Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi akekho owaziyo ukuthi nini

Kumuntu onolwazi oluncane oye wafunda inqwaba yezincwadi mayelana namakhompiyutha e-quantum, umuntu angase abe nombono wokuthi lena imishini “engekho eshalofini” esebenza ngendlela efanayo namakhompyutha avamile. Akukho okungaba iphutha. Abanye baze bakholelwe ukuthi awekho amakhompyutha e-quantum okwamanje. Futhi abanye bayazibuza ukuthi zizosetshenziselwani, njengoba zingakhelwanga ukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlelo zero-one.

Sivame ukuzwa ukuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum angempela futhi asebenza kahle azovela cishe eminyakeni eyishumi. Nokho, njengoba uLinley Gwennap, umhlaziyi omkhulu weLinley Group, aphawula esihlokweni, “lapho abantu bethi i-computer ye-quantum izovela eminyakeni eyishumi, abazi ukuthi izokwenzeka nini.”

Naphezu kwalesi simo esingacacile, isimo sokuncintisana kwabathiwa. ukubusa kwe-quantum. Bekhathazekile ngomsebenzi we-quantum kanye nempumelelo yamaShayina, abaphathi baseMelika ngoDisemba odlule baphasise uMthetho Wokuqala We-Quantum Kazwelonke (1). Lo mbhalo uhloselwe ukuhlinzeka ngosekelo lukahulumeni ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni, ekuboniseni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-quantum computing kanye nobuchwepheshe. Eminyakeni eyishumi yomlingo, uhulumeni wase-US uzochitha izigidigidi akha ingqalasizinda ye-quantum computing, i-ecosystem, kanye nokuqasha abantu. Bonke abathuthukisi abakhulu bamakhompyutha e-quantum - i-D-Wave, i-Honeywell, i-IBM, i-Intel, i-IonQ, i-Microsoft ne-Rigetti, kanye nabadali be-quantum algorithms i-1QBit ne-Zapata bakwamukele lokhu. I-National Quantum Initiative.

I-D-Wave Pioneers

Ngo-2007, i-D-Wave Systems yethula i-chip ye-128-qubit (2), kuthiwa ikhompuyutha yokuqala ye-quantum emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, kwakungaqinisekisi ukuthi ingabizwa kanjalo - kuphela ukusebenza kwayo kwaboniswa, ngaphandle kwemininingwane yomklamo wayo. Ngo-2009, i-D-Wave Systems yenza uhlelo lokucinga lwezithombe lwe-"quantum" lwe-Google. NgoMeyi 2011, u-Lockheed Martin wathola ikhompuyutha ye-quantum eyakhiwe yi-D-Wave Systems. D-wave eyodwa ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyishumi, ngenkathi isayina inkontileka yeminyaka eminingi yokusebenza kwayo nokuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms ahlobene.

Ngo-2012, lo mshini wabonisa inqubo yokuthola i-molecule ye-helical protein enamandla aphansi kakhulu. Abacwaningi abavela ku-D-Wave Systems basebenzisa amasistimu anezinombolo ezahlukene qubits, yenza izibalo eziningi zezibalo, ezinye zazo ezazingaphezu kwamandla amakhompyutha asendulo. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-2014, uJohn Smolin noGraham Smith bashicilela isihloko esithi umshini we-D-Wave Systems wawungewona umshini. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, i-Physics of Nature yethula imiphumela yokuhlolwa efakazela ukuthi i-D-Wave One isa ...

Olunye uvivinyo ngoJuni 2014 aluzange lubonise umehluko phakathi kwekhompyutha yakudala kanye nomshini we-D-Wave Systems, kodwa inkampani yaphendula ngokuthi umehluko ubonakala kuphela emisebenzini eyinkimbinkimbi kunaleyo exazululwe esivivinyweni. Ekuqaleni kuka-2017, inkampani yembula umshini ngokusobala ohlanganisa 2 izinkulungwane zama-qubitsokwakushesha izikhathi ezingu-2500 kunama-algorithms akudala ashesha kakhulu. Futhi, ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili, iqembu lososayensi lafakazela ukuthi lokhu kuqhathanisa kwakungelona iqiniso. Kwabaningi abangabazayo, izinhlelo ze-D-Wave azikabi amakhompyutha we-quantum, kodwa awo ukulingiswa usebenzisa izindlela zakudala.

