BMW xDrive – Autoubik
I-xDrive two-axle drive system yethulwa okokuqala ngabakwaBMW kwi-X3 ngo-2003, yalandelwa yi-facelifted X5. Kancane kancane, lolu hlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwangena kwamanye amamodeli omkhiqizo.
Kodwa-ke, i-BMW ishintshele ekushayeleni wonke amasondo ngaphambili kakhulu. Umlando wemoto yokuqala enophephela oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe kanye nokushayela kwawo womabili ama-ekseli usuka esikhathini sezimpi. Yayalelwa i-Wehrmacht yangaleso sikhathi ngo-1937 futhi yayiyimoto enezicabha ezine evulwe ngoseyili. Kamuva, i-4x4 drive yahlala eceleni isikhathi eside ku-automaker, kwaze kwavela imodeli eqhudelana nayo i-Audi Quattro, engakwazi ukushiya i-automaker ye-BMW ingasebenzi. Ngo-1985, imodeli ye-E30 edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo, iBMW 325iX, yaqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Ngo-1993, uphinde wahlomisa iBMW 525iX upper-mid-range sedan ngobuchwepheshe besimanje, esebenzisana nesistimu ye-ABS edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo. Umehluko wesikhungo olawulwa ngogesi wenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukusabalalisa i-torque ebangeni lika-0-100%, kanye namandla angemuva asabalalisa amasondo ngokukhiya i-electro-hydraulic. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesistimu yokushayela wonke amasondo, efakwe okuhlukene okuthathu, kwakuhlanganisa ukushintsha izingidi zabo ngokubhuleka amasondo ngamanye, okwakunomthwalo wesistimu yokuqiniswa kwe-DSC. Ngesikhathi sokushayela okuvamile, i-torque yahlukaniswa phakathi kwama-ekseli ngamanye ngesilinganiso esingu-38:62%. Uhlelo olunjalo lwalusetshenziswa, isibonelo, kumamodeli we-E46 noma amamodeli we-X5 angaphambi kobuso. Ekuqhubekeleni phambili nokuthuthukisa i-4×4 drive system, abakwaBMW bebethembele ekutheni iningi labanikazi bezimoto zalolu hlobo abavamisile ukuhamba emgwaqeni, kanti uma behamba kuvame ukuba yizindawo ezilula.
Yini i-xDrive?
I-xDrive isistimu yokushayela wonke amasondo engunaphakade esebenzisana nesistimu yokulawula ukuzinza kwe-electronic DSC, equkethe i-multi-plate clutch ethatha indawo yokuhluka kwesikhungo semishini yakudala. Inhloso ye-BMW ngenkathi ithuthukisa uhlelo olusha lokushayela wonke amasondo kwakuwukunakekela, ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa izici zokudonsa kwemoto, izici zokushayela ezivamile zomqondo wakudala onenjini engaphambili ne-asili yangemuva.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-torque yenjini kuphathwa i-clutch enamapuleti amaningi alawulwa nge-elekthronikhi etholakala ku-gearbox wokusabalalisa, ovame ukutholakala lapho kuphuma khona ugiya. Ngokuya ngezimo zokushayela zamanje, isabalalisa i-torque phakathi kwama-axles angaphambili nangemuva. Uhlelo lwe-xDrive luxhunywe ohlelweni lokuzinzisa lwe-DSC. Isivinini lapho i-clutch ibambeke ngokugcwele noma inqanyuliwe ingaphansi kuka-100 ms. Ukupholisa ukugcwalisa uwoyela okuhlala i-multi-plate clutch kubizwa ngokuthi ukuphusha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-casing yangaphandle inezimpiko ezikhipha ukushisa okweqile emoyeni ozungezile ngokushaya umoya ngesikhathi sokunyakaza.
