Idrayivu yokuhlola i-BMW ne-hydrogen: ingxenye yesibili
"Amanzi. Okuwukuphela komkhiqizo wezinjini ezihlanzekile ze-BMW ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen ewuketshezi esikhundleni sezibaseli ze-petroleum nokwenza wonke umuntu ajabulele ubuchwepheshe obusha ngonembeza ohlanzekile.”
BMW indlela
Lawa magama ayingcaphuno evela kumkhankaso wokukhangisa wenkampani yaseJalimane eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Sekuyisikhathi eside kungekho noyedwa owayengabaza ukuthi abaseBavaria bazi kahle ukuthi benzani uma kuziwa kwezobuchwephesha bezimoto futhi bangabanye babaholi bomhlaba abangenakuphikiswa kulo mkhakha. Futhi bekungeke kucatshangwe ukuthi inkampani ebonise ukukhula kokuthengisa okuqinile eminyakeni yamuva nje ingaphonsa ithani lemali ezikhangisweni ezingaziwa ngobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo ngekusasa elingaqinisekile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokho, amagama acashuniwe ayingxenye yomkhankaso wokuphromotha inguqulo ye-hydrogen yamahora angama-745 ye-flagship ye-automaker yaseBavaria. Exotic, ngoba ngokusho kwe-BMW, ukushintshela kwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa yi-hydrocarbon, imboni yezimoto ebilokhu isondla kusukela ekuqaleni, kuzodinga ushintsho kuyo yonke ingqalasizinda yokukhiqiza. Lokhu kokugcina kuyadingeka ngoba abaseBavaria babona indlela yokuthuthukisa ethembisayo hhayi kumaseli kaphethiloli akhangiswa kabanzi, kodwa ekuguquleni izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ukuze zisebenze ku-hydrogen. I-BMW ikholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kuyinkinga ekwazi ukuxazululeka futhi kakade seyenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuxazululeni inkinga enkulu yokufeza ukusebenza kwenjini okuthembekile nokuqeda ukuthambekela kwayo kwezinqubo zokuvutha okungalawuleki zisebenzisa i-hydrogen ehlanzekile. Impumelelo kulesi siqondiso ibangelwa ikhono emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwezinqubo zenjini kanye nethuba lokusebenzisa amasistimu okusabalalisa igesi aguquguqukayo e-BMW i-Valvetronic ne-Vanos, ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kwenzeke ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile "kwezinjini ze-hydrogen" . Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo zokuqala kule ndlela zihlehlela ngo-1820, lapho umklami uWilliam Cecil edala injini ephehlwa yi-hydrogen esebenza kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isimiso se-vacuum" - uhlelo oluhluke kakhulu kunelo injini eyasungulwa kamuva enenjini yangaphakathi. . ukuvutha. Ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe kokuqala kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi eminyakeni engu-60 kamuva, iphayona u-Otto wasebenzisa igesi yokwenziwa eshiwo kakade nephuma emalahleni ene-hydrogen engaba ngu-50%. Kodwa-ke, ngokusungulwa kwe-carburetor, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli sekuye kwasebenza kakhulu futhi kuphephile, futhi uphethiloli owuketshezi usuthathe indawo yazo zonke ezinye izindlela ezikhona kuze kube manje. Izici ze-hydrogen njengophethiloli zaphinde zatholwa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva imboni yasemkhathini, eyasheshe yathola ukuthi i-hydrogen yayinenani elingcono kakhulu lamandla/nobunzima kunanoma yikuphi uphethiloli owaziwa isintu.
