Ngokushesha, Kuthule, Kuhlanzekile - Injini Yezindiza Entsha

Kuvela ukuthi ukuze ushintshe kakhulu endizeni, awudingi ukubheka ama-propeller amasha, imiklamo yekusasa noma izinto zesikhala. Kwanele ukusebenzisa ukudluliswa kwemishini okulula ...

Lokhu kungenye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu zeminyaka yamuva. Ama-Geared turbofan motors (GTF) avumela i-compressor nefeni ukuthi ijikeleze ngesivinini esihlukile. Igiya le-fan drive lizungeza ne-fan shaft kodwa lihlukanisa injini yabalandeli ne-compressor ene-low pressure kanye ne-turbine. I-fan izungeza ngesivinini esincane, kuyilapho i-compressor ne-low pressure turbine isebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu. Imojula ngayinye yenjini ingasebenza ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 yokusebenzisa i-R&D ne-R&D cishe ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1000 zamaRandi, umndeni wakwaPratt & Whitney PurePower PW2016G turbofan wawusebenza eminyakeni embalwa edlule futhi wethulwe kakhulu ezindizeni zezentengiselwano kusukela ngo-XNUMX.

Izinjini zesimanje ze-turbofan zenza umfutho ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, ama-compressor kanye negumbi lomlilo atholakala kumgogodla wawo. Ngaphambili kukhona isiphephetha-moya, esishayelwa umgogodla, siqondise umoya emagumbini e-bypass azungeze umgogodla wemoto. Isilinganiso se-bypass isilinganiso senani lomoya odlula enkabeni nenani lomoya odlula kuwo. Ngokuvamile, isilinganiso esiphezulu sokudlula sisho izinjini ezithule, ezisebenza kahle nezinamandla kakhulu. Izinjini ezijwayelekile ze-turbofan zinesilinganiso sokudlula esingu-9 kuya ku-1. Izinjini ze-Pratt PurePower GTF zinesilinganiso sokudlula esingu-12 kuya ku-1.

Ukwandisa isilinganiso se-bypass, abakhiqizi bezimoto kumele bakhulise ubude bama-fan blades. Kodwa-ke, uma senziwe side, isivinini sokuzungeza esitholwe ekugcineni kwensingo sizoba phezulu kangangokuthi kuzokwenzeka ukudlidliza okungafunwa. Udinga ama-fan blades ukuze wehlise ijubane, injalo-ke i-gearbox. Injini enjalo ingaba phezulu ngamaphesenti angu-16, ngokusho kukaPratt & Whitney. ukonga okukhulu kukaphethiloli kanye namaphesenti angama-50. ukukhishwa kwegesi encane futhi kungamaphesenti angama-75. ethule. Muva nje, i-SWISS kanye ne-Air Baltic bamemezele ukuthi izinjini zabo zejethi ze-GTF C-series zisebenzisa uphethiloli omncane kunaleyo ethenjiswa umkhiqizi.

Injini ye-PW1100G-JM kulayini wokukhiqiza

Iphephabhuku i-TIME liqambe injini ye-PW1000G njengenye yezinto ezingu-50 ezibalulekile eziqanjwe ngo-2011 kanye nokukodwa kokusungulwayo okuyisithupha okuhambisana nemvelo, njengoba i-Pratt & Whitney PurePower yakhelwe ukuthi ihlanzeke, ithule, ibe namandla futhi isebenzise uphethiloli omncane kunezinjini zejethi ezikhona. Ngo-2016, u-Richard Anderson, owayengumongameli we-Delta Air Lines, wabiza injini ngokuthi "indlela entsha yokuqala yeqiniso" kusukela i-Dreamliner ye-Boeing yashintsha ukwakhiwa kwenhlanganisela.

Ukwehliswa kokulondoloza nokukhipha umoya

Umkhakha wezamabhanoyi ezentengiselwano ukhipha amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-700 we-carbon dioxide minyaka yonke. Nakuba ingamaphesenti amabili kuphela. ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke, kunobufakazi bokuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa kuphethiloli we-jet anomthelela omkhulu emkhathini njengoba ekhishwa ezindaweni eziphakeme.

