Umuntu okhuluma nemishini futhi ngokuphambene nalokho

Amakhulu azo akhiwa. Amathani wezinguqulo nokusabalalisa. Ezinye zazo ziyi-niche curiosities, ezinye zisetshenziswa abambalwa, kodwa zibaluleke kakhulu ngoba zinesibopho sezingcezu ezibalulekile zengqalasizinda yekhompiyutha nenethiwekhi. Ngaphandle kobuningi obunjalo, akukho okubusayo okungaphezu kokubili engxenyeni ngayinye yemakethe.

esebenza kukhompyutha yakho. Ilawula inkumbulo, izinqubo, nayo yonke isoftware yayo nehadiwe. Iphinde ikuvumela ukuthi uxhumane nekhompyutha ngaphandle kokwazi "ulimi" lomshini. Ezimweni eziningi, izinhlelo eziningi ezahlukene ziyasebenza kudivayisi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ngayinye yazo kufanele ibe nokufinyelela kuyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi (CPU), inkumbulo, nokugcina. operating system ixhumanisa konke, inikeze uhlelo ngalunye lokho olukudingayo. Ngaphandle kwesistimu yokusebenza, isofthiwe ngeke ikwazi ngisho nokuxhumana nehadiwe, futhi ikhompuyutha izoba yize.

Abasebenzisi kanye izinhlelo zohlelo lokusebenza babe nokufinyelela kumasevisi ahlinzekwa amasistimu okusebenza ngokusebenzisa izingcingo zesistimu nezinkundla zokuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza. Basebenzisana nesistimu yokusebenza yekhompyutha. kusukela izixhumanisi zomugqa womyalo (KLI) izindawo zokuqhafaza umsebenzisi owaziwa nge-GUI (bona futhi: ). Ngamafuphi, uhlelo lokusebenza luvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlanganyele nezinhlelo zekhompiyutha ngokusebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi noma izinhlelo zohlelo lokusebenza kanye nehadiwe yekhompyutha.

1. Amalogo wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidume kakhulu

Izinhlelo Zokusebenza (1) ingatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amadivaysi afaka ikhompyutha yakho - kusuka omakhalekhukhwini i ikhonsoli yomdlalo po amakhompyutha amakhulu i amaseva e-inthanethi. Izibonelo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje ezidumile yilezi: Android, iOS, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, noma z/OS evela ku-IBM. Wonke lawa masistimu, ngaphandle kwe-Windows kanye/kanye ne-z/OS, anezimpande ze-UNIX. Muva nje, uma ungahlukanisi phakathi kwedeskithophu kanye nezinkundla zeselula, iWindows ayisabusa, kodwa yi-(2).

2. Ushintsho kwisabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke yezinhlelo zokusebenza kule minyaka eyishumi edlule iyonke ngokusho kwe-StatCounter

3. Ushintsho kumakethe yomhlaba wonke yezinhlelo zokusebenza zedeskithophu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ngokusho kwe-StatCounter.

4. Ushintsho kwisabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke yezinhlelo zokusebenza onyakeni odlule kumadivayisi eselula, ngokusho kwe-StatCounter

5. Amasheya ezinhlobo zesistimu yokusebenza emakethe yeseva ngo-2018

Amasistimu wokusebenza amathathu adume kakhulu amakhompuyutha omuntu siqu yilezi: I-Microsoft Windows,, I-Apple Mac OS X i Linux, isabelo sabo siguquguquka cishe ngo-1-2%. (3) Phakathi kwamadivayisi eselula, i-Android ibusa i-iOS ye-Apple, esendaweni yesibili ngesabelo semakethe esisanda kukhula (4). Futhi emakethe yeseva yomhlaba wonke, cishe isigamu sabo sinemikhiqizo ye-Microsoft, nakuba leli phesenti liwa kancane kancane, futhi ngokusabalala kwe-Red Hat Linux, lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zenza cishe i-4/5 yale makethe (5).

Kusuka ku-smartphone kuye kuseva

IMicrosoft idaliwe Isistimu yokusebenza yeWindows phakathi nawo-80s. Isekelwe ku-MS-DOS kernel, ngaleso sikhathi umphathi wohlelo osetshenziswa kakhulu ukwethula izinhlelo zokusebenza. Bese, okuhlanganisa nesibuyekezo esikhulu sokuqala ngo-1987, kulandele Windows 3.0. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, inguqulo elandelayo, i-Windows 95, yaba isistimu yokusebenza ehamba phambili. Ochwepheshe bathi uhlelo lweMicrosoft alukashintshi ngokuyisisekelo ngokuya ngesakhiwo salo kusukela ku-Windows 95, nakuba sengeze inani elikhulu lezici ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezintsha zekhompyutha. Izinto eziningi esizaziyo namuhla bezikhona kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-90s, njengemenyu yokuqala, ibha yomsebenzi, kanye ne-Windows Explorer (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi "Explorer").

Yakhiwe eminyakeni eminingi izinguqulo eziningi ezahlukene zeWindows. Okuthandwa kakhulu kubo kukhona Windows 7 (ikhishwe ngo-2009) Windows Vista (2007) kanye Windows XP (2001). IWindows ifakwe kuqala kokuningi ama-PC amashaokubhekwa njengesizathu esikhulu sokubusa kwakhe emhlabeni. Umsebenzisi othenga i-PC noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo noma athuthukise i-Windows kukhompuyutha yakhe angakhetha kuzinguqulo eziningana ezihlukene zesistimu, okuhlanganisa Ikhaya le-Premium, professional noma Okokugcina.

