Ingabe ikusasa lokudluliswa kukagesi kusetshenziswa i-direct current? Iqoqo leziqhingi zomhlaba kanye nenethiwekhi yalo
Namuhla, izintambo eziningi zamandla kagesi aphezulu zisekelwe kukushintshana kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla emisha, izitshalo zamandla elanga nezomoya, ezikude nezindawo zokuhlala kanye nabathengi bezimboni, kudinga amanethiwekhi okudlulisela, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nasesikalini sezwekazi. Futhi lapha, njengoba kwavela, i-HVDC ingcono kune-HVAC.
high voltage DC line (ifushane ku-High Voltage Direct Current) inekhono elingcono lokuthwala inani elikhulu lamandla kune-HVAC (ifushane nge-High Voltage Alternate Current) ye amabanga amade. Mhlawumbe ingxabano ebaluleke kakhulu yizindleko eziphansi zesixazululo esinjalo kumabanga amade. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyasiza kakhulu ukuhlinzeka ngogesi amabanga amade kusukela ezindaweni zamandla avuselelekayo ezixhuma iziqhingi nezwekazi ngisho namazwekazi okungenzeka ahluke kwamanye.
Umugqa we-HVAC zidinga ukwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo emikhulu kanye nemigqa yokudonsa. Lokhu kuvame ukudala imibhikisho yezakhamuzi zendawo. I-HVDC ingabekwa noma yiliphi ibanga elide ngaphansi komhlaba, ngaphandle kwengozi yokulahlekelwa amandla amakhulunjengoba kunjalo ngamanethiwekhi e-AC afihliwe. Lesi yisixazululo esibiza kancane, kodwa kuyindlela yokugwema izinkinga eziningi amanethiwekhi okudlulisa abhekana nazo. Yiqiniso, yokudlulisela kusuka Isifunda sase-Columbia Izintambo zokudlulisa ezikhona nezamukelekile emphakathini ezinamapayipi aphezulu zingashintshwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungathumela amandla engeziwe ngemigqa efanayo.
Kunezinkinga eziningi ngokudluliswa kwamandla e-AC ezaziwa kakhulu konjiniyela bamandla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, phakathi kokunye ukukhiqizwa kwezinkambu ze-electromagneticngenxa yalokho, imigqa iphakeme ngaphezu komhlaba futhi ihlukaniswe ngokuhlukana komunye nomunye. Kukhona nokulahlekelwa ukushisa emhlabathini nasemanzini kanye nezinye izinkinga eziningi eziye zafunda ukubhekana nesikhathi, kodwa eziqhubekayo nokuthwala umnotho wamandla. Amanethiwekhi e-AC adinga ukuvumelana okuningi konjiniyela, kodwa ukusebenzisa i-AC kubiza kakhulu ukudlulisa. ugesi webanga elidengakho ezimweni eziningi lezi akuzona izinkinga ezingaxazululeki. Nokho, lokho akusho ukuthi awukwazi ukusebenzisa isisombululo esingcono.
Ingabe kuzoba nenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamandla?
Ngo-1954, i-ABB yakha ulayini oshonile we-DC ongu-96 km phakathi kwezwe laseSweden nesiqhingi (1). Injani i-traction ikuvumela ukuthi uthole kabili i-voltage kwenzenjani ukushintshana kwamanje. Imigqa ye-DC engaphansi komhlaba nengaphansi kolwandle ayilahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa uma kuqhathaniswa nolayini abangaphezulu. I-Direct current ayidali inkambu ye-electromagnetic engathinta amanye ama-conductor, umhlaba noma amanzi. Ubukhulu bama-conductor bungaba yinoma yikuphi, ngoba i-current eqondile ayifuni ukugeleza phezu kobuso bomqhubi. I-DC ayinayo i-frequency, ngakho-ke kulula ukuxhuma amanethiwekhi amabili amafrikhwensi ahlukene bese uwaguqulela emuva ku-AC.
Nokho D.C. usenezingqinamba ezimbili ezimvimbe ekuthatheni umhlaba, okungenani kuze kube muva nje. Okokuqala, iziguquli zamandla kagesi zazibiza kakhulu kuneziguquli ze-AC ezilula. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zama-DC transformers (2) zehla ngokushesha. Ukwehliswa kwezindleko kuphinde kuthinteke yiqiniso lokuthi inani lamadivayisi asebenzisa amandla aqondile ohlangothini lwabamukeli abaqondiswe amandla liyakhula.
