I-BMW ne-hydrogen: injini yomlilo yangaphakathi

Amaphrojekthi enkampani aqala eminyakeni engama-40 eyedlule ngenguqulo ye-hydrogen yochungechunge olungu-5

Sekuyisikhathi eside abakwaBMW bekholelwa ekuhambeni kukagesi. Namuhla, i-Tesla ingabhekwa njengophawu lokulinganisa kule ndawo, kodwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, lapho inkampani yaseMelika ikhombisa umqondo wesiteji esenziwe ngokwezifiso se-aluminium, esabe senziwe ngendlela ye-Tesla Model S, i-BMW yayisebenza ngenkuthalo ku-Megacity. Iphrojekthi yemoto. 2013 imakethwa njengeBMW i3. Imoto yaseJalimane ye-avant-garde ayisebenzisi nje kuphela isakhiwo sokusekela i-aluminium ngamabhethri ahlanganisiwe, kodwa futhi umzimba owenziwe ngama-polymers aqiniswe nge-carbon. Kodwa-ke, lokho i-Tesla ngokungenakuphikwa ngaphambi kwezimbangi zayo yindlela yayo eyingqayizivele, ikakhulukazi esikalini sokuthuthukisa amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi - kusukela ebudlelwaneni nabakhiqizi beseli ye-lithium-ion kuya ekwakheni izimboni ezinkulu zamabhethri, kuhlanganise nalezo ezingezona zikagesi. ukuhamba.

Kodwa ake sibuyele kwaBMW ngoba, ngokungafani noTesla nezimbangi zayo eziningi, inkampani yaseJalimane isakholelwa ekuhambeni kwe-hydrogen. Muva nje, ithimba eliholwa yiPhini likaMongameli wenkampani iHydrogen Fuel Cells, uDkt. Jürgen Gouldner, lethule i-I-Hydrogen Next fuel cell, i-genset ezishayelayo esebenza ngamandla amakhemikhali asezingeni eliphansi. Lo mzuzu uqopha iminyaka eyi-10 kwethulwa ukwakhiwa kwezimoto ezithwala uphethiloli zakwaBMW kanye nokugubha iminyaka engu-7 kubambisene nabakwaToyota mayelana namaseli kaphethiloli. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela kweBMW ku-hydrogen kuhlehlela emuva eminyakeni engu-40 futhi “kuyizinga lokushisa elishisayo” kakhulu.

Lokhu kungaphezu kwengxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka yentuthuko yenkampani, lapho i-hydrogen isetshenziswa njengophethiloli ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Esikhathini esiningi saleso sikhathi, inkampani yayikholelwa ukuthi injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ene-hydrogen yayiseduze nomthengi kune-fuel cell. Ngokusebenza kahle okungaba ngu-60% kanye nenhlanganisela yenjini kagesi esebenza kahle ngaphezu kuka-90%, injini ye-fuel cell iphumelela kakhulu kunenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi esebenzisa i-hydrogen. Njengoba sizobona emigqeni elandelayo, ngomjovo wazo oqondile kanye ne-turbocharging, izinjini ezincishisiwe zanamuhla zizofaneleka kakhulu ukuletha i-hydrogen—inqobo uma umjovo ofanelekile kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukushiswa zikhona. Kodwa nakuba izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezisebenza nge-hydrogen ngokuvamile zishibhe kakhulu kune-fuel cell ehlanganiswe nebhethri ye-lithium-ion, azisekho ku-ajenda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga zokuhamba kwe-hydrogen kuzo zombili izimo zihamba kakhulu ngaphezu kobubanzi besistimu ye-propulsion.

Futhi kungani i-hydrogen?

I-Hydrogen iyinto ebalulekile ekufuneni kwesintu ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla engaphezulu nangaphezulu enjengebhuloho lokugcina amandla elangeni, emoyeni, emanzini nase-biomass ngokuguqula ibe amandla wamakhemikhali. Ngamagama alula, lokhu kusho ukuthi ugesi owenziwe yile mithombo yemvelo awunakugcinwa kumanani amakhulu, kepha ungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen ngokubola kwamanzi abe yi-oxygen ne-hydrogen.