Kuyafana kuwo wonke umuntu amakhompyutha amasha e-Macintosh noma I-Poppy ifakwe kuqala embonini kusukela ngo-2002. Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Apple, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi I-MacOS (ngaphambilini i-OS X kanye ne-Mac OS X). Amasistimu wokusebenza we-Apple awumndeni wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe ku-UNIX ezindala ezitholakala ngokusemthethweni kuphela kumakhompyutha we-Apple afakwe kuqala kusukela ngo-2002. Igama lohlelo limenyezelwe ngo-2016 engqungqutheleni ye-WWDC ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlanganisa amagama asetshenziswa yi-Apple ezinhlelweni zabo zokusebenza (ngakho-ke, i-macOS iyingxenye yochungechunge: iOS, watchOS, tvOS, njll.).

ngaphandle I-UNIX endala Isisekelo sokudala uhlelo lwesimanje lwe-Apple sasetshenziswa ngaphambilini Isistimu ye-NeXTSstep engxenyeni yesibili yama-80s, eyathengwa i-Apple kanye nomkhiqizi i-NeXT ngo-1996. Inguqulo yokugcina yalolo hlelo lwekhompuyutha "yakudala" ye-Macintosh kwakuyi-Mac OS 9. Ngo-2006, inguqulo yokuqala yakhululwa yama-x86 Macs amasha. - IMac OS X 10.4. Ngo-2005, kwakhululwa inguqulo yokuqala eyayihambisana ngokugcwele nenguqulo yesithathu ye-Uniform UNIX Specification - Mac OS X 10.5, esebenza ku-PowerPC kanye ne-x86 "mac" kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi. I-Universal Kanambambili, okuyifomethi yefayela esebenzisekayo esebenza kuzo zombili izakhiwo. Ngokusekelwe kule nguqulo, isistimu ye-iOS (ekuqaleni i-iPhone OS), isistimu yokusebenza ye-Apple Inc., yadalwa. kumadivayisi eselula i-iPhone, i-iPod touch ne-iPad. Njengoba ubona, umlando wesistimu/izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Apple uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalowo weWindows.

Nokho, lokhu akulutho uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukahluka komndeni. I-Linux, faka amasistimu okusebenza, okusho ukuthi angashintshwa futhi asatshalaliswe kabusha yinoma ubani noma kuphi emhlabeni. Ihluke kakhulu ku-software yokuphathelene njenge-Windows, engashintshwa kuphela inkampani ephethe. I-Linux Advantage ukuthi "isofthiwe yamahhala" futhi kunezinhlobo eziningi zokusabalalisa (izinguqulo) ongakhetha kuzo ezihambisana nezidingo zakho. Ukusabalalisa ngakunye kunokubukeka nomuzwa ohlukile. Ukusabalalisa okudume kakhulu kwaziwa ngokuthi: Ubuntu, Mint kanye neFedora. I-Linux iqanjwe ngegama lomndeni ULinus Torvaldsowadala i-Linux kernel ngo-1991.

I-Linux yasatshalaliswa okokuqala ngaphansi kwe-GNU General Public License ngo-1992. Ikhule isuka emigqeni embalwa yokuqala yekhodi yomthombo ekukhululweni kwayo kwangempela yaba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi amabili namuhla. Lolu hlelo lungalungiswa yinoma ubani ngezinhloso zakhe. Ngenxa yalokho sinamakhulu ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisuselwe ku-Linuxokuthiwa ukusatshalaliswa. Lokhu kwenza ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kube nzima kakhulu, kube nzima kakhulu kunokukhetha inguqulo yesistimu.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokusabalalisa kwe-Linux kuhle kakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu uzothola okuthile okufanelana nezidingo zabo kanye nezintandokazi zabo. Isibonelo, kunezinguqulo ezilingisa iWindows XP edumile. Kukhona futhi ama-flavour akhethekile e-Linux, afana nokusabalalisa okuklanyelwe ukunikeza impilo entsha kumakhompyutha aphelelwe yisikhathi, asezingeni eliphansi, noma ukusatshalaliswa okuvikeleke kakhulu okungase. sebenzisa idrayivu ye-usb. Yebo, kunezinguqulo eziningi ze-Linux zokusebenzisa amaseva nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezingeni lebhizinisi. Abamukeli be-Linux batusa Ubuntu njengesiqalo esihle. Lolu uhlelo olulula kakhulu (ngisho luqhathaniswa neWindows), kodwa ngasikhathi sinye luguquguqukayo futhi lusebenza ngezinto eziningi. ochwepheshe be-computer art.

, zihluke kakhulu kumakhompuyutha edeskithophu namakhompyutha aphathekayo, ngakho zisebenza ezinhlelweni zokusebenza eziklanyelwe amadivaysi eselula ngokuqondile. Amasistimu okusebenza amadivaysi eselula ngokuvamile awanikezi ububanzi bezimpawu njengalezo eziklanyelwe amadeskithophu noma amakhompyutha aphathekayo futhi azikwazi ukusebenzisa zonke izinhlelo ezaziwa ngama-PC. Nokho, usengenza izinto eziningi ngazo, njengokubuka amamuvi, ukungena kuwebhu, ukuphatha ikhalenda, ukudlala imidlalo, nokunye.

