlotshaniswa nesixazululo sokungaguquki kwezibalo, hhayi ngamamodeli amahle futhi "aphelile".

Ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso ezisangulukisayo, iziphakamiso ezintsha zethiyori yayo yonke into zihlale zibekwa phambili, njengekaGarrett Lisi ethi The Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2007. Inesici sokuthi uProf. I-Hossenfelder yinhle futhi ingaboniswa kahle ngemibono ekhangayo (4). Le mbono, ebizwa ngokuthi i-E8, ithi isihluthulelo sokuqonda indawo yonke si into yezibalo ngendlela yerosette elinganayo.

U-Lisi udale lesi sakhiwo ngokuhlela izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo kugrafu ebuye icabangele ukusebenzisana okwaziwayo ngokomzimba. Umphumela uba isakhiwo sezibalo esinezinhlangothi eziyisishiyagalombili esiyinkimbinkimbi samaphuzu angama-248. Ngalinye lala maphuzu limelela izinhlayiya ezinezakhiwo ezahlukene. Kuneqembu lezinhlayiya kumdwebo onezici ezithile "ezingekho". Okungenani okunye kwalokhu "okungekho" ngokwethiyori kuhlobene namandla adonsela phansi, ukuvala igebe phakathi komshini we-quantum kanye nokuhlobana okuvamile.

4. I-Visualization theory E8

Ngakho-ke izazi zefiziksi kufanele zisebenze ukuze zigcwalise "i-Fox socket". Uma iphumelela kuzokwenzekani? Abaningi baphendula ngokubhuqa bathi akukho okukhethekile. Isithombe esihle nje sizoqedwa. Lokhu kwakhiwa kungaba yigugu kulo mqondo, njengoba kusikhombisa ukuthi imiphumela yangempela yokuqedela "inkolelo yakho konke" ingaba yini. Mhlawumbe akusho lutho ngomqondo ongokoqobo.