Yiqiniso, i-hydrogen ingaphinda ikhishwe emithonjeni ye-hydrocarbon engavuseleleki, kodwa lokhu sekuyisikhathi eside kungamukeleki uma kuziwa ekusebenziseni njengomthombo wamandla. Kuyiqiniso elingephikwe ukuthi izinkinga zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen ziyaxazululeka - ngokusebenza, ngisho namanje, amanani amakhulu aleli gesi akhiqizwa futhi asetshenziswe njengezinto zokusetshenziswa embonini yamakhemikhali ne-petrochemical. Kulezi zimo, noma kunjalo, izindleko eziphezulu ze-hydrogen azibulali, ngoba "zincibilika" ngezindleko eziphakeme zemikhiqizo ehilelekile kuyo.

Kodwa-ke, inkinga yokusebenzisa igesi ekhanyayo njengomthombo wamandla futhi ngamanani amakhulu iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ososayensi bebelokhu benikina amakhanda isikhathi eside befuna enye indlela engasetshenziswa esikhundleni sikawoyela kaphethiloli, futhi ukwanda kokuhamba kukagesi kanye ne-hydrogen kungase kube ku-symbiosis eseduze. Umnyombo wakho konke lokhu yiqiniso elilula kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu - ukuchithwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen kuzungeza umjikelezo wemvelo wokuhlanganisa nokubola kwamanzi ... Uma isintu sithuthukisa futhi sandisa izindlela zokukhiqiza sisebenzisa imithombo yemvelo efana namandla elanga, umoya namanzi, i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa futhi isetshenziswe ngamanani angenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokukhipha intuthu eyingozi.
ukukhiqiza

Manje kukhiqizwa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70 we-hydrogen emsulwa emhlabeni. Okubalulekile okusetshenzisiwe ekukhiqizweni kwayo yigesi yemvelo, ecutshungulwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukuguqula kabusha" (uhhafu wengqikithi). Inani elincane le-hydrogen likhiqizwa ngezinye izinqubo ezifana ne-electrolysis yamakhemikhali e-chlorine, i-oxidation engaphelele yamafutha asindayo, i-gas gasification, i-pyrolysis yamalahle ukukhiqiza i-coke, nokuguqulwa kwephethiloli. Cishe uhhafu womkhiqizo we-hydrogen womhlaba usetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ammonia (esetshenziswa njenge-feedstock ekukhiqizeni umanyolo), ekuhlanzeni uwoyela nasekuhlanganisweni kwe-methanol.

Lezi zinhlelo zokukhiqiza zithwalisa kanzima indawo ezungezile ngamazinga ahlukahlukene futhi, ngeshwa, akukho neyodwa yazo enikeza enye indlela enengqondo esimweni samanje samandla - okokuqala ngenxa yokuthi zisebenzisa imithombo engavuseleleki, futhi okwesibili ngoba ukukhiqiza kukhipha izinto ezingafuneki ezifana ne-carbon dioxide. Indlela ethembisayo kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen esikhathini esizayo ihlala ukubola kwamanzi ngosizo lukagesi, owaziwa esikoleni samabanga aphansi. Kodwa-ke, ukuvala umjikelezo wamandla ahlanzekile okwamanje kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa amandla emvelo futhi ikakhulukazi amandla elanga nomoya ukukhiqiza ugesi odingekayo ukubola amanzi. NgokukaDkt. Gouldner, ubuchwepheshe besimanje “obuxhumene” nesimiso somoya nelanga, kuhlanganise neziteshi ezincane ze-hydrogen, lapho lezi zamuva kukhiqizwa khona esizeni, ziyisinyathelo esisha esikhulu kule ndlela.
Isitoreji

