Kuthiwani uma…silwa nezifo futhi sinqoba ukufa? Futhi baphila impilo ende, ende, engapheli...

Ngokusho kwe-futurist edumile uRay Kurzweil, ukungafi komuntu sekuseduze. Embonweni wakhe wekusasa, singase sife engozini yemoto noma siwe etsheni, kodwa hhayi ngenxa yokuguga. Abasekeli balo mbono bakholelwa ukuthi ukungafi, okuqondwa ngale ndlela, kungase kube ngokoqobo eminyakeni engamashumi amane ezayo.

Uma kunjalo, kufanele kuhlanganiswe ushintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalo, izimfanzi i ibhizinisi emhlabeni. Isibonelo nje, alukho uhlelo lwempesheni emhlabeni olungaphakela umuntu uma eyeka ukusebenza eneminyaka engu-65 bese ephila iminyaka engu-500. Hhayi-ke, ngokunengqondo, ukunqoba umjikelezo omfushane wempilo yomuntu mancane amathuba okuthi kusho umhlalaphansi waphakade. Kuzodingeka futhi usebenze unomphela.

Ngokushesha kunenkinga yezizukulwane ezilandelayo. Ngezinsiza ezingenamkhawulo, amandla, nentuthuko evezwe kwenye indawo kulo magazini, ukugcwala ngokweqile kungase kungabi inkinga. Kubonakala kunengqondo ukushiya uMhlaba futhi wenze ikoloni isikhala hhayi kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo "zokungafi", kodwa futhi esimweni sokunqoba ezinye izithiyo esibhala ngazo. Uma ukuphila eMhlabeni bekungunaphakade, kunzima ukucabanga ukuqhubeka kokwanda kwabantu okuvamile. Umhlaba ubuyophenduka isihogo ngokushesha kunokuba sicabanga.

Ingabe ukuphila okuphakade kungokwabacebile kuphela?

Kunokwesaba ukuthi umusa onjalo ungokoqobo, njengokuthi "ukungafi»Kutholakala kuphela eqenjini elincane, elicebile nelinelungelo. U-Homo Deus ka-Yuval Noah Harari uveza umhlaba lapho abantu, kodwa hhayi bonke abantu abaphakeme abancane, ekugcineni bengazuza ukungafi nge-biotechnology kanye nobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Isibikezelo esingaguquki saleli “phakade kwabambalwa abakhethiwe” singabonakala emizamweni lapho osozigidigidi abaningi nezinkampani ze-biotech zixhasa ngezimali futhi zicwaninga izindlela nemithi yokuhlehlisa ukuguga, kwelule izimpilo ezinempilo unomphela. Abagqugquzeli balolu cwaningo baveza ukuthi uma sesiphumelele ukwelula impilo yezimpukane, izikelemu namagundane ngokulawula izakhi zofuzo kanye nokunciphisa ukudla kwama-calorie, kungani lokhu kungeke kusebenze kubantu?

1. Ikhava yemagazini i-Time mayelana nempi ye-Google yokulwa nokufa

Yasungulwa ngo-2017, i-AgeX Therapeutics, inkampani yaseCalifornia-based biotechnology, ihlose ukunciphisa ukuguga ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene nokungafi kwamaseli. Ngokufanayo, i-CohBar izama ukusebenzisa amandla okwelapha e-mitochondrial DNA ukuze ilawule imisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo futhi ilawule ukufa kwamangqamuzana. Abasunguli be-Google uSergey Brin noLarry Page batshale imali eningi eCalico, inkampani egxile ekuqondeni nasekunqobeni ukuguga. Imagazini ye-Time yabhala lokhu ngo-2013 ngendaba ekhava efundeka kanje, "Ingabe i-Google ingaxazulula Ukufa?" (eyodwa).

Kunalokho, kusobala ukuthi ngisho noma singazuza ukungafi, bekungeke kube okushibhile. Yingakho abantu bethanda Peter Thiel, umsunguli we-PayPal kanye nabasunguli be-Google, izinkampani ezisekelayo ezifuna ukulwa nenqubo yokuguga. Ucwaningo kule ndawo ludinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. ISilicon Valley igcwele umbono wokuphila okuphakade. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukungafi, uma kuke kwafezwa, cishe kungokwabambalwa, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi osozigidigidi, noma bengagcineli bona kuphela, bazofuna ukubuyisela imali abayitshalile.

Vele, banendaba nesithombe sabo, besebenzisa amaphrojekthi ngaphansi kwesiqubulo sokulwa nezifo kubo bonke. Isikhulu se-Facebook uMark Zuckerberg nomkakhe, udokotela wezingane uPriscilla Chan, basanda kumemezela ukuthi ngeChan Zuckerberg Initiative, bahlela ukutshala imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-XNUMX eminyakeni eyishumi ukuze babhekane nayo yonke into kusukela ku-Alzheimer's kuya kuZika.

