I-Bristol Beaufort kuyunithi yesevisi ye-RAF 1

U-Beauforty Mk I we-22 Squadron ozinze eNorth Coates ogwini olusempumalanga ye-England; ihlobo 1940

Phakathi kwezindiza eziningi zeRoyal Air Force (RAF), okwathi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezenzakalo zaba semaphethelweni omlando, iBeaufort ithatha indawo evelele. Amaqembu ahlome ngakho, asebenza ngemishini engathembekile futhi enza imisebenzi yokulwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, cishe yonke impumelelo (kuhlanganise nezimbalwa ezimangalisayo) ibiza ukulahlekelwa okukhulu.

Eminyakeni yangaphambi nangemva kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ingxenye ye-RAF eyayinemali encane kakhulu kwakuyi-Coast Command, ngaphandle kwesizathu i-Cinderella ye-RAF. I-Royal Navy yayinebutho layo lezindiza (i-Fleet Air Arm), kuyilapho i-RAF eyayihamba phambili kwakuyi-Fighter Command (abalweli) kanye ne-Bomber Command (amabhomu). Ngenxa yalokho, ngobusuku bangaphambi kwempi, i-Vickers Vildebeest yama-archaic, i-biplane ene-cockpit evulekile kanye negiya elimisiwe lokuhlala, yahlala iyibhomu le-RAF eliyinhloko le-torpedo.

I-L4445 ekhonjiswe esithombeni "i-prototype" yesihlanu yaseBeaufort neyesihlanu ngesikhathi esifanayo.

ikhophi ye-serial.

Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo

Ithenda yomuntu ozongena esikhundleni sika-Vildebeest yethulwa nguMnyango Wezomoya ngo-1935. Ukucaciswa kwe-M.15/35 kucacise izimfuneko zebhomu elinezihlalo ezintathu, elinenjini ephindwe kabili enekhompathimenti ye-fuselage torpedo. U-Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Handley Page kanye noVickers babambe iqhaza kuthenda. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ukucaciswa kwe-G.24/35 kwendiza yokuhlola inhloso evamile enezinjini ezimbili kwashicilelwa. Kulokhu, kwangena u-Avro, uBlackburn, uBoulton Paul, uBristol, uGloster noWestland. UBristol wayengeyena intandokazi kunoma yimaphi kulawa mathenda. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, womabili amathenda ahlanganiswa, kwashicilelwa imininingwane engu-10/36. I-Bristol ithumele idizayini enegama lefekthri Uhlobo 152. Indiza ehlongozwayo, esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwebhomu elincane lase-Blenheim, yaklanywa kusukela ekuqaleni kucatshangwa ngokuguquguquka okukhulu kakhulu okungenzeka. Lokhu manje sekubonakale kuyinzuzo ebalulekile, njengoba izinkampani ezimbili kuphela, iBristol kanye neBlackburn, ezifake ithenda entsha ngokusekelwe ku-10/36.

Ithemba lempi ezayo kanye nengcindezi yesikhathi ehambisana nayo kwaphoqa uMnyango Wezomoya ukuthi u-ode zombili izindiza - Uhlobo lweBristol 152 kanye neBlackburn Botha - futhi kuphela ngesisekelo sezinhlelo zokwakha, ngaphandle kokulinda ukundiza kwe-prototype. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi uBotha wayenamaphutha amakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuntengantenga kwezinhlangothi kanye, ngendiza yokuhlola, ukubonakala endaweni yabashayeli. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngemva komsebenzi omfushane wokulwa, wonke amakhophi akhishiwe athunyelwa emisebenzini yokuqeqesha. U-Bristol wagwema ihlazo elinjalo ngoba Uhlobo lwakhe 152 - iBeaufort yesikhathi esizayo - cishe lwaluyinguqulo ekhulisiwe futhi eklanywe kabusha ye-Blenheim esivele indiza (futhi eyimpumelelo). Abasebenzi baseBeaufort babengabantu abane (hhayi abathathu, njengaseBlenheim): umshayeli, itilosi, umqhubi womsakazo kanye nomdubuli wesibhamu. Isivinini esiphezulu sendiza sasingu-435 km / h, isivinini sokuhamba ngomthwalo ogcwele - mayelana ne-265 km / h, ububanzi - mayelana ne-2500 km, ubude besikhathi sokundiza - amahora ayisithupha nesigamu.