Kukhona futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza zamaseva, isb. esindayo futhi esindayo ngokweqile ngesisindo. Uyini umehluko phakathi uhlelo lokusebenza lweseva a isistimu yokusebenza yomsebenzisi ojwayelekile? Uhlelo lokusebenza "oluvamile" lungasebenzisa izinhlelo ezifana ne-MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, kanye nezinhlelo zezithombe, izidlali zevidiyo, njll. Futhi ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izinhlelo zokusebenza ezenza kube lula ukuphequlula iwebhu futhi uhlole ama-imeyili. Isebenzisa ukuxhumana kwe-LAN ne-Bluetooth futhi ishibhile kunesistimu yokusebenza yeseva.

Uhlelo lokusebenza lweseva kubiza kakhulu ngesizathu esithile. Umgomo wayo ukuvumela ukuxhumana okungenamkhawulo kubasebenzisi, inikeze izinsiza zenkumbulo ezinkulu kakhulu, futhi isebenze njengamaseva wendawo yonke wamawebhusayithi, i-imeyili, kanye nesizindalwazi. Uhlelo lweseva lungaqukatha amadeskithophu amaningi ngenxa yokuthi lwenzelwe ukunethiwekha hhayi okomsebenzisi oyedwa.

Amasistimu okusebenza wamadivayisi we-IoT

I-Contiki - Uhlelo lokusebenza lomthombo ovulekile olwakhiwe ngo-2002, ikakhulukazi olugxile kuma-microcontrollers wenethiwekhi yamandla aphansi kanye namadivayisi we-IoT.

Izinto ze-Android - Idalwe ngu-Google. Igama lakhe langaphambili kwakunguBrillo. Isekela ubuchwepheshe be-Bluetooth ne-Wi-Fi.

I-RIOT - inomphakathi omkhulu wonjiniyela futhi ikhishwa ngaphansi kwe-GNU Lesser General Public License. Ngakho-ke, i-RIOT ibizwa ngokuthi i-Linux yomhlaba we-IoT.

I-Apache Minute - okufana nesistimu yokusebenza ye-RIOT. Ikhishwa ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-Apache 2.0. Isebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Ingasetshenziswa kuma-microcontrollers amaningi, amadivaysi e-IoT yezimboni kanye namadivayisi wezokwelapha.

I-LiteOS - yethulwe isikhondlakhondla sezobuchwepheshe saseChina iHuawei ngo-2015. Kubhekwa njengokuphephile futhi kusebenzisana.

I-Zephyr - yakhululwa ngo-2016 yi-Linux Foundation. Ukuhlanganiswa okulula kwamadivaysi e-IoT ahlukahlukene kwenze lolu hlelo lokusebenza lwaba olunye oludume kakhulu emhlabeni.

ukuluma iyisistimu yokusebenza eyinhloko ye-Ubuntu IoT. Ngokusekelwe emphakathini we-Ubuntu, iqinisekisa ukuphepha okuqinile kwamadivayisi we-IoT.

I-OS encane - Ikhishwe okokuqala ngo-2000. Ingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezindala kakhulu zamadivayisi we-IoT. Ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa amanethiwekhi enzwa engenantambo. 

I-Intanethi Yezinto YeWindows – ngaphambilini eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Windows Embedded. Ishintshelwe ku-Windows IoT ngokufika kwe Windows 10.

I-Raspbian iwuhlelo lokusebenza olususelwa ku-Debian lwe-Raspberry Pi kuphela. I-kernel ifana ne-Unix kernel.

Freertos iwumthombo ovulekile wokusebenza wama-microcontroller. Isebenzisa isevisi yefu ye-Amazon okungukuthi i-AWS.

I-Linux efakiwe - Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Linux kule nguqulo lusetshenziselwa ama-smart TV, amarutha angenantambo (Wi-Fi), njll.

Umlando omfushane we-GUI

Abantu abaningi basebenzisa isistimu Esebenzayoefakwe kukhompuyutha yabo ngaphambi kokuba bayithenge, kodwa kuhlale kungenzeka ukuyishintsha, ukuyithuthukisa noma ukuyishintsha. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje zisebenzisa i-graphical interface yomsebenzisi noma i-GUI ekuvumela ukuthi usebenzise igundane lakho noma iphedi yokuthinta ukuze uchofoze izithonjana, izinkinobho, namamenyu, futhi yonke into iboniswa esikrinini kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yezithombe nombhalo. Ngaphambi kwe-GUI, isixhumi esibonakalayo sekhompyutha sasinomugqa womyalo, futhi umsebenzisi kwakudingeka afake umyalo ngamunye kukhompyutha, futhi umshini ubonisa umbhalo kuphela.

I-interface yokuqala yomsebenzisi eyisithombe emhlabeni ithathwa njengokukhululwa kwe-Apple System 1 ngoJanuwari 1984. Windows 1, ekhishwe ngoNovemba olandelayo, iphinde yanikeza i-GUI, isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo se-16-bit. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphandle kwe-Apple, ama-prototypes ezindawo ezinezithombe zavezwa ezinye izinkampani, njenge-VisiCorp e-COMDEX ngo-1982, futhi isizathu esiyinhloko sokudala i-Windows GUI kwakuwukukhathazeka. Bill Gates ngokulahleka kwezikhundla emakethe ye-IBM PC.