Yiqiniso, ukulwa nalesi sifo kwandisa ukuphila. Intuthuko kwezokwelapha kanye ne-biotechnology iyindlela "yezinyathelo ezincane" kanye nenqubekelaphambili ekhulayo esikhathini eside. Phakathi neminyaka eyikhulu edlule, phakathi nenkathi yokuthuthuka okujulile kwalezi sayensi, iminyaka yokuphila komuntu emazweni aseNtshonalanga iye yanda ngokwesilinganiso isuka eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 yaya cishe kwengu-90. Abantula isineke, hhayi nje osozigidigidi baseSilicon Valley, abanelisekile ngalesi jubane. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ngenye indlela yokuzuza ukuphila okuphakade, eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukungafi kwedijithali", okuthi ngezincazelo ezihlukahlukene futhi kusebenza njengokuthi "ubunye" futhi yethulwa yilokhu okubalulwe (2). Abasekeli balo mqondo bakholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo sizokwazi ukudala inguqulo yethu yangempela, ezokwazi ukusinda emizimbeni yethu efayo futhi, isibonelo, uxhumane nabathandekayo bethu, inzalo ngekhompyutha.

Ngo-2011, u-Dmitry Ikov, usomabhizinisi waseRussia kanye nosozigidigidi, wasungula i-2045 Initiative, inhloso yayo "ukudala ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukudluliswa kobuntu bomuntu endaweni engcono kakhulu engeyona yezinto eziphilayo futhi andise impilo, kuhlanganise nokungafi. .”

Isithukuthezi sokungafi

Endabeni yakhe yango-1973 enesihloko esithi “The Makropoulos Affair: Reflections on the Boredom of Immortality” (1973), isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uBernard Williams sabhala ukuthi ukuphila okuphakade kuzoba yisicefe ngendlela engachazeki futhi kwesabe ngemva kwesikhashana. Njengoba asho, sidinga okuhlangenwe nakho okusha ukuze sibe nesizathu sokuqhubeka.

Isikhathi esingenamkhawulo sizosivumela ukuthi sizizwele noma yini esiyifunayo. Ngakho, yini elandelayo? Besingakushiya lokho uWilliams akubiza ngokuthi izifiso “ezingokwesigaba,” okungukuthi, izifiso ezisinika isizathu sokuqhubeka siphila, futhi esikhundleni salokho, bekuyoba nezifiso “ezinemibandela” kuphela, izinto esingase sifune ukuzenza uma siphila. kodwa akubalulekile. kukodwa kwanele ukusikhuthaza ukuthi sihlale siphila.

Isibonelo, uma ngizoqhubeka nempilo yami, ngifuna ukuba nomgodi ogcwele ezinyo lami, kodwa angifuni ukuqhubeka nokuphila ukuze nje ngibe nesikhala esigcwele. Kodwa-ke, ngingafuna ukuphila ukuze ngibone isiphetho senoveli enkulu engiyibhale eminyakeni engama-25 edlule.

Esokuqala siyisifiso esinemibandela, esesibili siyingxenye.

Okubaluleke kakhulu "ukwahlukanisa", ngolimi lukaWilliams, siyaqaphela izifiso zethu, ekugcineni sithole noma iyiphi impilo ende. Ukuphila okungenazo izifiso ezihlukile, uWilliams wathi, kungasenza sibe imifino ngaphandle kwenjongo engathi sína noma isizathu sokuqhubeka siphila. UWilliams ucaphuna u-Elina Makropoulos, iqhawekazi le-opera yomqambi waseCzech uLeoš Janáček, njengesibonelo. U-Elina owazalwa ngo-1585, uphuza isiphuzo esizomgcina ephila phakade. Nokho, eneminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ubudala, u-Elina uye wabhekana nakho konke ayekufuna, futhi ukuphila kwakhe kuyabanda, akunalutho futhi kuyisicefe. Akusekho okunye ongaphila ngakho. Uyayeka ukuphuza umuthi, azikhulule esithukuthelweni sokungafi (3).

3. Umfanekiso wendaba ka-Elina Makropoulos

Esinye isazi sefilosofi, USamuel Scheffler evela eNyuvesi yaseNew York, yaphawula ukuthi ukuphila komuntu kuhlelwe ngokuphelele ngoba kunesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Konke esikwazisayo ngakho esingakufisa empilweni yomuntu kufanele kucabangele ukuthi siyizidalwa zesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Yebo, singacabanga ukuthi kunjani ukungafi. Kodwa kufihla iqiniso eliyisisekelo lokuthi konke abantu abakwazisayo kunengqondo kuphela uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi isikhathi sethu sinomkhawulo, ukukhetha kwethu kunomkhawulo, futhi ngamunye wethu unesikhathi esilinganiselwe.