NgoJulayi 1998, i-European Automobile Industry Association (ACEA) yathembisa i-European Union ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2008 ezimotweni ezisanda kubhaliswa e-Union ngama-gramu ama-2 ngekhilomitha ngalinye ngo-140. Ngokwenza lokhu, lokhu kwakusho ukwehla kokukhishwa okungu-25% uma kuqhathaniswa nango-1995, kanti isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wemikhumbi emisha sasicishe sibe ngu-6,0 l / 100 km. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ezinye izindlela kulindeleke ukuthi zinciphise ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngo-14% ngo-2012. Lokhu kwenza umsebenzi wezinkampani zezimoto ube nzima ngokwedlulele futhi, ngokusho kongoti beBMW, ungaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa izibaseli ezinekhabhoni ephansi noma ngokuqeda ngokuphelele ikhabhoni ekwakhiweni kukaphethiloli. Ngokwalo mbono, i-hydrogen iphinda ivele enkundleni yezimoto ngayo yonke inkazimulo yayo.
Inkampani yaseBavaria yaba ngumkhiqizi wokuqala wezimoto ukukhiqiza ngobuningi izimoto ezinamandla e-hydrogen. Izimangalo ezinethemba nezethembayo zikaSolwazi Burkhard Geschel, oyilungu lebhodi le-BMW elibhekele intuthuko entsha, zokuthi "inkampani izothengisa izimoto ze-hydrogen ngaphambi kokuphela kwe-7 Series yamanje" zigcwalisekile. Ngohlobo lwayo lwakamuva, iHydrogen 7, uchungechunge lwesikhombisa, olwethulwa ngo-2006, lunenjini engu-12 hp 260-cylinder. lo mlayezo usuvele waba yiqiniso. Inhloso ibonakale ifisa ukuvelela, kepha hhayi ngaphandle kwesizathu. I-BMW ibilinga ngezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen kusukela ngo-1978, kwathi ngomhla ziyi-11 kuNhlaba 2000 zenza ukubonakaliswa okuyingqayizivele kwamathuba ale ndlela. Izimoto ezihlaba umxhwele zezimoto eziyi-15 750 hl ezivela esizukulwaneni esedlule seviki, ezinikwe amandla yi-hydrogen izinjini eziyizilinda eziyishumi nambili, ziqedele umjaho webanga elide i-170 km, egqamisa impumelelo yenkampani nesithembiso sobuchwepheshe obusha. Ngo-000 nango-2001, ezinye zalezi zimoto zaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza emibhikishweni eyahlukahlukene yokuxhasa umbono we-hydrogen. Kwabe sekuyisikhathi sentuthuko entsha, esuselwa ku-2002 Series olandelayo, kusetshenziswa injini yesimanje engu-7 litre V-4,4 enesivinini esiphezulu esingu-212 km / h, ilandelwa intuthuko yakamuva nge-12-cylinder V-XNUMX. Ngokombono osemthethweni wenkampani, izizathu zokuthi kungani iBMW ikhethe lobu buchwepheshe kunamaseli kaphethiloli zombili ezentengiselwano nezingokwengqondo. Okokuqala, le ndlela izodinga utshalomali oluncane kakhulu uma ingqalasizinda yokukhiqiza iguquka. Okwesibili, ngoba abantu bajwayele injini endala yomlilo yangaphakathi, bayayithanda futhi kuzoba nzima ukuhlukana nayo. Okwesithathu, okwamanje, kuvela ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha kunobuchwepheshe beseli kaphethiloli.
Ezimotweni zakwaBMW, i-hydrogen igcinwa emkhunjini we-cryogenic ogqunywe kakhulu, okufana nebhodlela le-thermos lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu elakhiwa iqembu leziqandisi laseJalimane iLinde. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi okugcina, uphethiloli usesigabeni se-liquid futhi ungena enjini njengophethiloli ojwayelekile.