I-interface yayo, njengoba sishilo, inokubukwa okwengeziwe Isistimu yokusebenza yeWindows bathembele ku Qala Imenyueyethulwa okokuqala ku-Windows 95 (1995) 6. Inkinobho yokuqala i Qala Imenyu ngomkhankaso wokukhangisa wokuheha abasebenzisi kunqubo yokuqalisa uhlelo olusha. Lapho i-Windows 2012 iphuma ngo-8, inkinobho yanyamalala futhi umsebenzisi ngokushesha wayiswa esikrinini sokuqala esigcwele, esaklanyelwe ukuhambisana namadivayisi amasha wesikrini esithintwayo. Isikrini sokuqala sigxile ezithonjaneni zohlelo lokusebenza namathayili ongachofoza kukho, njengakubha ye-Apple, kunohlu lwezinketho zesistimu nezinhlelo iWindows ezisebenzise kumenyu yokuqala eminyakeni edlule.

6. Ukusebenzisa Inkinobho Yokuqala YeWindows

Ngo-2013 uvele Inguqulo ye-Windows 8.1okubuyise inkinobho ethi Qala ukuze kube lula kumakhasimende e-Microsoft ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuqalisa. Ngo-2014, Windows 10 ibuyisele inkinobho yokuqala ethandekayo kanye nemenyu yokuQala ngokuhle.

Kushiwo kwaziwa kubasebenzisi Udokotela we-Apple yethulwa ngo-2000 ngokukhishwa kweMac OS X ebizwa ngokuthi Cheetah. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, abasebenzisi bohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Apple babesebenzisa ibha yemenyu ephezulu ukuze baqalise nokukhetha izinhlelo, nokwenza izinguquko ezinhlelweni ezazivele zisebenza. Uma uhlelo lokusebenza X 10.5, eyaziwa nangokuthi I-Leopard, ekhishwe ngo-Okthoba 2007, i-Dock (7) iklanywe kabusha kusetshenziswa indlela yokubuka efanayo esiyaziyo namuhla.

I-UNIX futhi hhayi i-UNIX

Amasistimu eWindows, Mac OS i ukusabalalisa okuhlukahlukene kwe-Linux (kuhlanganise ne-Android eyingxenye yalo mndeni) - akukhona konke lokhu okunikezwa yimakethe. Kudingeka kucace ukuthi imikhiqizo eminingi ehlukene emhlabeni ihlobene ngendlela eyodwa noma enye; isibonelo, i-Linux imodelwe ngemuva kwesistimu ye-UNIX endala eyakhiwe yi-Bell Labs kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-60. Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-Apple zivela ku-UNIX. Ngakho-ke, kukhona inethiwekhi yokuxhumana, kodwa abahleli abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abakha lezi zinhlelo, bazama ukungaziboni "njengezifana ngokuyisisekelo" futhi bagcizelele umehluko. Igama elithi Linux ngokwalo kufanele libe isifinyezo se-"Linux Is Not UniX". Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Linux iyafana ne-UNIX, kodwa yathuthukiswa ngaphandle kwekhodi ye-Unix, ngokungafani, isibonelo, i-BSD() nokuhluka kwayo.

Isibonelo sohlelo olunjalo oluhlobene kodwa oluhlukile Chrome OS, edalwe i-Google, umsebenzi oyinhloko wesistimu uku kwethula izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-inthanethi. Itholakala kumalaptop amaningi angabizi futhi abizayo. Amakhompyutha afakwe ngaphambili nge-Chrome OS ayaziwa emakethe chromebooks.

Omunye wenzalo ye-BSD engenhla ebizwa I-FreeBSD (isishiyagalombili). Inguqulo yokuqala yesistimu yakhululwa ngo-8. Njengamanje kunezinguqulo ezimbili ezinzile ezitholakalayo nezisekelwayo: 1993 kanye ne-11.4. Igama elithi FreeBSD liqhamuke nalo UDavid Greenman kusukela ku-CD ye-Walnut Creek esekele iphrojekthi kusukela ekuqaleni. I-mascot esemthethweni ye-FreeBSD yidemoni, ibinzana elisemthethweni lithi "Amandla Okusebenzela". Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo nokuthembeka, ivame ukusetshenziswa njengeseva noma i-firewall. I-FreeBSD isetshenziswa, isibonelo. nge-Apache.org, Netflix, Flight-Aware, Yahoo!, Yandex, Netcraft, Sony Playstation 4, WhatsApp.

Uhlelo lokusebenza oluklanyelwe ikhaya (ukulawula okulula, i-multimedia) nezinhlelo zokusebenza zasehhovisi, ngokulandelana Uhlamvu. Yakhiwe ngoJulayi 2002 njenge igatsha lohlelo lwe-AtheOSeyashiywa umbhali wayo uKurt Skauen. I-kernel ne-architecture yesistimu, njengephrojekthi ye-AtheOS, igqugquzelwe Uhlelo lwe-AmigaOS.