Isizukulwane sesine se-D-Wave sisetshenziswa ama-quantum annealingskanye nezifunda ze-qubit zenziwa ngamasekethe we-quantum superconducting (ngokusekelwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Josephson junctions). Basebenza endaweni eseduze no-zero ngokuphelele futhi baziqhayisa ngohlelo lwama-qubits angu-2048. Ekupheleni kuka-2018, i-D-Wave yethulwa emakethe BUNCE, okungukuthi, wakho imvelo yesicelo se-quantum yesikhathi sangempela (KAE). Isixazululo samafu sinika amandla amaklayenti angaphandle ukuthi afinyelele i-quantum computing ngesikhathi sangempela.

NgoFebhuwari 2019, i-D-Wave yamemezela isizukulwane esilandelayo  I-Pegasus. Kumenyezelwe ukuthi "iwuhlelo olubanzi kakhulu lwezohwebo emhlabeni" oluxhumeke ku-qubit ngayinye eyishumi nanhlanu esikhundleni kweziyisithupha, ngaphezu kwama-5 qubits kanye nokuvula ukunciphisa umsindo ezingeni elingaziwa ngaphambilini. Idivayisi kufanele ivele endalini maphakathi nonyaka ozayo.

Ama-Qubits, noma ama-superpositions kanye nokubambeka

Amaphrosesa ajwayelekile ekhompiyutha athembele emaphaketheni noma ezingxenyeni zolwazi, ngalinye limelela impendulo eyodwa ethi yebo noma cha. Ama-Quantum processors ahlukile. Azisebenzi emhlabeni onguziro-one. ithambo lendololwane, iyunithi encane nengahlukaniseki yolwazi lwe-quantum isistimu echazwayo enezinhlangothi ezimbili Lena indawo ka-Hilbert. Ngakho-ke, ihlukile kusigqi sakudala ngokuthi singangena noma yikuphi ukuma okuphezulu izifunda ezimbili ze-quantum. Imodeli ebonakalayo ye-qubit ivame ukunikezwa njengesibonelo sezinhlayiyana ezine-spin ½, njenge-electron, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwesithombe esisodwa.

Ukuze usebenzise amandla ama-qubits, kufanele uwaxhume ngenqubo ebizwa ukudideka. Nge-qubit ngayinye eyengeziwe, amandla okucubungula wephrosesa kabili ngokwabo, njengoba inani lokubopha lihambisana nokubhajwa kwe-qubit entsha nazo zonke izifundazwe esezivele zitholakala kuphrosesa (3). Kodwa ukudala nokuhlanganisa ama-qubits bese uwatshela ukuthi enze izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi akuwona umsebenzi olula. Bahlale ezwela kakhulu kumathonya angaphandleokungaholela emaphutheni okubala futhi, esimweni esibi kakhulu, ukubola kwama-qubits abanjwe, i.e. ukungaboni ngaso linyeokuyisiqalekiso sangempela sezinhlelo ze-quantum. Njengoba ama-qubits engeziwe engeziwe, imiphumela emibi yamandla angaphandle iyanda. Enye indlela yokubhekana nale nkinga ukunika amandla okungeziwe qubits "LAWULA"okuwukuphela komsebenzi wawo ukuhlola nokulungisa okukhiphayo.

3. Ukumelwa okungokomfanekiso kohlelo lwe-IBM lwe-50-qubit

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzodingeka amakhompyutha e-quantum anamandla, awusizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengokunquma ukuthi ama-molecule amaprotheni asongeka kanjani noma alingise izinqubo zomzimba ngaphakathi kwama-athomu. amaphuzu amaningi. UTom Watson waseNyuvesi yaseDelft eNetherlands muva nje utshele i-BBC News:

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Ngamafuphi, uma amakhompyutha e-quantum azosuka, udinga ukuqhamuka nendlela elula yokukhiqiza amaphrosesa amakhulu futhi azinzile we-qubit.

Njengoba ama-qubits engazinzile, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza uhlelo ngamaningi awo. Ngakho-ke uma, ekugcineni, i-qubits njengomqondo we-quantum computing ihluleka, ososayensi banenye indlela: amasango e-qubit quantum.

Ithimba elivela eNyuvesi yasePurdue lishicilele ucwaningo ku-npj Quantum Ulwazi oluchaza ngokudalwa kwabo. Ososayensi bayakukholelwa lokho kuditsngokungafani nama-qubits, angaba khona ezifundeni ezingaphezu kwezimbili, njengo-0, 1, no-2, futhi esimweni ngasinye esingeziwe, amandla okuhlanganisa we-qudit eyodwa ayanda. Ngamanye amazwi, udinga ukufaka ikhodi bese ucubungula inani elifanayo lolwazi. inkazimulo encane kunama-qubits.