I-Hydrogen ingagcinwa ngobuningi kuzo zombili izigaba zegesi nezamanzi. Amadamu amakhulu kunawo wonke, lapho kugcinwa khona i-hydrogen ekucindezelekeni okuphansi, abizwa ngokuthi "amamitha wegesi". Amathangi aphakathi nendawo namancane aguqulelwa ukugcina i-hydrogen ngokucindezela u-30 bar, kanti amathangi akhethekile amancane kakhulu (amadivayisi abizayo enziwe ngensimbi ekhethekile noma izinhlanganisela zekhabhoni eziqinisiwe) agcina ingcindezi engapheli yebha engu-400.
I-hydrogen nayo ingagcinwa esigabeni esiwuketshezi ku--253°C umthamo weyunithi ngayinye equkethe amandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1,78 kunalapho igcinwe kubha engu-700 - ukuze kuzuzwe inani elilinganayo lamandla ku-hydrogen ewuketshezi ngeyunithi ngayinye, igesi kufanele icindezelwe ifike 1250 ibha. Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwamandla kwe-hydrogen epholile, i-BMW ibambisene neqembu laseJalimane leziqandisi i-Linde ngezinhlelo zayo zokuqala, esithuthukise imishini yesimanjemanje ye-cryogenic ukuze igcwale futhi igcine i-hydrogen. Ososayensi baphinde banikeze ezinye, kodwa ezingasebenzi okwamanje, ezinye izindlela zokugcina i-hydrogen - isibonelo, ukugcinwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi kufulawa wensimbi okhethekile, ngendlela ye-hydrides yensimbi, nabanye.

Amanethiwekhi wokudlulisa i-Hydrogen asevele akhona ezindaweni ezinokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali nezindawo zokuhluza uwoyela. Ngokuvamile, le nqubo iyefana naleyo yokudlulisa igesi yemvelo, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu okwedlule ngezidingo ze-hydrogen akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nakulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, izindlu eziningi emadolobheni aseYurophu zazikhanyiswe ngophethiloli wegesi omncane, oqukethe kuze kufike ku-50% we-hydrogen nosetshenziswa njengophethiloli wezinjini zokuqala zomlilo zangaphakathi ezimile. Izinga lamanje lobuchwepheshe selivele livumela ukuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen okuncibilikisiwe ngamathangi akhona we-cryogenic, afana nalawo asetshenziselwa igesi yemvelo.

I-BMW kanye nenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi

"Amanzi. Okuwukuphela komkhiqizo wezinjini ezihlanzekile ze-BMW esebenzisa i-liquid hydrogen esikhundleni sikaphethiloli we-petroleum futhi uvumela wonke umuntu ukuba ajabulele ubuchwepheshe obusha ngonembeza ohlanzekile.”

Lawa magama acashunwe emkhankasweni wokukhangisa wenkampani yaseJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-745. Kufanele kube kugqugquzela uhlobo lwe-hydrogen lwamahora angama-XNUMX lwama-automaker waseBavaria. Okungajwayelekile, ngoba, ngokusho kweBMW, ukushintshelwa kwezinye izindlela zikaphethiloli ze-hydrocarbon imboni yezimoto ebizondla ngazo kusukela ekuqaleni kuzodinga ushintsho kwingqalasizinda yonke yezimboni. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaseBavaria bathola indlela ethembisayo yentuthuko hhayi kumaseli kaphethiloli akhangiswa kabanzi, kepha ekudlulisweni kwezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo ukuze zisebenze ne-hydrogen. I-BMW ikholelwa ukuthi i-retrofit ebhekwayo iyinkinga esombululekayo futhi isivele yenza inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo maqondana nenselelo esemqoka yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinjini ezinokwethenjelwa nokuqeda ukuthambekela kwayo ekubuseni komlilo kusetshenziswa i-hydrogen emsulwa. Impumelelo kulesi siqondiso ingenxa yekhono emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi izinqubo zezinjini kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa amasistimu obunikazi obunikazi obunikazi be-BMW iValvetronic neVanos ekusatshalalisweni kwegesi okuguquguqukayo, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile "kwezinjini ze-hydrogen".

Nokho, izinyathelo zokuqala kulesi siqondiso zihlehlela emuva ku-1820, lapho umklami uWilliam Cecil edala injini ephehlwa yi-hydrogen esebenza kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isimiso se-vacuum" - uhlelo oluhluke ngokuphelele kulokho okwasungulwa kamuva ngenjini yangaphakathi. ukuvutha. Ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe kokuqala kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi eminyakeni engu-60 kamuva, iphayona u-Otto wasebenzisa igesi yokwenziwa eshiwo kakade netholakala ngamalahle ene-hydrogen engaba ngu-50%. Kodwa-ke, ngokusungulwa kwe-carburetor, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli sekuye kwasebenza kakhulu futhi kuphephile, futhi uphethiloli owuketshezi usuthathe indawo yazo zonke ezinye izindlela ezikhona kuze kube manje. Izakhiwo ze-hydrogen njengophethiloli zatholwa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva imboni yasemkhathini, eyathola ngokushesha ukuthi i-hydrogen yayinesilinganiso esingcono kakhulu samandla/nobunzima kunoma iyiphi i-fuel eyaziwa isintu.