I-ReactOS ithathwa njenge-clone ye-Windows, isistimu yokusebenza yamahhala yohlobo lwekhompyutha yomuntu siqu esebenzisana nezinguqulo ezihlukahlukene ze-Windows. Ukuqagela kwesistimu kufaka phakathi ikhono lokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Windows nezishayeli, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-OS/2, Java, ne-POSIX.

I-ReactOS yabhalwa ngo-Cnezinye izici ezifana ne-ReactOS Explorer ku-C++. Abathuthukisi be-ReactOS bathi akuyona i-clone ye-Windows. I-ReactOS ibilokhu ithuthukiswa kusukela ngo-1996. Emuva ngo-2019, yayisathathwa njengenguqulo ye-alpha engaphelele yesofthiwe, ngakho abathuthukisi bayincoma kuphela ngezinjongo zokuhlola. Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-Windows ezifana ne-Adobe Reader 6.0 kanye ne-OpenOffice esebenza kuyo njengamanje.

Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo Solaris iwuhlelo lokusebenza olusekelwe ku-UNIX olwaqalwa yi-Sun Microsystems maphakathi nawo-90s, kodwa lwaqanjwa kabusha ngo-2010 ukuze Oracle Solaris kulandela ukutholwa kwe-Sun Microsystems yi-Oracle. Kuyaziwa ngokulinganisa kwayo nezinye izici ezimbalwa ezenze izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithokozisayo zenzeke.

Kunamasistimu wokusebenza amaningi abebalulekile ngesikhathi sawo, kodwa awasafani ne-AmigaOS; I-OS/2 evela ku-IBM ne-Microsoft, i-Mac OS yakudala, okungukuthi. i-non-Unix eyandulela i-Apple MacOS, i-BeOS, i-XTS-300, i-RISC OS, i-MorphOS, i-Haiku, i-Bare-Metal ne-FreeMint. Ezinye zazo zisasetshenziswa ezimakethe ze-niche futhi ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa njengamapulatifomu amancane omphakathi oshisekayo nokuthuthukiswa kwezicelo.

I-OpenVMS idalwe ngo-DEC namanje . Amanye amasistimu okusebenza asetshenziswa cishe ezifundweni kuphela ukufundisa amasistimu wokusebenza noma ukucwaninga imiqondo ye-OS. Isibonelo esijwayelekile sesistimu eyenza kokubili IMINITHI. Enye, ebizwa ngokuthi eyodwa, isetshenziselwa ucwaningo kuphela. I-Oberon ithuthukiswe kwa-ETH Zurich Nicholas Virtha, I-Yurga Gutknehta kanye neqembu labafundi eminyakeni yama-80s, lalisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ucwaningo, ukufundisa kanye nomsebenzi wansuku zonke eqenjini le-Wirth. Kodwa-ke, amanye amasistimu wokusebenza angazange azuze isabelo semakethe esibalulekile athule izinto ezintsha ezibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuhamba phambili. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni nasekuhloleni kweBell Labs.

kuyefana amasistimu wokusebenza ahlukahlukene amapulatifomu ngaphandle kwama-PC, ama-smartphone namathebulethi. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kuye kwasungulwa izixazululo ezihlukene zama-smart TV, izimoto, amawashi, i-inthanethi Yezinto (9), njll. Ngobuchwepheshe, lezi akuzona izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo, nakuba zinamagama afanayo. Ngokwesibonelo Isistimu yokusebenza ye-Android TV OS akufani nalokho esinakho ku-smartphone. Amasistimu ashumekiwe asetshenziswa ezimotweni, ngokwesibonelo, angaba yizinhlobonhlobo eziningi, anezilungiselelo eziningi zedivayisi eyodwa, ngoba amasistimu kagesi ezimotweni anenqwaba yamaphrosesa. Iphrosesa ngayinye (kulokhu, i-microcontroller) ingaba nesistimu yokusebenza ehlukile (noma efanayo) noma ingabikho nhlobo.

9. Uhlelo olusebenzayo lwe-inthanethi yezinto

Amasistimu avulekile weselula futhi aphethwe endaweni eyodwa

Cishe eminyakeni engu-15 edlule, wayephethe imakethe yezokuxhumana ngomakhalekhukhwini. Isistimu ye-Symbian, namuhla empeleni umlando we-OS, njengePalmOS, webOS. Njengamanje, njengoba wazi, imakethe yesistimu yokusebenza yeselula ilawulwa yi-Android, iphakheji yesofthiwe evulekile nekhululekile eyakhiwe yi-Google equkethe isistimu yokusebenza eyinhloko, i-middleware nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa kumadivayisi eselula.