Njengoba iBeaufort yayisinda kakhulu kuneyandulelayo, izinjini zeMercury Blenheim ezingu-840 hp zathathelwa indawo izinjini zeTaurus ezingu-1130 hp. Kodwa-ke, kakade phakathi nokuhlolwa kwensimu ye-prototype (okwakuyimodeli yokuqala yokukhiqiza), kwavela ukuthi amaTauruse - adalwe esitshalweni esikhulu saseBristol futhi afakwa ochungechungeni ngaphambi nje kokuqala kwempi - ngokusobala ashisa kakhulu. . Phakathi nokusebenza okwalandela, kwavela ukuthi amandla abo ayenganele eBeaufort ekucushweni kwempi. Kwakucishe kungenzeki ukusuka futhi uhlale ngenjini eyodwa. Ukwehluleka kwesinye sezinjini ngesikhathi sokusuka kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi indiza yaphenduka yawela ophahleni futhi yawa nakanjani, ngakho-ke esimweni esinjalo kwatuswa ukuba ucime ngokushesha zombili izinjini bese uzama ukwenza indawo ephuthumayo "iqonde phambili" . Ngisho nokundiza isikhathi eside enjinini eyodwa esebenzayo kwakungenakwenzeka, njengoba ngesivinini esinciphile ukushaya komoya kwakunganele ukupholisa injini eyodwa esebenza ngesivinini esikhulu, eyayisongela ukuvutha.

Inkinga ngamaTaurus yaba yimbi kangangokuthi iBeaufort ayizange ihambe okokuqala kwaze kwaba maphakathi no-October 1938, futhi ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwaqala “ngesivinini esigcwele” ngemva konyaka. Izinguqulo eziningi ezalandela zezinjini ze-Taurus (kuze kufike ku-Mk XVI) azizange zixazulule inkinga, futhi amandla abo awazange andise iota eyodwa. Noma kunjalo, ama-Beauforts angaphezu kuka-1000 ayehlome ngazo. Isimo saba ngcono kuphela ngokushintshwa kweTaurus ngezinjini ezinhle kakhulu zaseMelika eziyi-1830 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1200 Twin Wasp, ezazishayela, phakathi kokunye, amabhomu asindayo e-B-24 Liberator, C-47 transport, PBY Catalina izikebhe kanye F4F fighters wildcat. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwase kucatshangelwe kakade entwasahlobo ka-1940. Kodwa uBristol waphikelela ngokuthi lokhu kwakungadingekile, njengoba wayezokwenza izinjini zokukhiqiza kwakhe zibe zesimanjemanje. Ngenxa yalokho, izisebenzi eziningi zaseBeaufort zalahleka ngenxa yokwehluleka kwendiza yazo kunomlilo wesitha. Izinjini zaseMelika azizange zifakwe kwaze kwaba ngu-August 1941. Nokho, ngokushesha, ngenxa yobunzima ukulethwa kwabo evela phesheya (imikhumbi eyabathwala yaba isisulu semikhumbi-ngwenya German), ngemva kokwakhiwa Beaufort 165, babuyela Taurus. Izindiza ezinezinjini zazo zithole igama elithi Mk I, kanye nezinjini zaseMelika - Mk II. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphezulu kwe-Twin Wasps, ibanga lokundiza lenguqulo entsha yendiza lehla lisuka ku-2500 laya cishe ku-2330 km, kodwa i-Mk II ingandiza ngenjini eyodwa.