NgoJulayi 1998, i-European Association of the Automotive Industry (ACEA) yazibophezela ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ezimotweni ezisanda kubhaliswa e-Union zaba isilinganiso sama-gramu ayi-140 ngekhilomitha ngo-2008. Ngokwenza lokhu, lokhu kusho ukwehla kokukhishwa okungu-25% uma kuqhathaniswa no-1995 futhi kulingana nokudla okujwayelekile kukaphethiloli emikhunjini emisha engaba ngu-6,0 l / 100 km. Lokhu kwenza umsebenzi wezinkampani zezimoto ube nzima ngokwedlulele futhi, ngokusho kongoti beBMW, ungaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa izibaseli ezinekhabhoni ephansi noma ngokususa ngokuphelele ikhabhoni ekwakhiweni kukaphethiloli. Ngokwalo mbono, i-hydrogen ivela ngayo yonke inkazimulo yayo ezimotweni.
Inkampani yaseBavaria iba ngumkhiqizi wokuqala wezimoto ukuqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwezimoto ezinamandla e-hydrogen. Izimangalo zokuzethemba nokuzethemba zeBhodi yabaqondisi be-BMW uBurkhard Göschel, iLungu leBhodi le-BMW elibhekele intuthuko entsha, zokuthi “inkampani izothengisa izimoto ze-hydrogen ngaphambi kokuthi i-7 Series iphele,” ziyafezeka. Nge-Hydrogen 7, inguqulo yochungechunge lwesikhombisa yethulwa ngo-2006 futhi inenjini engu-12-cylinder 260 hp. lo mlayezo uba ngokoqobo.

Inhloso ibonakala ifisa ukuvelela, kepha ngesizathu esihle. I-BMW ibizama izinjini zomlilo ze-hydrogen kusukela ngo-1978, ngochungechunge olungu-5 (E12), inguqulo yamahora angama-1984 ye-E 745 yethulwa ngo-23, kwathi ngoMeyi 11, 2000, yakhombisa amandla ayingqayizivele ale ndlela. Imikhumbi emangazayo engu-15 hp. I-E 750 "yesonto" enezinjini ezingama-38-cylinder ezinamandla aphethwe yi-hydrogen igijime ibanga lamamayela angu-12 km, okugqamisa impumelelo yenkampani kanye nesithembiso sobuchwepheshe obusha. Ngo-170 nango-000, ezinye zalezi zimoto zaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza emibhikishweni eyahlukahlukene yokuthuthukisa umbono we-hydrogen. Lokhu kulandelwa yintuthuko entsha esuselwa kwi-2001 Series elandelayo, kusetshenziswa injini yesimanje engu-2002 litre V-7 ekwazi ukuhamba ngesivinini esiphezulu esingu-4,4 km / h, ilandelwe intuthuko yakamuva enenjini engu-212-cylinder V-12.

Ngokombono osemthethweni wenkampani, izizathu zokuthi kungani abakwaBMW bese bekhetha lobu buchwepheshe kunamaseli kaphethiloli zombili bezentengiselwano nezingokwengqondo. Okokuqala, le ndlela izodinga utshalomali oluncane kakhulu uma kwenzeka kuguquka ingqalasizinda yezimboni. Okwesibili, ngoba abantu bajwayele injini endala yomlilo yangaphakathi, bayayithanda futhi kuzoba nzima ukuhlukana nayo. Futhi okwesithathu, ngoba ngasikhathi sinye, lobu buchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha kunobuchwepheshe beseli kaphethiloli.

Ezimotweni zakwa-BMW, ​​i-hydrogen igcinwa emkhunjini we-cryogenic ofakwe ngaphezulu, okufana nebhodlela le-thermos lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu elakhiwe iqembu leziqandisi laseJalimane i-Linde. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi okugcina, uphethiloli usesigabeni se-liquid futhi ungena enjini njengophethiloli ojwayelekile.