I-Linux kernel kanye nezinye izingxenye eziguqulelwe ku-Android zikhishwa ngaphansi kwe-GNU GPL. Nokho, i-Android ayifaki ikhodi evela kuphrojekthi ye-GNU. Lesi sici sihlukanisa i-Android kokunye ukusatshalaliswa kweLinux okuningi namuhla. Izibuyekezo zesistimu yokusebenza ye-Android ngaphambilini zishicilelwe ngaphansi kwamagama ahlobene ne-dessert (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich). Iminyaka emibili manje, izinguqulo ze-Android zimane zibalwe izinombolo zilandelana.

okwesibili I-iOS iyisistimu yeselula, umkhiqizo we-Apple we-iPhone, i-iPod touch, kanye namadivayisi eselula e-iPad. Igama lamanje liqale ukusebenza kusukela ngo-2010. Lolu hlelo belwaziwa ngaphambilini ngokuthi I-iPhone OS. Lolu hlelo lusekelwe ku I-Mac OS X 10.5. I-iOS itholakala kuphela kumadivayisi e-Apple ngoba inkampani ayilayisense isistimu yokusebenza yamadivayisi avela kwabanye abakhiqizi. Yonke isoftware ikhishwa iyodwa ngabakwa-Apple Inc. futhi isatshalaliswe kusuka endaweni yokugcina eyodwa () phakathi nendawo nge-AppStore ngesiginesha yokuqinisekisa ye-cryptographic eyisibopho. Le modeli yokusabalalisa, nakuba ilawulwa phakathi nendawo, ivumela ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwe-malware, ukulungiswa okusebenzayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa futhi ngaleyo ndlela izinga eliphezulu elingenakuqhathaniswa lokuphepha nekhwalithi yabo bonke abasebenzisi.

Windows Mobile iwuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lwe-Microsoft olusetshenziswa kuma-smartphones kanye namadivayisi eselula − ngezikrini zokuthinta noma ngaphandle kwabo. Uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lusekelwe ku-Windows CE 5.2 kernel.

I-Windows Mobile iyisistimu yokusebenza eyenzelwe ama-PocketPC PDAs, ama-PDA, nama-smartphone. Owalandela uchungechunge lweWindows Mobile kwaba yiWindows Phone, eyethulwe ngoSepthemba 27, 2011. Ngo-2015, iMicrosoft yabuyela egameni layo langaphambili ngokwethula i-Windows 10 Uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula, kodwa lolu hlelo akulona olomndeni wakwa-Windows Mobile, olusekelwe ku-Windows CE kernel. Ingeka- Windows 10 umndeni njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwenkundla yendawo yonke ebizwa nge-Universal Windows Platform.

Olunye uhlelo olwaziwayo emakethe ye-OS yeselula IBlackBerry OS, iwuhlelo lokusebenza oluphathelene nomakhalekhukhwini olwakhiwe yiResearch In Motion ukuze lusetshenziswe kumadivayisi aphathwayo eBlackBerry adumile eminyakeni eminingi edlule. BlackBerry platform yayidumile kubasebenzisi bezinkampani ngoba, uma ihlanganiswa ne-BlackBerry Enterprise Server, inikeza ukuvumelanisa ne-Microsoft Exchange, i-Lotus Domino, i-imeyili ye-Novell GroupWise, kanye nenye isofthiwe yebhizinisi.

Kunezinye iziphakamiso ezingaziwa kangako njenge Bada, Isistimu yokusebenza ye-Samsung yamaselulaeyethulwe ngo-2010. I-smartphone yokuqala ukuyisebenzisa kwakuyi-Samsung Wave. Isistimu esebenzayo lokhu ngokulandelana Ukusabalalisa kwe-Linux, yadalwa ngokuhlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Moblin (okudalwe yi-Intel) kanye UMaemo (Ixhaswe ngabakwaNokia) kumadivayisi eselula ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza njengezimoto, izikebhe, amafoni, ama-netbook noma amaphilisi. Ukwethulwa kweselula yokuqala ene-MeeGo v1.2, Nokia N9, kwenzeka ngoJuni 21, 2011.

Siyakwamukela ku-zoo yesistimu yokusebenza

Njengoba ubona, izinhlelo zokusebenza zigcwele. Bavuka futhi bashintsha, bahlanganisa izinguqulo ezintsha, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa emindenini kanye Izizukulwane ze-Linuxukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukene zochwepheshe ngezinye izikhathi. Njengengxenye yalokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye namagatsha amaningi, indalo embalwa yokuqala, uma ingeyona eyinqaba, yadalwa.

Isidalwa esinjalo esingavamile, isibonelo. IthempeliOS, ngaphambilini J Operating System, SparrowOS kanye LoseThos - ukukhanya uhlelo lokusebenza lweBhayibheli. Yaklanywa umhleli wezinhlelo waseMelika njengethempeli lesithathu elabikezelwa eBhayibhelini. Terriego A. Davis. UDavis uthe izici zesistimu ezifana nokulungiswa kwamaphikseli angu-640 × 480, isibonisi esinemibala engu-16, nezilawuli zomsindo aziphathiswe nguNkulunkulu ngokukhethekile. Yahlelwa kusetshenziswa okuhlukile koqobo kolimi C (okuthiwa i-HolyC) futhi yahlanganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, isifanisi sendiza, i-compiler, kanye ne-kernel.

Isimo esicishe sifane naso simbozwe yi-post-apocalyptic OS Collapse, edalwe ngu-Virgil Dupras. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lunikeza isethi yezinhlelo ezizikhiqizayo i ukuzifakela kumadivaysi ahlukahlukene, kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko walolu hlelo ukwethula ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini yakudala engasinda ngemva kwenhlekelele yomhlaba wonke.

Omunye umklamo wangempela, amahubhu, yayihloselwe ukudala kabusha isipiliyoni esijwayelekile kubasebenzisi bemishini emidala ye-Amiga kuma-PC esimanje. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba yavela, isofthiwe yadlula eyangempela, yaba umkhiqizo wangempela onokuxhuma okuncane ezinsukwini zothando zamakhompyutha.