Izikhali eziyinhloko zama-Beauforts, okungenani ngokombono, kwakungama-intshi angu-18 (450 mm) ama-Mark XII aircraft torpedoes anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1610 730 (cishe amakhilogremu angu-80). Kodwa-ke, kwakuyisikhali esibizayo futhi esinzima ukuthola - ngonyaka wokuqala wempi e-Great Britain, ukukhiqizwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-torpedoes kwakuyizicucu ezingu-500 kuphela ngenyanga. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isikhathi eside, izikhali ezijwayelekile zabakwaBeauforts bekungamabhomu - amakhilogremu amabili angama-227 (250 kg) endaweni yebhomu kanye namaphawundi amane kwangu-1650 kuma-pylons ngaphansi kwamaphiko - okungenzeka eyodwa, amakhilogremu ayi-748 (XNUMX kg) kazibuthe ulwandle. izimayini. Lezi zamuva zazibizwa ngokuthi "ukhukhamba" ngenxa yesimo sazo se-cylindrical, futhi izimayini, mhlawumbe ngokufanisa, zazibizwa ngokuthi "ukulima".

Debut

Iqembu lokuqala le-Coastal Command elihlome nge-Beauforts kwakuyi-22 Squadron, eyayikade isebenzise ama-Vildebeests ukucinga izikebhe ezi-U ku-English Channel. I-Beauforts yaqala ukwamukela ngoNovemba 1939, kodwa indiza yokuqala yendiza entsha yenziwa ngobusuku buka-April 15/16, 1940, lapho emba izindlela zokuya echwebeni laseWilhelmshaven. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeseNorth Coates ogwini loLwandle Olusenyakatho.

I-monotony yemisebenzi evamile yaphazanyiswa isikhathi nesikhathi "izenzo ezikhethekile". Lapho ubuhlakani bubika ukuthi isikebhe saseJalimane sase-Nuremberg-class samiswa ngasogwini lwase-Norderney, ntambama yangomhla ziyisi-7 kuNhlaba, kwathunyelwa amaBeauforts ayisithupha avela ku-22 Squadron ukuba azomhlasela, alungiselwe umcimbi ukuba aphathe i-2000 lb eyodwa (907 lb). ) amabhomu. kg). Endleleni, enye yezindiza yaphenduka ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle. Abanye balandelelwa yi-radar kaFrey futhi uhambo lubanjwe ama-Bf 109 ayisithupha kusukela ku-II.(J)/Tr.Gr. 1861. Uffts. U-Herbert Kaiser udubule uStuart Woollatt F/O, owashona kanye neqembu lonke. Eyesibili iBeaufort yalimala kabi kakhulu amaJalimane kangangokuthi yaphahlazeka ngesikhathi izama ukuhlala, kodwa izisebenzi zayo zasinda zingenamyocu; indiza ibishayelwa nguCmdr. (Lieutenant Colonel) Harry Mellor,

umholi weqembu.

Emavikini alandelayo, i-22nd Squadron, ngaphezu kwemizila yemikhumbi yezimayini, nayo yahlasela (imvamisa ebusuku ngezindiza ezimbalwa) izindawo eziqondiswe ogwini, kuhlanganisa. Ngobusuku bukaMeyi 18/19, izindawo zokuhluza eBremen naseHamburg, kanye namathangi kaphethiloli eRotterdam ngoMeyi 20/21. Wenza okukodwa kohambo lwasemini phakathi nalesi sikhathi ngoMeyi 25, ezingela endaweni yase-IJmuiden ezikebheni ze-Kriegsmarine torpedo. Ngobusuku buka-May 25-26, walahlekelwa umkhuzi wakhe - ku / ku-Harry Mellor futhi abasebenzi bakhe abazange babuye emayini eduze kwaseWilhelmshaven; indiza yabo yalahleka.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-April, u-Beauforti wathola i-No. 42 Squadron, elinye iqembu le-Coastal Command, elihlonyiswe kabusha yi-Vildebeest. Iqale ukusebenza endizeni entsha ngomhlaka-5 Juni. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, impi yaseNorway yaphela. Naphezu kokuthi lonke izwe lase lisesandleni samaJalimane, izindiza zaseBrithani zazisasebenza ogwini lwayo. Ekuseni ngo-June 13, ama-Beauforts amane e-22 Squadron kanye nama-Blenheim ayisithupha ahlasela isikhumulo sezindiza e-Varnes ngaseTrondheim. Ukuhlasela kwabo kwakuklanyelwe ukunqanda izivikelo zaseJalimane kusukela ekufikeni kwamabhomu e-Skua dive, esuka endizeni ethwala indiza i-HMS Ark Royal (inhloso yabo kwakuwumkhumbi wempi owawulimele i-Scharnhorst) 2. Umphumela waba okuphambene - owake wacosha i-Bf 109 futhi I-Bf 110 yayingenaso isikhathi sokunqanda i-Beauforts ne-Blenheims, futhi yabhekana namabhomu asekelwe kumphathi we-Royal Navy.