Abaqambi benkampani yaseMunich basebenzisa umjovo kaphethiloli ezinhlobonhlobo zokungenisa, futhi ikhwalithi yengxube incike kumodi yokusebenza kwenjini. Emodini yokulayisha ingxenye, injini isebenza ezixubeni ezithambile ezifana nedizili - kuphela inani likaphethiloli elijovwe liyashintshwa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi" yengxube, lapho injini isebenza khona ngomoya oweqile, kodwa ngenxa yomthwalo ophansi, ukwakheka kokukhishwa kwe-nitrogen kuyancishiswa. Lapho kunesidingo samandla abalulekile, injini iqala ukusebenza njengenjini kaphethiloli, ithuthela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukulawulwa komthamo" wengxube kanye nezingxube ezijwayelekile (hhayi ukuncika). Lezi zinguquko zingenzeka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yejubane lokulawula inqubo ye-elekthronikhi enjini, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokusebenza okuguquguqukayo kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwegesi - "i-Double" Vanos, esebenza ngokubambisana. nge-Valvetronic intake control system ngaphandle kwe-throttle. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi, ngokusho konjiniyela be-BMW, ​​uhlelo lokusebenza lwalokhu kuthuthukiswa luyisigaba esimaphakathi kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe nokuthi esikhathini esizayo izinjini kuzodingeka zithuthele ekuqondiseni umjovo we-hydrogen kumasilinda kanye ne-turbocharger. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela kuzoholela ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza okuguquguqukayo kwemoto uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini efanayo kaphethiloli kanye nokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngaphezu kuka-50%.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo lentuthuko liwukuthi ngentuthuko yakamuva yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi "ze-hydrogen", abaklami baseMunich bangena emkhakheni wamaseli kaphethiloli. Basebenzisa amadivaysi anjalo ukunika amandla inethiwekhi kagesi esebhodini ezimotweni, ukuqeda ngokuphelele ibhethri elivamile. Ngenxa yalesi sinyathelo, ukonga uphethiloli okwengeziwe kungenzeka, njengoba injini ye-hydrogen ayidingi ukushayela i-alternator, futhi uhlelo lukagesi olusebhodini luzilawula ngokuphelele futhi luzimele endleleni yokushayela - lungakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ngisho nalapho injini ingasebenzi, futhi amandla okukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa angenziwa ngokugcwele. Iqiniso lokuthi ugesi omningi odingekayo ukuze unike amandla iphampu yamanzi, amaphampu kawoyela, i-brake booster kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka izintambo manje kungenza kube nokunye ukonga. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhambisana nazo zonke lezi zindlela ezintsha, uhlelo lomjovo kaphethiloli (uphethiloli) aluzange lube nezinguquko ezimba eqolo.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe be-hydrogen ngoJuni 2002, iBMW Group, Aral, BVG, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, GHW, Linde, Opel, MAN yakha uhlelo lobambiswano lwe-CleanEnergy, olwaqala umsebenzi walo ngokwakhiwa kweziteshi zokugcwalisa ngegesi enamanzi. ne-hydrogen ecindezelweyo. Kuzo, ingxenye ye-hydrogen ikhiqizwa esizeni kusetshenziswa ugesi welanga bese icindezelwa, kuyilapho inani elikhulu elinamanzi liphuma eziteshini ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza, futhi yonke imiphunga evela esigabeni samanzi idluliselwa ngokuzenzakalela echibini legesi.
I-BMW isungule amanye amaphrojekthi ahlanganisiwe, kufaka phakathi nezinkampani zikawoyela, phakathi kwazo ababambe iqhaza kakhulu yi-Aral, BP, Shell, Total.
Kodwa-ke, kungani iBMW ishiya lezi zixazululo zobuchwepheshe futhi isagxile kumaseli kaphethiloli, sizokutshela kwenye indatshana kulolu chungechunge.

I-Hydrogen ezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali e-hydrogen, ivutha kakhulu kunophethiloli. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla okuqala amancane adingekayo ukuze kuqalwe inqubo yokushiswa kwe-hydrogen. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinjini ze-hydrogen zingasebenzisa kalula izingxube "ezimbi" - into ezifinyelelwa yizinjini zesimanje zikaphethiloli ngobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi nobumba eqolo.