Abakhiqizi bezinjini abakhulu babheke ukonga uphethiloli kanye nokunciphisa intuthu ephumayo. I-Pratt esincintisana nayo i-CFM International isanda kwethula injini yayo ethuthukisiwe ebizwa nge-LEAP, izikhulu zenkampani ezithi iletha imiphumela efanayo kwi-giared turbofan ngokulahlekelwa ezinye izixazululo. I-CFM ithi ekwakhiweni kwe-turbofan yendabuko, izinzuzo ezifanayo zingafinyelelwa ngaphandle kwesisindo esingeziwe kanye nokudonsa kwe-powertrain. I-LEAP isebenzisa izinto eziyinhlanganisela engasindi kanye nezinsimbi ze-carbon fibre fan ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwamandla inkampani ethi iqhathaniswa naleyo efinyelelwe ngenjini ye-Pratt & Whitney.

Kuze kube manje, ama-oda ezinjini ze-Airbus ze-A320neo ahlukaniswe cishe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwe-CFM ne-Pratt & Whitney. Ngeshwa kule nkampani yokugcina, ama-PurePower motors adala izinkinga kubasebenzisi. Esokuqala sivele kulo nyaka, lapho kuqoshwa ukupholisa okungalingani kwezinjini ze-GTF ku-Qatar Airways Airbus A320neo. Ukupholisa okungalingani kungaholela ekuguqukeni nasekungqubuzaneni kwezingxenye, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwandise isikhathi phakathi kwezindiza. Ngenxa yalokho, inkampani yezindiza yaphetha ngokuthi izinjini azihlangabezani nezidingo zokusebenza. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, iziphathimandla zezindiza zaseNdiya zamisa izindiza zezindiza eziyi-11 ze-Airbus A320neo ezinikezwa amandla izinjini zePurePower GTF. Ngokwe-Economic Times, lesi sinqumo size ngemuva kokuthi indiza esebenza nge-Airbus GTF iphazamiseke kathathu phakathi namasonto amabili. UPratt noWhitney babukela phansi lobu bunzima, bathi kulula ukubunqoba.

I-Airbus electronic fan

Esinye isikhondlakhondla emkhakheni wezinjini zezindiza, iRolls-Royce, sakha i-Power Gearbox yaso, okuzothi ngo-2025 yehlise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuma-turbofans amakhulu ngo-25%. uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli amadala ohlobo lwenjini eyaziwayo ye-Trent. Lokhu, vele, kusho umncintiswano wokuklama omusha wePratt & Whitney.

AmaBrithani nawo acabanga ngezinye izinhlobo zokuqanjwa kabusha. Phakathi ne-Singapore Airshow yakamuva, i-Rolls-Royce yethule i-IntelligentEngine Initiative, ehlose ukuthuthukisa izinjini zezindiza ezihlakaniphile eziphephile nezisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ikhono lokuxhumana zodwa nangenethiwekhi yosekelo. Ngokuhlinzeka ngokuxhumana okuqhubekayo kwezindlela ezimbili ngenjini nezinye izingxenye ze-ecosystem yesevisi, injini izokwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zenzeke futhi ifunde indlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Babezofunda nasemlandweni womsebenzi wabo nezinye izinjini, futhi ubukhulu becala kwakuzodingeka bazilungise ekuhambeni.

IDrayivu idinga amabhethri angcono

I-European Commission's Aviation Vision 2050 ifuna kwehliswe ukukhishwa kwe-CO.₂ ngamaphesenti angu-75, ama-nitrogen oxide ngamaphesenti angu-90. nomsindo ngamaphesenti angu-65. Azikwazi ukuzuzwa ngobuchwepheshe obukhona. Izinhlelo zikagesi kanye ne-hybrid-electric propulsion okwamanje zibonakala njengobunye bobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo ukuhlangabezana nalezi zinselele.