Njengesistimu yokuncintisana ye-Haldex, i-xDrive ihlale ithuthukiswa. Okuseqhulwini njengamanje wukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwalo lonke uhlelo, okuholela ekwehleni kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli semoto yonke. Inguqulo yakamuva ine-servomotor eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokulawula i-clutch enamapuleti amaningi kugearbox wezindlu. Lokhu kuqeda isidingo sepompo likawoyela, okuholela ezingxenyeni ezimbalwa kulo lonke uhlelo. Ukuvela kwakamuva kwesistimu ye-xDrive kunikeza ukwehla ngo-30% ekulahlekeni kokushayisana, okusho ukwehla kukonke kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphakathi kuka-3 no-5% (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwemoto) uma kuqhathaniswa nesizukulwane sokuqala. Umgomo uwukusondela ngangokunokwenzeka ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli kwemodeli enedrayivu yamasondo angemuva yakudala kuphela. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushayela ezijwayelekile, isistimu isabalalisa i-torque ku-axle yangemuva ngesilinganiso esingu-60:40. Njengoba abalandeli abaningi bomkhiqizo baqale bagxeka imodeli ye-xDrive ngokuthi ayisheshi, ibe mkhulu, futhi ijwayele ukwehla ngesikhathi sokujika okubukhali, umkhiqizi usebenze kanzima ekushuneni. Ngakho-ke, ekuthuthukisweni kwakamuva, okuthandwayo kunikezwa i-asi yangemuva ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyilapho, kunjalo, ukugcina amandla adingekayo okudonsa kanye nokuphepha kwemoto ngenkathi ushayela. Uhlelo lwe-xDrive lutholakala ngezinguqulo ezimbili. Kuma-limousine nezinqola zesiteshi, lokhu okubizwa nge-compact more solution kusho ukuthi ukudluliswa kwamandla enjini ku-drive shaft eholela e-axle yangaphambili kunikezwa igiya. AmaSUV afana ne-X1, X3, X5 kanjalo ne-X6 asebenzisa i-sprocket ukudlulisa i-torque.
Incazelo yokuthi isistimu ne-xDrive zisebenza kanjani
Njengoba sekushiwo, i-xDrive isabela ngokushesha ekushintsheni izimo zokushayela. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-100 ms edingekayo ukuze ubambe iqhaza ngokugcwele noma ukhiphe i-clutch isikhathi esincane kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba imoto ikwazi ukusheshisa ishintshe ngokushesha endaweni ye-accelerator pedal. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi cishe ama-millisecond angu-200 adlula phakathi kokucindezela i-accelerator pedal kanye nenjini isabela ngendlela yokwenyuka kwamandla. Kunjalo, sikhuluma ngenjini kaphethiloli efisa ngokwemvelo; endabeni yezinjini ezishajwa kakhulu noma zikadizili, lesi sikhathi yinde nakakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni, uhlelo lwe-xDrive lulungile ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukusabela kwesisheshisi esicindezelweyo. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wesistimu awugcini nje ngokushintsha indawo ye-accelerator. Isistimu iyashintshashintsha noma kunalokho ibikezela amanye amapharamitha okushayela futhi ihlale iqapha isimo semoto ukuze isabalalise i-torque yenjini phakathi kwama-ekseli amabili ngendlela efanele ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphansi kwe-microscope, isibonelo, inzwa yokusheshisa i-lateral inesibopho sejubane lesondo, i-angle yokuqondisa, amandla aphakathi nendawo, isiteringi semoto noma i-torque yenjini yamanje.
Ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholwe kuzinzwa ezihlukahlukene, isistimu inganquma ukuthi ukusabela kuyadingeka yini uma imoto ijwayele ukugibela noma ukuqondisa ngaphansi. Uma i-understeer incike - amasondo angaphambili akhomba emaphethelweni angaphandle ejiko - i-clutch ye-multi-plate clutch elawulwa nge-elekthronikhi isakaza kabusha i-torque ukusuka ngaphambili ukuya kwi-asi yangemuva ngama-millisecond angamashumi. Ngokuthambekela kokudlula ngaphezulu, okungukuthi, lapho ingemuva elingemuva libheke onqenqemeni lomgwaqo, i-xDrive iqondisa kabusha amandla okushayela enjini ukusuka ngemuva kuya ku-axle yangaphambili, njll. ikhipha imoto ekushibilikeni okungagwemeki. Ngale ndlela, ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kokusabalalisa kwe-torque yenjini kuvimbela ukungenelela kwesistimu yokulawula ukuzinza kwe-DSC, eyenziwa kuphela lapho isimo sokushayela sikudinga. Ngenxa yokuxhunywa kwesistimu ye-xDrive ne-DSC, ukungenelela kwenjini nokulawula amabhuleki kungenziwa kusebenze ngendlela ethambile kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, i-DSC ayingeneleli uma ukusatshalaliswa okufanele kwamandla enjini kukodwa kukwazi ukuqeda ubungozi be-oversteer noma i-understeer.