2. Siemens DC transformer
Inkinga yesibili ukuthi high voltage DC circuit breaker (amafusi) ayengasebenzi. Ama-circuit breaker ayizingxenye ezivikela amasistimu kagesi ekulayisheni ngokweqile. DC mechanical circuit breakers babenensa kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba ukushintsha kwe-elekthronikhi kushesha ngendlela efanele, ukusebenza kwawo kuze kube manje kuhlotshaniswe namazinga aphezulu afika kumaphesenti angama-30. ukulahlekelwa amandla. Lokhu kube nzima ukukunqoba kodwa kusanda kufezwa ngesizukulwane esisha sama-circuit breaker.
Uma kufanele kukholwelwe imibiko yakamuva, sisendleleni yethu yokunqoba izinselele zobuchwepheshe ezikhungethe izixazululo ze-HVDC. Ngakho sekuyisikhathi sokudlulela ezinzuzweni ezingangabazeki. Ukuhlaziya kubonisa ukuthi ebangeni elithile, ngemva kokuwela okuthiwa.iphuzu lokulingana» (cishe 600-800 km), enye indlela ye-HVDC, nakuba izindleko zayo zokuqala ziphezulu kunezindleko zokuqalisa zokufakwa kwe-AC, njalo iphumela ezindlekweni eziphansi zizonke zenethiwekhi yokudlulisela. Ibanga lokunqamula izintambo zezintambo ezihamba ngaphansi kolwandle lifushane kakhulu (imvamisa lilinganiselwa ku-50 km) kunemigqa engaphezulu (3).
3. Qhathanisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezindleko zokudluliswa kwamandla phakathi kwe-HVAC ne-HVDC.
DC terminal zizohlala zibiza kakhulu kunamatheminali e-AC, ngenxa nje yokuthi kufanele zibe nezingxenye zokuguqula amandla kagesi e-DC kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-DC kuya ku-AC. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kwe-voltage ye-DC kanye nama-circuit breaker ishibhile. Le akhawunti yenza inzuzo kakhulu.
Njengamanje, ukulahlekelwa kokudluliswa kwamanethiwekhi esimanje kusuka ku-7%. kuze kufike kumaphesenti angu-15 yokudluliselwa kwasemhlabeni ngokusekelwe kumandla ashintshayo. Endabeni yokudluliswa kwe-DC, aphansi kakhulu futhi ahlala ephansi ngisho nalapho izintambo zibekwe ngaphansi kwamanzi noma ngaphansi.
Ngakho-ke i-HVDC yenza umqondo ngezindawo ezinde zomhlaba. Enye indawo lapho lokhu kuzosebenza khona abantu abasakazeke kuzo zonke iziqhingi. I-Indonesia iyisibonelo esihle. Inani labantu lingabantu abayizigidi ezingu-261 abahlala eziqhingini ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Eziningi zalezi ziqhingi okwamanje zithembele kuwoyela nodizili. IJapane inenkinga efanayo ngeziqhingi ezingu-6 852, ezingu-430 kuzo ezinabantu.
I-Japan icabanga ukwakha imigqa emibili emikhulu kagesi kagesi we-DC nezwekazi lase-Asia.okuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqeda isidingo sokukhiqiza ngokuzimela kanye nokuphatha wonke ugesi wabo endaweni elinganiselwe yendawo enezinkinga ezinkulu zendawo. Amazwe anjengeGreat Britain, iDenmark namanye amaningi ahlelwe ngendlela efanayo.
Ngokwesiko, iShayina icabanga ngezinga elidlula elamanye amazwe. Le nkampani, esebenzisa ugesi ongaphansi kukahulumeni wezwe, iqhamuke nombono wokwakha igridi ye-DC enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ezoxhumanisa zonke izimboni zikagesi onomoya nelanga emhlabeni ngo-2050. Isixazululo esinjalo, kanye namasu egridi ahlakaniphile anika amandla futhi asabalalise amandla kusuka ezindaweni lapho akhiqizwa khona ngobuningi aye ezindaweni lapho adingeka khona njengamanje, kungenza kube nokwenzeka ukufunda "I-Young Technician" ngaphansi kokukhanya kwesibani esinamandla. ngamandla akhiqizwa ama-windmill asendaweni ethile eNingizimu Pacific. Phela umhlaba wonke uwuhlobo lweziqhingi.