Kunezindiza ezilula zikagesi ezinezihlalo ezimbili emakethe. Izimoto zikagesi ezihlala abantu abane ziseduze. I-NASA ibikezela ukuthi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-20s, lolu hlobo lwezindiza ezidonsa izihlalo eziyisishiyagalolunye zizoletha izinsiza zezindiza emiphakathini emincane. Kokubili eYurophu nase-US, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngo-2030 kungenzeka kwakhiwe indiza ye-hybrid-electric enomthamo wezihlalo ezifika ku-100. Nokho, inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile izodingeka emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwamandla.

Njengamanje, ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri akwanele. Nokho, konke lokhu kungashintsha. Umphathi wakwaTesla u-Elon Musk uthe uma amabhethri esekwazi ukukhiqiza amahora angama-watt angu-400 ngekhilogremu, futhi isilinganiso samandla eseli nesisindo esiphelele singu-0,7-0,8, indiza kagesi edlula izwe lonke izoba "enye enzima." Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium-ion akwazile ukuzuza ukuminyana kwamandla okungu-113 Wh/kg ngo-1994, 202 Wh/kg ngo-2004, futhi manje ayakwazi ukufinyelela cishe ku-300 Wh/kg, kungacatshangwa ukuthi phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo izofinyelela izinga lama-400 Wh/kg.

Iphrojekthi yetekisi yomoya ye-Kitty Hawk kagesi enezihlalo ezimbili

I-Airbus, i-Rolls-Royce kanye ne-Siemens basanda kuhlanganyela ukuze bakhe umbonisi ondizayo we-E-Fan X, okuzoba isinyathelo esibalulekile esiya phambili ekuqhutshweni kukagesi we-hybrid-electric. I-E-Fan X hybrid technology technology elindeleke ukuthi ibe -Fan X izondiza ngo-2020 ngemva komkhankaso obanzi wokuhlola umhlabathi. Esigabeni sokuqala, i-BAe 146 izovala isikhala senjini eyodwa kwezine ngenjini kagesi engu-XNUMX MW. Kamuva, kuhlelwe ukuthi esikhundleni se-turbine yesibili ngenjini kagesi ngemuva kokubonisa ukuvuthwa kohlelo.

I-Airbus izoba nesibopho sokuhlanganisa konke kanye ne-hybrid propulsion kagesi kanye nezakhiwo zokulawula ibhethri kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo nezinhlelo zokulawula indiza. I-Rolls-Royce izobhekana nenjini ye-turbine yegesi, ijeneretha engu-XNUMX-megawatt namandla kagesi. Ihlangene ne-Airbus, i-Rolls-Royce izophinde isebenze ekuguquleni abalandeli bavumelane ne-Siemens nacelle ekhona kanye ne-electric motor. I-Siemens izohlinzeka ngamamotho kagesi angu-XNUMX MW nesilawuli samandla kagesi, kanye ne-inverter, i-converter kanye nohlelo lokusabalalisa amandla.

Izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo emhlabeni jikelele zisebenza ezindizeni zikagesi, okuhlanganisa iNASA, eyakha i-X-57 Maxwell. Iphrojekthi kagesi ye-Kitty Hawk yamatekisi asemoyeni ahlala abantu ababili kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziningi zezikhungo ezinkulu, izinkampani noma eziqalayo ezincane nazo ziyathuthukiswa.

Uma kubhekwa ukuthi isilinganiso sesikhathi sempilo yendiza yabagibeli nesempahia siyiminyaka engaba ngu-21 kanye nengama-33, ngokulandelana, ngisho noma zonke izindiza ezintsha ezikhiqizwa kusasa zisebenza ngogesi, kungathatha amashumi amabili kuya kwamathathu eminyaka ukuqeda izindiza ezinamandla kaphethiloli.