Uma ushayela, i-multi-plate clutch ikhiya ngesivinini esingaba ngu-20 km/h, ukuze imoto ibe nokudonsa okuphezulu uma ijubane. Uma lo mkhawulo weqiwe, uhlelo lusabalalisa amandla enjini phakathi kwama-asi angaphambili nangemuva kuye ngezimo zamanje zokushayela.
Ngesivinini esiphansi, lapho amandla enjini ephezulu engadingeki futhi imoto iphenduka (isibonelo, lapho ijika noma ipaka), isistimu ikhipha i-axle yangaphambili futhi amandla enjini adluliselwa kuphela kwi-asi yangemuva. Umgomo uwukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokukhawulela ithonya lamandla angafuneki ekuhambeni.
Ukuziphatha kwesistimu okufanayo kungabonwa ngesivinini esikhulu, isibonelo. ngenkathi ushayela kahle emgwaqeni omkhulu. Kulezi zivinini, ukushayela unomphela kuwo womabili ama-ekseli akudingekile, njengoba lokhu kuzonyusa ukuguga kwezakhi kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-130 km/h, i-control electronics iyala ukuthi i-inter-axle multi-plate clutch ivuleke futhi amandla enjini adluliselwa emasondweni angemuva kuphela.
Ezindaweni ezidonsa kancane (iqhwa, iqhwa, udaka), isistimu ivala kusengaphambili ukudonsa ukuze kubambeke kahle. Kodwa kuthiwani uma isondo elilodwa libamba kahle kanti amanye amathathu asendaweni eshelelayo? Imodeli kuphela efakwe isistimu ye-DPC engadlulisela u-100% wamandla enjini esondweni elilodwa. Isebenzisa i-different kanye nesistimu ye-DPC (Dynamic Performance Control) etholakala ku-axle yangemuva, i-torque isabalaliswa kabusha phakathi kwamasondo angemuva kwesokudla nakwesokunxele. I-BMW X6, isibonelo, ifakwe ngale ndlela. Kwezinye izimoto, i-100% yamandla enjini idluliselwa ku-axle lapho isondo eliphethe kahle kakhulu litholakala, isibonelo, uma kukhona amasondo amathathu eqhweni nelinye ku-asphalt, isibonelo. Kulokhu, isistimu ihlukanisa isilinganiso esingu-50:50 kuwo womabili amasondo angakwesokudla nakwesokunxele, isondo lingaphezulu lapho lingabambi kancane libhulekiwe yisistimu ye-DSC ukuvimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile. Kulokhu, isistimu ihambisa amandla enjini kuphela phakathi kwama-ekseli hhayi amasondo ngamanye.
Isistimu ye-xDrive nayo inenzuzo yezidingo zokulungisa ezincane. Umkhiqizi uncoma ukuthi kushintshwe uwoyela ngemuva kwebanga elilinganiselwa ku-100 - 000 km, ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezivame ukusetshenziswa emigwaqweni ewubhuqu noma ezisetshenziselwa ukudonsa inqola. Uhlelo lwe-xDrive lwenyusa isisindo semoto cishe ngo-150-000 kg, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kuye ngohlobo nohlobo lwenjini, kusuka ku-75 kuya ku-80 ilitha kaphethiloli uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli adonsa ngemuva kuphela.