Ngemva kwesonto, uScharnhorst wenza umzamo wokufinyelela eKiel. Ekuseni ngo-June 21, ngosuku olungemva kokuya olwandle, wabonwa esuka endaweni yokuhlola ye-Hudson. Ababephelezela umkhumbi wempi kwaba ababhubhisi u-Z7 u-Hermann Schoemann, u-Z10 Hans Lody, no-Z15 u-Erich Steinbrinck, kanye nezikebhe ze-torpedo i-Jaguar, i-Grief, i-Falke, ne-Kondor, zonke ezinezikhali ezinzima zokulwa nezindiza. Ntambama, indiza edabukisayo yeshumi nambili noma ngaphezulu yaqala ukubahlasela ngamagagasi amaningana—amabhanoyi e-Swordfish, ama-Hudson light bombers, nama-Beauforts ayisishiyagalolunye avela ku-42 Squadron. Laba basuka eWyck echosheni elisenyakatho yeScotland, behlome ngamabhomu angu-500 (amabili endizeni ngayinye).

Amasosha aseBrithani angaleso sikhathi ayengafinyeleleki kuwo, ngakho lolu hambo lwandiza lungaphelezelwa muntu. Ngemva kwamahora angu-2 nemizuzu engu-20 yendiza, ukwakheka kweBeaufort kwafinyelela ogwini lwaseNorway eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBergen. Lapho wajikela eningizimu futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho washayisana nemikhumbi yase-Kriegsmarine esiqhingini sase-Utsire. Babephelezelwa amasosha e-Bf 109. Ehoreni ngaphambili, amaJalimane ayeshaye ama-Swordfishes ayisithupha (esuka esikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Orkney Islands), adubula amabili, kwase kulandela ama-Hudson amane, adubula eyodwa. Wonke ama-torpedo namabhomu aphuthelwe.

Lapho ebona elinye igagasi lendiza, amaJalimane avula inqwaba yomlilo ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amaningana. Noma kunjalo, wonke ama-Beauforts (okhiye abathathu, izindiza ezintathu ngayinye) aphahlazeka ngokumelene nomkhumbi wempi. Betshuza nge-engeli ecishe ibe ngu-40°, bawisa amabhomu abo ukusuka ekuphakameni okungamamitha angu-450. Ngokushesha nje lapho sebephumile ebangeni lezikhali ezilwa nezindiza. imikhumbi yahlaselwa yi-Messerschmitts, okwakulula kubo, cishe inyamazane engakwazi ukuzivikela - ngalolo suku, izibhamu zemishini ye-Vickers zazigcwele kuwo wonke ama-Beauforts kuma-dorsal turrets ngenxa yamagobolondo e-ejectors eklanywe kabi. Ngenhlanhla yamaBritish, amaBf 109 amathathu kuphela ayegada eduze nemikhumbi ngaleso sikhathi. U-Anton Hackl noFw. URobert Menge we-II./JG 77, odubule iBeaufort eyodwa ngaphambi kokuthi abanye banyamalale emafini. P/O Alan Rigg, F/O Herbert Seagrim kanye F/O William Barry-Smith kanye nezisebenzi zabo babulawa.