Ukuze udale isango le-quantum eliqukethe i-qudit, ithimba le-Purdue lifake amakhodi ama-qudits amane kuma-photon amabili aboshwe ngokuya ngemvamisa nesikhathi. Ithimba likhethe ama-photon ngoba awazithinti imvelo kalula, futhi lisebenzisa izizinda eziningi ezivunyelwe ukuthintana okuningi ngama-photon ambalwa. Isango eliqediwe lalinamandla okucubungula ama-qubits angu-20, nakuba lalidinga ama-qudits amane kuphela, ngokuzinza okwengeziwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-photons, okwenza kube uhlelo oluthembisayo lwamakhompiyutha we-quantum esizayo.

Izicupho ze-silicon noma ze-ion

Nakuba akuwona wonke umuntu owabelana ngalo mbono, ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon ukudala amakhompyutha we-quantum kubonakala kunezinzuzo ezinkulu, njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-silicon busungulwe kahle futhi imboni enkulu isivele ihlotshaniswa nayo. I-silicon isetshenziswa ku-Google kanye ne-IBM quantum processors, nakuba ipholiswe kumazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu kuwo. Akuyona into efanelekile yezinhlelo ze-quantum, kodwa ososayensi basebenza kuyo.

Ngokusho kwencwadi yakamuva ku-Nature, ithimba labacwaningi basebenzise amandla e-microwave ukuze baqondanise izinhlayiya zama-electron ezimbili ezilenga ku-silicon base bezisebenzisela ukwenza uchungechunge lwezibalo zokuhlola. Iqembu, elihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison "bamise" ama-electron qubits owodwa esakhiweni se-silicon, i-spin yayo enqunywe amandla emisebe ye-microwave. Ku-superposition, i-electron ngesikhathi esisodwa izungeza izimbazo ezimbili ezihlukene. Ama-qubits amabili abe esehlanganiswa futhi ahlelwa ukuba enze izibalo zokuhlola, ngemva kwalokho abacwaningi baqhathanisa idatha ekhiqizwe isistimu nedatha etholwe kukhompyutha evamile eyenza izibalo zokuhlola ezifanayo. Ngemva kokulungisa idatha, i-programmable I-XNUMX-bit quantum silicon processor.

Nakuba iphesenti lamaphutha lisephezulu kakhulu kunalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi izicupho ze-ion (amadivayisi lapho izinhlayiya ezishajwa njengama-ion, ama-electron, ama-proton agcinwa isikhathi esithile) noma amakhompyutha.  ngokusekelwe kuma-superconductors afana ne-D-Wave, impumelelo isalokhu imangalisa njengoba ukuhlukanisa ama-qubits emsindweni wangaphandle kunzima kakhulu. Ochwepheshe babona amathuba okukala nokuthuthukisa uhlelo. Futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, kubaluleke kakhulu lapha.

Kodwa-ke, kubacwaningi abaningi, i-silicon ayilona ikusasa lamakhompyutha we-quantum. NgoZibandlela wonyaka odlule, kwavela ulwazi lokuthi onjiniyela benkampani yaseMelika i-IonQ basebenzisa i-ytterbium ukuze bakhe ikhompyutha ye-quantum ekhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni, idlula izinhlelo ze-D-Wave ne-IBM.

Umphumela waba umshini owawuqukethe i-athomu eyodwa kusicupho se-ion (4) isebenzisa i-qubit yedatha eyodwa ekubhalweni kwekhodi, futhi ama-qubits alawulwa futhi akalwe kusetshenziswa ama-laser pulses akhethekile. Ikhompyutha inememori engagcina ama-qubits angu-160 edatha. Ingakwazi futhi ukwenza izibalo kanyekanye kuma-qubits angu-79.

4. Uhlelo lwe-IonQ ion trap

Ososayensi abavela ku-IonQ benze ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwalokho okubizwa I-algorithm kaBernstein-Vaziranian. Umsebenzi womshini kwakuwukuqagela inombolo ephakathi kuka-0 no-1023. Amakhompyutha asendulo athatha ukuqagela okuyishumi nanye ngenombolo engu-10-bit. Amakhompyutha e-Quantum asebenzisa izindlela ezimbili ukuqagela umphumela ngokuqiniseka okungu-100%. Emzamweni wokuqala, ikhompuyutha ye-IonQ quantum yaqagela isilinganiso sama-73% wezinombolo ezinikeziwe. Uma i-algorithm isetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi inombolo phakathi kuka-1 no-1023, izinga lempumelelo lekhompyutha evamile lingu-0,2%, kuyilapho ku-IonQ lingu-79%.