INorth Korea yaziwa ngokuzihlukanisa nezwe langaphandle. Lokhu kuyasebenza naku isoftware. Amakhompyutha ku-DPR-D azisebenzi ezinhlelweni zeWindows noma ze-Apple, kodwa ku-Red Star (Pulgunbyol). Lolu hlelo lokusebenza olusekelwe e-UNIX lwathuthukiswa lapho ku-National Computer Centre futhi ihlanganisa isiphequluli esilungisiwe esisekelwe kuFirefoxokukuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele iwebhu yesimanje, umhleli wombhalo, ngisho nemidlalo. I-Red Star iphinde ibe nezici ezifana nesistimu ye-watermarking emaka wonke amafayela anenombolo yomkhiqizo eyingqayizivele yokufaka ukuze akwazi ukulandelelwa, kanye nokufinyelela kwe-backdoor kuma-ejensi wezobunhloli wase-Korea.

Ikhulelwa kancane Uhlelo lweSabili, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Ubuntu Muslim Edition". ISabily ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kweLinux. yethulwe ngo-2007 ukusiza abasebenzisi abangamaSulumane. Ngokungeziwe kuzici ezijwayelekile ezihlinzekwa isistimu yokusebenza, i-Sabily ihlanganisa ukwesekwa kolimi lwesi-Arabhu ngaphandle kwebhokisi. Uhlelo lokusebenza luphinde luziqhenye ngezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukile, njengesithonjana esicela ukubiza kwamaSulumane emthandazweni izikhathi ezimbalwa ngosuku, noma Zakat Calc ukusiza umsebenzisi ukuthi anqume amanani ahlukahlukene wezipho eziyisibopho. Iphrojekthi ye-Sabily yayekwa ngo-2011 kodwa iyatholakala ku-ArchiveOS.

Igcwele ama-quirks Ukuzibulala kwe-Linuxokuthi, ngemva kokufaka umyalo ongaziwa yizinga le-Linux, ifometha i-hard drive, okufanele iqondwe ngokuthi "isijeziso". Noma I-PonyOS, uhlelo lokuzilibazisa olwakhiwe kusukela phansi kuya phezulu lwabalandeli be-My Little Pony olususelwe kolunye uhlelo olungacacile, i-Toaru. Ngokungeziwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo esigcwele amahhashi amahle, i-PonyOS inikeza isici esisodwa esithakazelisayo - amawindi e-GUI azungezayo ngaphezu kokushwabana kwawo okungokwesiko nokuhamba.

I-Digital Real World OS

Lokhu kusesikhathini sethu. Futhi amasistimu okusebenza ayilungele. Inkampani yaseMelika iVeritone yamemezela ngo-Ephreli 2020 ukuthi iphumelele ukuthuthukisa eyokuqala emhlabeni. Umkhiqizo wakhe obizwa ngokuthi "i-aiWARE" usebenzisa ama-algorithms e-AI esikhundleni sezinhlelo. Okuzenzakalelayo iWARE kufaka phakathi inkulumo, umbhalo, izwi, izithombe, i-biometrics, ukuhlaziya idatha, ukuguqulwa kwedatha nokunye. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, umsebenzi womsizi wezwi usuvele wakhiwe kumadivayisi wendabuko futhi utholakala kuhlelo lokusebenza oluhlukile.

Kusukela intelligence yokwenziwa, ukuqashelwa inkulumo noma isithombe, abasizi be-virtual i Amasu Okubizwa ngokuthi i-interface yemvelo yemishini isiqala ukudala namuhla indawo entsha lapho umuntu wesimanje anganyakaza, aphile, asebenze, athenge, adlale nokunye okuningi, umqondo "wesistimu yokusebenza" uthuthuka futhi usuka buthule usuka emhlabeni wamakhompyutha. kanye nezinye izisetshenziswa zekhompiyutha ezemvelo yethu kuphela, indawo ezungezile kanye nomhlaba esiphila kuwo nsuku zonke.

Ingabe ikusasa lingele "uhlelo lokusebenza lomhlaba", okungukuthi, izixazululo ezixhumanisa okuthile okungaphezu nje kokusebenza kwesofthiwe ne-hardware? Ingabe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha maduze zizoqinisekisa ukusebenzisana nokusebenza kahle kwezinto ezibonakalayo, umshini kanye nomhlaba wangempela? Uhlelo olunjalo ngeke lunikeze kuphela izinsiza zekhompuyutha zephrosesa, kodwa futhi nokufinyelela ekuboneni kwethu, ukunaka kanye namakhono okuqonda, i.e. emqondweni wethu.

Uhlolojikelele lwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo zokusebenza

Isistimu yokusebenza yesikhathi sangempela (isistimu yokusebenza yesikhathi sangempela, i-RTOS) - ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi sokwenza imisebenzi oyifunayo. Amasistimu anjalo asetshenziswa njengezakhi zezinhlelo zokulawula ikhompyutha ezisebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokwalo mbandela, amasistimu esikhathi sangempela ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili:

• qinile, i.e. lezo okwaziwa ngazo isikhathi esibi kakhulu (esikhulu) sokuphendula futhi kwaziwa ukuthi ngeke seqiwe;
• soft, i.e. labo abazama ukuphendula ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi eside sokuphendula singaba.