Kulesi sigaba, abaklami benkampani yaseMunich bagxile ekujovweni ngophethiloli okungaqondile, futhi ikhwalithi yenhlanganisela incike kwimodi yokusebenza kwenjini. Engxenyeni yemodi yokulayisha, injini isebenza ezixubeni ezithambile ezifana nodizili - ushintsho lwenziwa kuphela enanini likaphethiloli elijovwe. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukulawula ikhwalithi" kwenhlanganisela, lapho injini isebenza khona nomoya owedlulele, kepha ngenxa yomthwalo ophansi, ukwakheka kokukhishwa kwe-nitrogen kuncishisiwe. Lapho kunesidingo samandla amakhulu, injini iqala ukusebenza njengenjini kaphethiloli, ihambele kulokho okubizwa nge- "quantitative control" yenhlanganisela kanye nezingxube ezijwayelekile (ezingancikile). Lezi zinguquko zingenzeka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yejubane lokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwezinqubo enjini, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokusebenza okuguquguqukayo kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwegesi - "i-Double" Vanos, esebenza ngokubambisana Isistimu yokulawula ukungenisa kwe-Valvetronic ngaphandle kwe-throttle. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi, ngokusho konjiniyela beBMW, uhlelo olusebenzayo lwale ntuthuko luyisigaba esiphakathi nje ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe nokuthi esikhathini esizayo izinjini zizoshintshela ekujovweni kwe-hydrogen ibe ngamasilinda naku-turbocharging. Lezi zinqubo kulindeleke ukuthi ziholele ekuguqukeni kwezimoto okungcono kunenjini kaphethiloli engaqhathaniswa nokwenyuka kokusebenza kahle kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ngaphezu kuka-50%. Lapha sigweme ngamabomu ukuthinta isihloko "samaseli kaphethiloli", ngoba muva nje lolu daba lusetshenziswe kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, noma kunjalo, kufanele sibakhulume ngomongo wobuchwepheshe be-hydrogen ye-BMW, njengoba abaklami eMunich banquma ukusebenzisa nje amadivayisi anjalo ukufaka amandla inethiwekhi kagesi esezimotweni, kuqedwa nya amandla ejwayelekile ebhetri. Lokhu kuthutha kuvumela ukonga okwengeziwe kukaphethiloli, njengoba injini ye-hydrogen ingadingeki ukuthi ishayele i-alternator, futhi uhlelo lukagesi olusebhodini luzilawula ngokuphelele futhi luzimele endleleni yokushayela - lungakhiqiza ugesi noma ngabe injini ingasebenzi, kanye nokukhiqiza. futhi isebenzise amandla iboleka ekusebenziseni ngokugcwele. Iqiniso lokuthi kuphela ugesi ongakanani odingekayo manje ongakhiqizwa ukunika amandla ipompo lamanzi, amaphampu kawoyela, ama-brake booster nezinhlelo ezinentambo nakho kuhumusha kube ukonga okungeziwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokufana nayo yonke le misebenzi emisha, uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli (uphethiloli) aluzange lube nezinguquko zokwakha ezibizayo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe be-hydrogen ngoJuni 2002, iBMW Group, Aral, BVG, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, GHW, Linde, i-Opel MAN idale uhlelo lobambiswano lwe-CleanEnergy, olwaqala ngokwakhiwa kweziteshi zokugcwalisa nge-hydrogen ecijile necindezelwe.
I-BMW ingumsunguli wenani leminye imisebenzi ehlangene, kuhlanganise nezinkampani zikawoyela, phakathi kwazo ababambiqhaza abakhuthele kakhulu i-Aral, BP, Shell, Total. Intshisekelo kule ndawo ethembisayo ikhula kakhulu - eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, i-EU iyodwa izohlinzeka ngeminikelo eqondile yezezimali emalini yokuxhasa ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe be-hydrogen ngenani lama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,8. Umthamo wokutshalwa kwezimali yizinkampani ezizimele ekuthuthukiseni "i-hydrogen" phakathi nalesi sikhathi kunzima ukubikezela, kodwa kusobala ukuthi kuzodlula izikhathi eziningi ezibanjwayo ezinhlanganweni ezingenzi inzuzo.
I-Hydrogen ezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngenxa yezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali e-hydrogen, ivutha kakhulu kunophethiloli. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla okuqala amancane adingekayo ukuze kuqalwe inqubo yokushiswa kwe-hydrogen. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxube ezinciphile kakhulu zingasetshenziswa kalula ezinjinini ze-hydrogen - into ezifinyelelwa yizinjini zesimanje zikaphethiloli ngobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi nobumba eqolo.