Ochwepheshe be-IonQ bakholelwa ukuthi amasistimu asekelwe kuzicupho ze-ion aphakeme kunamakhompiyutha e-silicon quantum i-Google nezinye izinkampani ezakhayo. I-matrix yabo engu-79-qubit idlula i-Bristlecone quantum processor ye-Google ngama-qubits angu-7. Umphumela we-IonQ nawo uyamangaza uma kukhulunywa ngesikhathi sokuphumula kwesistimu. Ngokusho kwabadali bomshini, i-qubit eyodwa ihlala ku-99,97%, okusho ukuthi izinga lephutha lika-0,03%, kanti imiphumela engcono kakhulu yomncintiswano ilinganiselwa ku-0,5%. Izinga lephutha le-99,3-bit ledivayisi ye-IonQ kufanele libe ngu-95%, kuyilapho iningi lomncintiswano lingeqi ama-XNUMX%.

Kuyafaneleka ukungeza lokho, ngokusho kwabacwaningi be-Google ubukhulu be-quantum - iphuzu lapho ikhompuyutha ye-quantum idlula yonke eminye imishini etholakalayo - ingafinyelelwa kakade ngekhompyutha ye-49-qubit quantum, inqobo nje uma izinga lephutha emasangweni ama-qubit amabili lingaphansi kuka-0,5%. Kodwa-ke, indlela ye-ion trap ku-quantum computing isabhekene nezingqinamba ezinkulu okufanele zinqotshwe: isikhathi sokwenza kancane kanye nosayizi omkhulu, kanye nokunemba nokuscalability kobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqina kwama-ciphers kumanxiwa neminye imiphumela

NgoJanuwari 2019 e-CES 2019, i-CEO ye-IBM u-Ginni Rometty umemezele ukuthi i-IBM isivele ihlinzeka ngohlelo oludidiyelwe lwekhompiyutha lwe-quantum ukuze lusetshenziswe kwezohwebo. Amakhompyutha we-IBM quantum5) zitholakala ngokoqobo eNew York njengengxenye yohlelo IBM Q System One. Ngokusebenzisa i-Q Network kanye ne-Q Quantum Computational Center, onjiniyela bangasebenzisa kalula isofthiwe ye-Qiskit ukuze bahlanganise ama-algorithms we-quantum. Ngakho-ke, amandla wekhompiyutha we-IBM quantum computers atholakala njenge isevisi ye-cloud computing, inenani elifanele.

I-D-Wave nayo ibilokhu ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezinjalo isikhathi eside, futhi abanye abadlali abakhulu (njenge-Amazon) bahlela iminikelo yamafu ye-quantum efanayo. I-Microsoft iye phambili ngesingeniso Q# ulimi lokuhlela (kubizwa ngokuthi) okungasebenza ne-Visual Studio futhi kusebenze kukhompuyutha ephathekayo. Abahleli banethuluzi lokulingisa ama-algorithms we-quantum nokudala ibhuloho lesofthiwe phakathi kwekhompuyutha yakudala neye-quantum.

Kodwa-ke, umbuzo uwukuthi, amakhompyutha namandla awo okwenza ikhompuyutha angaba usizo ngani? Ocwaningweni olwanyatheliswa ngo-Okthoba odlule ephephabhukwini Isayensi, ososayensi abavela ku-IBM, iNyuvesi yaseWaterloo kanye ne-Technical University yaseMunich bazame ukulinganisa izinhlobo zezinkinga amakhompyutha we-quantum abonakala ekufanelekela kakhulu ukuzixazulula.

Ngokusho kocwaningo, amadivaysi anjalo azokwazi ukuxazulula inkimbinkimbi I-algebra yomugqa kanye nezinkinga zokwenza kahle. Kuzwakala kungacacile, kodwa kungase kube namathuba ezixazululo ezilula nezishibhile ezindabeni okwamanje ezidinga umzamo omkhulu, izinsiza kanye nesikhathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamandla ethu.