Kuhlelo lokusebenza lwesikhathi sangempela, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo okufanele zabelwe iphrosesa nokuthi zonke izinqubo ezisebenzisekayo zizohlangabezana nemikhawulo yazo isikhathi esingakanani. Ukuvela kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zalolu hlobo kuhlotshaniswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nesidingo semishini yezempi ekulawuleni imicibisholo ngesikhathi. Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza manje sezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yabantu, futhi ziphinde zilawule izisetshenziswa ezinjengokushintshana ngocingo, iNASA Mars Landers, kanye nama-ABS ezimoto. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo yiWindows CE, OS-9, Symbian neLynxOS.

Ngendlela yokuxhumana nomsebenzisi, sihlukanisa:

• Amasistimu ombhalo - ukuxhumana kusetshenziswa imiyalo ekhishwe kulayini womyalo noma, ngamanye amazwi, kumugqa womyalo (isibonelo, UNIX, MS-DOS).
• Amasistimu wezithombe - ukuxhumana kusetshenziswa amafasitela ayingcaca nezimpawu (GUI). Ikhompyutha ilawulwa kusetshenziswa ikhesa yegundane (isibonelo, umndeni we-MS Windows, Mac OS).

Ngokwezakhiwo, amasistimu okusebenza ahlukaniswe abe:

• izinhlelo zenhloso eyodwa. Lezi yizinhlelo ze-monolithic zomklamo olula kakhulu. Isistimu ingenza umsebenzi owodwa kuphela ngesikhathi. Uhlelo olulodwa kuphela olungasebenza ngesikhathi (isibonelo, i-MS-DOS).
• Amasistimu we-multitasking (imisebenzi eminingi). Lawa amasistimu anamazinga amaningi anesakhiwo sokulandelana semiyalo yesistimu. Uhlelo lungenza ngesikhathi esisodwa imisebenzi eminingi (isibonelo, ukulawula inqubo yokuphrinta ngenkathi uhlela umbhalo ohlelweni). Izinhlelo ezimbalwa zingasebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa (isb. MS Windows 9x/Me, NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Amasistimu okufinyelela ahlanganisiwe. Lawa amasistimu asekela umsebenzisi oyedwa kuphela ngesikhathi (isb i-MS-DOS, Windows 9x/Me). 
• amasistimu wabasebenzisi abaningi. Lawa amasistimu asekela abasebenzisi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Iphrosesa yenza imisebenzi eminingana ngokushintshana, ishintsha kaningi kangangokuthi abasebenzisi bangahlanganyela nohlelo ngenkathi lusebenza (isb. MS Windows NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Izinhlelo ze-Client-server. Lawa amasistimu ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu aqondisa amasistimu esibili afakwe kumakhompyutha anenethiwekhi ngayinye. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ziphathwa isistimu yokusebenza "njengamakhasimende" amaseva ahlinzeka ngamasevisi kuwo. "Amakhasimende" axhumana namaseva ngomongo wesistimu, futhi iseva ngayinye isebenza endaweni yayo, ehlukene futhi evikelekile yenkumbulo, ihlukaniswe kahle kwezinye izinqubo.

Isistimu eshumekiwe - uhlelo lwekhompiyutha oluyisipesheli oluba yingxenye ebalulekile yemishini olusebenzayo. Kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile, ichazwe ngokuqinile ngokwemisebenzi okufanele iyenze. Ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu evamile enemisebenzi eminingi. Yonke isistimu eshumekiwe isekelwe ku-microprocessor (noma i-microcontroller) ehlelelwe ukwenza inani elilinganiselwe lemisebenzi, noma ngisho nomsebenzi owodwa. Kukholakala ukuthi ikhompuyutha elawula umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Apollo yase-US ingeyokuqala eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ikhompuyutha yokuqala eshumekwe ngobuningi yasetshenziswa ukulawula umcibisholo we-LGM-30 Minuteman I. Izibonelo ezimbalwa yi-Windows CE, FreeBSD, ne-Minix 3.

amasistimu okusebenza ashumekiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Linux kumasistimu ashumekiwe kubizwa nge-Embedded Linux. 

Isistimu yokusebenza yeselula (noma i-OS yeselula) - uhlelo lokusebenza lwama-smartphones, amaphilisi, ama-PDA noma amanye amadivaysi eselula. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zamaselula zihlanganisa izici zekhompuyutha nezinye izici eziwusizo kumakhalekhukhwini noma ezinye izinto eziphathwayo; ngokuvamile lezi: isikrini sokuthinta, ifoni, i-Bluetooth, i-Wi-Fi, ukuzulazula, ikhamera, ikhamera, ukuqashelwa kwenkulumo, ukurekhoda kwezwi, isidlali somculo, i-NFC kanye ne-infrared port. Imishini ephathwayo ekwazi ukuxhumana (njengama-smartphone) iqukethe izinhlelo ezimbili zokusebenza zamaselula - uhlelo oluyinhloko olubonakala kumsebenzisi, olulekelelwa uhlelo lwesikhathi sangempela olusezingeni eliphansi olusekela umsakazo nezinye izingxenye. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-Blackberry OS, i-Google Android, ne-Apple iOS.