Ukushisa phakathi kwezinhlayiya zengxube ye-hydrogen-air akuhlakazwa kancane, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokushisa elizenzakalelayo lokuvutha kanye nezinga lezinqubo zokuvutha liphakeme kakhulu kunelikaphethiloli. I-Hydrogen inobuningi obuphansi kanye nokuhlukana okunamandla (amathuba okuba izinhlayiya zingene kwelinye igesi - kulokhu, umoya).
Amandla okuvula aphansi adingekayo ukuze uzishise ingenye yezinselele ezinkulu ekulawuleni izinqubo zokuvutha ezinjinini ze-hydrogen ngoba ingxube ikwazi ukuvutha ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa yokuxhumana nezindawo ezishisayo ekamelweni lokushisa kanye nokumelana nokulandela uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezingalawulwa ngokuphelele. Ukugwema le ngozi kungenye yezinselele ezinkulu ekuthuthukiseni izinjini ze-hydrogen, kodwa akulula ukuqeda imiphumela yeqiniso lokuthi ingxube evuthayo esakazeke kakhulu ihamba eduze kakhulu nezindonga zamasilinda futhi ingangena ezikhaleni ezincane kakhulu. njengama-valve avaliwe, isibonelo... Konke lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kuklanywa lezi zinjini.
Ukushisa okuphezulu kokuzenzakalelayo kanye nenombolo ephezulu ye-octane (cishe i-130) ivumela ukukhuphuka kwesilinganiso sokucindezela kwenjini futhi, ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kahle, kepha futhi kunengozi yokuhlukanisa i-hydrogen ngokuzenzakalela ekuxhumaneni nengxenye eshisayo. ku isilinda. Inzuzo yamandla aphezulu okusakazwa kwe-hydrogen kungenzeka ukuxubana kalula nomoya, okuthi lapho kwenzeka ukonakala kwethangi kuqinisekise ukusabalaliswa okusheshayo nokuphephile kukaphethiloli.
Ingxube ye-air-hydrogen ekahle yomlilo inesilinganiso esicishe sibe ngu-34:1 (kuphethiloli lesi silinganiso singu-14,7:1). Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho kuhlanganiswa isisindo esifanayo se-hydrogen nophethiloli esimweni sokuqala, kudingeka umoya ophindwe kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxube ye-hydrogen-air ithatha indawo enkulu kakhulu, okuchaza ukuthi kungani izinjini ezisebenza nge-hydrogen zinamandla amancane. Umfanekiso wedijithali wezilinganiso namavolumu ucacile kakhulu - ukuminyana kwe-hydrogen elungele ukusha kungaphansi ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-56 kunomoya kaphethiloli .... Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo, izinjini ze-hydrogen zingasebenza futhi ngezingxube ze-air-hydrogen kuze kufike ku-180: 1 (okungukuthi "ingxube" kakhulu"), okusho ukuthi injini ingasebenza. ngaphandle kwe-valve ye-throttle futhi usebenzise isimiso sezinjini ze-diesel. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi i-hydrogen ingumholi ongenakuphikiswa ekuqhathaniseni i-hydrogen nophethiloli njengemithombo yamandla ngokwesisindo - ikhilogremu ye-hydrogen cishe inamandla aphindwe kathathu kunekhilogremu kaphethiloli.