5. I-IBM quantum computer

I-quantum computing ewusizo shintsha ngokulinganayo inkambu ye-cryptography. Ngenxa yabo, amakhodi wokubethela angaqhekeka ngokushesha futhi, mhlawumbe, ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain buzobhujiswa. Ukubethela kwe-RSA manje kubonakala kuwukuvikela okuqinile futhi okungashabalali okuvikela iningi ledatha nokuxhumana emhlabeni. Nokho, ikhompyutha ye-quantum enamandla ngokwanele ingaba lula crack RSA ukubethela ngosizo lwe I-algorithm ye-Shor.

Indlela yokuvimbela? Abanye bakhuthaza ukukhulisa ubude bokhiye bokubethela basesidlangalaleni ukuze bufike kusayizi odingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe ukususwa kwe-quantum. Kwabanye, kufanele isetshenziswe yodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana okuphephile. Ngenxa ye-quantum cryptography, sona kanye isenzo sokunqanda idatha sizoyonakalisa, ngemva kwalokho umuntu ophazamisa izinhlayiyana angeke akwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluwusizo kuyo, futhi umamukeli uzoxwayiswa ngomzamo wokulalela.

Ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-quantum computing nakho kuyashiwo njalo. ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kanye nokubikezela. Ngenxa yezinhlelo ze-quantum, amamodeli ayinkimbinkimbi okuziphatha kwemakethe anganwetshwa ukuze afake okuguquguqukayo okuningi kunangaphambili, okuholela ekuxilongweni okunembe kakhudlwana nokubikezela. Ngokucutshungulwa kanyekanye izinkulungwane zezinto eziguquguqukayo ngekhompuyutha ye-quantum, kungenzeka futhi ukunciphisa isikhathi nezindleko ezidingekayo zokuthuthukiswa. imithi emisha, izixazululo zezokuthutha kanye nezokuthuthwa, amaketanga okuhlinzeka, amamodeli wesimo sezulukanye nokuxazulula ezinye izinkinga eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Umthetho kaNevena

Izwe lamakhompyutha amadala lalinomthetho walo kaMoore, kuyilapho amakhompyutha e-quantum kufanele aqondiswe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi. Umthetho kaNevena. Ukweleta igama lakhe komunye wochwepheshe be-quantum abavelele kwa-Google, Hartmut Nevena (6), okusho ukuthi intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha ye-quantum iyenziwa njengamanje isivinini esiphindwe kabili.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokuphinda kabili ukusebenza ngokuphindaphinda okulandelanayo, njengoba kwakunjalo ngamakhompyutha wakudala nomthetho kaMoore, ubuchwepheshe be-quantum buthuthukisa ukusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ochwepheshe babikezela ukufika kwe-quantum superiority, engahunyushwa hhayi kuphela ekuphakameni kwamakhompiyutha e-quantum ngaphezu kwanoma yimaphi ama-classical, kodwa nangezinye izindlela - njengesiqalo senkathi yamakhompiyutha e-quantum awusizo. Lokhu kuzovula indlela yempumelelo kukhemistri, i-astrophysics, imithi, ukuphepha, ukuxhumana, nokuningi.

Nokho, kukhona nombono wokuthi ukuphakama okunjalo akusoze kwaba khona, okungenani hhayi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo. Inguqulo emnene yokungabaza yilokho amakhompyutha we-quantum awasoze athatha indawo yamakhompyutha wakudala ngoba awadalelwe ukwenza kanjalo. Awukwazi ukushintsha i-iPhone noma i-PC ngomshini we-quantum, njengoba nje ungeke ukwazi ukushintsha izicathulo zethenisi ufake isithwali sezindiza zenuzi.. Amakhompyutha akudala akuvumela ukuthi udlale imidlalo, uhlole i-imeyili, uhlole iwebhu, futhi uqalise izinhlelo. Amakhompyutha e-Quantum ezikhathini eziningi enza ukulingisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kumasistimu kanambambili asebenza kumabhithi ekhompyutha. Ngamanye amazwi, abathengi ngabanye ngeke bathole cishe inzuzo kukhompyutha yabo ye-quantum, kodwa abazuzi bangempela bokusungulwa bazoba, isibonelo, i-NASA noma i-Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Isikhathi sizosho ukuthi iyiphi indlela enengqondo - IBM noma i-Google. Ngokomthetho we-Neven, sisalelwe yizinyanga ezimbalwa nje ukuthi sibone ukubonakaliswa okugcwele kobukhulu be-quantum yiqembu elilodwa noma elinye. Futhi leli akuselona ithemba “leminyaka eyishumi kusukela manje, okungukuthi, ubani owaziyo ukuthi nini.”