Ngakho ngeke isebenze ngokushesha. Khonamanjalo, ama-biofuels angakhanyisa imvelo emkhakheni wezokundiza. Basiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamaphesenti angu-36-85. Naphezu kokuthi izingxube ze-biofuel zezinjini ze-jet zaqinisekiswa ngo-2009, imboni yezindiza ayijahi ukwenza izinguquko. Kunezithiyo nezinselelo zobuchwepheshe ezimbalwa ezihambisana nokuletha ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel emazingeni ezimboni, kodwa into evimbelayo enkulu amanani - kuthatha eminye iminyaka eyishumi ukuzuza ukulingana namafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Ngena Kwekusasa

Ngasikhathi sinye, amalebhu asebenzela imiqondo yenjini yendiza yendiza yesikhathi esizayo. Kuze kube manje, isibonelo, injini ye-plasma ayizwakali ingokoqobo, kodwa akunakuphikwa ukuthi imisebenzi yesayensi izothuthuka ibe into ethakazelisayo newusizo. Ama-Plasma thrusters asebenzisa ugesi ukuze akhe izinkambu ze-electromagnetic. Zicindezela futhi zivuse igesi, njengomoya noma i-argon, ibe iplasma—isimo esishisayo, esiminyene, esine-ionized. Ucwaningo lwabo manje luholela embonweni wokwethula amasathelayithi endaweni engaphandle (ama-ion thrusters). Nokho, u-Berkant Goeksel we-Technical University yaseBerlin nethimba lakhe bafuna ukufaka ama-plasma thrusters ezindizeni.

Inhloso yocwaningo ukuthuthukisa injini ye-air-jet plasma engasetshenziselwa kokubili ukusuka kanye nezindiza eziphakeme. Izinjini ze-plasma jet ngokuvamile ziklanyelwe ukusebenza endaweni engenalutho noma endaweni enengcindezi ephansi lapho kudingeka khona ukuhlinzekwa kwegesi. Nokho, ithimba likaGöksel lihlole idivayisi ekwazi ukusebenza emoyeni ngokucindezela komkhathi owodwa. "Izikhala zethu ze-plasma zingafinyelela isivinini esingafika kumakhilomitha angu-20 ngomzuzwana," kusho uGöckel ochungechungeni lwengqungquthela ye-Journal of Physics.

Injini ye-SABER emotweni ye-hypersonic yesikhathi esizayo

Okokuqala nje, ithimba lihlole ama-thrust amancane angamamilimitha angama-80 ubude. Endizeni encane, lokhu kuzoba yinkulungwane yalokho iqembu elicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka. Umkhawulo omkhulu, yiqiniso, ukuntuleka kwamabhethri angasindi. Ososayensi futhi bacubungula izindiza eziyingxube, lapho injini ye-plasma izohlanganiswa nezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi noma amarokhethi.

Uma sikhuluma ngamasu enjini yejethi emisha, masingakhohlwa i-SABER (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) eyakhiwe yi-Reaction Engines Limited. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuzoba injini esebenza emoyeni nasemoyeni, esebenzisa i-hydrogen enguketshezi. Esigabeni sokuqala sendiza, i-oxidizer izoba umoya ovela emkhathini (njengasezinjini zejethi ezivamile), futhi kusukela ekuphakameni okungamakhilomitha angu-26 (lapho umkhumbi ufinyelela khona isivinini seminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-5) - umoya-mpilo we-liquid. Ngemuva kokushintshela kumodi yerokhethi, izofinyelela isivinini esingafika ku-Mach 25.

I-HorizonX, uphiko lokutshalwa kwezimali lwe-Boeing oluhilelekile kulo msebenzi, kusamele lunqume ukuthi i-SABER ingayisebenzisa kanjani, ngaphandle kokuthi ilindele "ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuguqula izinto ukusiza i-Boeing ekufuneni kwayo indiza ephezulu."

I-RAMJET ne-scramjet (injini yejethi ephezulu enegumbi elivuthayo) sekunesikhathi eside besezindebeni zabalandeli bezindiza ezinesivinini esikhulu. Njengamanje, zenzelwe izinjongo zempi ikakhulukazi. Nokho-ke njengoba umlando wezokundiza ufundisa, okuzovivinywa embuthweni kuzoya kwezokundiza komphakathi. Okudingekayo ukubekezela okuncane.

Ividiyo ye-Rolls Royce Intelligent Engine:

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