Njengezinjini zikaphethiloli, i-hydrogen ewuketshezi ingajovwa ngaphambi kwamavalvu kuma-manifolds, kodwa isisombululo esingcono kakhulu ukujova ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sokucindezela - kulokhu, amandla angadlula awenjini efanayo kaphethiloli ngo-25%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uphethiloli (i-hydrogen) awuwususi umoya njengasenjinini kaphethiloli noma udizili, evumela umoya kuphela (obaluleke kakhulu kunokuvamile) ukuthi ugcwalise igumbi elivuthayo. Futhi, ngokungafani nezinjini zikaphethiloli, izinjini ze-hydrogen azidingi ukuzungeza kwesakhiwo ngoba i-hydrogen ihlakazeka kahle ngokwanele ngomoya ngaphandle kwalesi silinganiso. Ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene okushiswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesilinda, kungcono ukubeka ama-spark plugs amabili, futhi ezinjinini ze-hydrogen, ukusetshenziswa kwama-electrode eplatinamu akwenzeki, njengoba iplatinamu iba yi-catalyst eholela ekushiseni kukaphethiloli emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
H2R
I-H2R iyi-supersport prototype esebenzayo eyakhiwe onjiniyela bakwa-BMW futhi inikwa amandla yinjini engamasilinda ayishumi nambili efinyelela ekuphumeni okuphezulu okungu-285 hp uma inikwa amandla yi-hydrogen. Ngenxa yabo, imodeli yokuhlola isheshisa isuka ku-0 iye ku-100 km / h ngemizuzwana eyisithupha futhi ifinyelela isivinini esikhulu esingu-300 km / h. Injini ye-H2R isekelwe kuyunithi evamile yokugcina ephezulu esetshenziswa ku-petrol 760i futhi ithathe eziyishumi kuphela. izinyanga ukuthuthukisa. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusha okuzenzakalelayo, ochwepheshe baseBavaria baye basungula umjikelezo wokugeleza okhethekile kanye nesu lomjovo ekamelweni elivuthayo, besebenzisa amathuba ahlinzekwe amasistimu wesikhathi se-valve enjini. Ngaphambi kokuba ingxube ingene kumasilinda, okugcina apholiswa ngomoya, futhi ukuthungela kwenziwa kuphela endaweni efile ephezulu - ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuvutha nge-hydrogen fuel, ukuthungela kusengaphambili akudingeki.
okutholakele
Ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali kokushintshela kumandla ahlanzekile e-hydrogen akukabi nethemba elikhulu. Ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa kanye nokuphakelwa kwegesi ekhanyayo kuseseyizinqubo ezisebenzisa kakhulu amandla, futhi esigabeni samanje sobuchwepheshe sokuthuthuka kwabantu uhlelo olunjalo alunakusebenza. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi ucwaningo nokufuna izixazululo ngeke kuqhubeke. Iziphakamiso zokukhiqiza i-hydrogen emanzini usebenzisa ugesi ovela kuma-solar panel bese uzigcina kumathangi amakhulu kuzwakala kunethemba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi ne-hydrogen engxenyeni yegesi oGwadule lwaseSahara, ukuyisa eMedithera ngepayipi, ukuyiphuzisa nokuyihambisa ngamathangi we-cryogenic, ukuyikhipha emachwebeni futhi ekugcineni ukuyihambisa ngeloli kuzwakala kancane kuyahlekisa okwamanje ...
Muva nje kwethulwe umbono othakazelisayo yinkampani kawoyela yaseNorway iNorsk Hydro, ebiphakamisa ukuthi kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen kusuka egesi yemvelo ezindaweni zokukhiqiza eNorth Sea, kanye ne-carbon monoxide eyisale ibigcinwe emikhakheni egugile ngaphansi kolwandle. Iqiniso lilele maphakathi nendawo, futhi yisikhathi kuphela esizotshela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha we-hydrogen kuzoya kuphi.
Ukuhluka kweMazda
Inkampani yaseJapane i-Mazda iphinde ibonise inguqulo yayo yenjini ye-hydrogen - ngesimo se-rotary unit sports car RX-8. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba izici zokuklama zenjini ye-Wankel zifaneleka kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli. Igesi igcinwa ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu ku-tank ekhethekile, futhi uphethiloli ujojowe ngqo emakamelweni omlilo. Ngenxa yokuthi esimweni sezinjini ezijikelezayo, izindawo lapho umjovo nokuvutha kwenzeka khona zihlukaniswa, futhi izinga lokushisa engxenyeni yokudonsa liphansi, inkinga yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthungela okungalawuleki kuncishiswe kakhulu. Injini ye-Wankel iphinde inikeze isikhala esanele sama-injection amabili, okubaluleke kakhulu ukujova inani eliphelele le-hydrogen.