Ukushisa phakathi kwezinhlayiya zengxube ye-hydrogen-air akuhlakazwa kancane, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokushisa lokuzishisa ngokuzenzekelayo liphakeme kakhulu, njengoba izinga lezinqubo zokuvutha liqhathaniswa nophethiloli. I-Hydrogen inobuningi obuphansi kanye nokusabalalisa okunamandla (amathuba okuba izinhlayiya zingene kwelinye igesi - kulokhu, umoya).

Ngamandla wokwenza kusebenze okuphansi okudingeka ekuziqotheni okungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekulawuleni amandla omlilo ezinjini ze-hydrogen, ngoba ingxube ingavutha kalula ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa yokuxhumana nezindawo ezishisayo ekamelweni lomlilo nokumelana kulandela uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezingalawulwa ngokuphelele. Ukugwema le ngozi kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekwakhiweni kwezinjini ze-hydrogen, kepha akulula ukuqeda imiphumela yokuthi ingxube yomlilo esakazeke kakhulu isondela kakhulu ezindongeni zesilinda futhi ingangena ezikhaleni ezincane kakhulu. ngokwesibonelo kuma-valve avaliwe ... Konke lokhu kufanele kubhekwe lapho kudizayinwa lezi zinjini.

Ukushisa okuphezulu kokuzenzakalelayo kanye nenombolo ephezulu ye-octane (cishe i-130) ivumela ukukhuphuka kwesilinganiso sokucindezela kwenjini futhi, ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kahle, kepha futhi kunengozi yokuqothulwa kwe-hydrogen ngokuxhumana nengxenye eshisayo. ku isilinda. Inzuzo yamandla aphezulu okusakazwa kwe-hydrogen kungenzeka ukuxubana kalula nomoya, okuthi lapho kwenzeka ukonakala kwethangi kuqinisekise ukusabalaliswa okusheshayo nokuphephile kukaphethiloli.

Ingxube ye-air-hydrogen ekahle yomlilo inesilinganiso esingaba ngu-34:1 (kuphethiloli lesi silinganiso singu-14,7:1). Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho kuhlanganiswa isisindo esifanayo se-hydrogen nophethiloli esimweni sokuqala, kudingeka umoya ophindwe kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxube ye-hydrogen-air ithatha indawo enkulu kakhulu, okuchaza ukuthi kungani izinjini ze-hydrogen zinamandla amancane. Umfanekiso wedijithali wezilinganiso namavolumu ucacile kakhulu - ukuminyana kwe-hydrogen elungele ukushiswa kungaphansi ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-56 kunomoya kaphethiloli ... Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokuvamile, izinjini ze-hydrogen zingasebenza ezingxubeni zomoya. . i-hydrogen ngezilinganiso kuze kufike ku-180: 1 (okungukuthi ngezingxube "ezimbi" kakhulu), okusho ukuthi injini ingasebenza ngaphandle kwe-throttle futhi isebenzise isimiso sezinjini ze-diesel. Kufanele futhi kukhulunywe ukuthi i-hydrogen ingumholi ongenakuphikiswa ekuqhathaniseni phakathi kwe-hydrogen nophethiloli njengomthombo wamandla amaningi - ikhilogremu ye-hydrogen inamandla aphindwe kathathu ikhilogremu ngayinye kaphethiloli.

Njengezinjini zikaphethiloli, i-hydrogen ewuketshezi ingajovwa ngaphambi kwama-valve kuma-manifolds, kodwa isisombululo esingcono kakhulu ukujova ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sokucindezela - kulokhu, amandla angadlula awenjini kaphethiloli eqhathaniswayo ngo-25%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uphethiloli (i-hydrogen) awuwususi umoya njengenjini kaphethiloli noma udizili, okuvumela igumbi elivuthayo ukuba ligcwale kuphela (obaluleke kakhulu kunokuvamile) umoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezinjini zikaphethiloli, i-hydrogen ayikudingi ukuzungeza kwesakhiwo, njengoba i-hydrogen ngaphandle kwalesi silinganiso ihlakazeka kahle emoyeni. Ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene okushiswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesilinda, kungcono ukufaka ama-spark plugs amabili, futhi ezinjinini ze-hydrogen, ukusetshenziswa kwama-electrode eplatinamu akufanelekile, ngoba iplatinamu iba yi-catalyst eholela ku-fuel oxidation ngisho nasezingeni eliphansi lokushisa. .

Inketho ye-Mazda

Inkampani yaseJapane i-Mazda iphinde ibonise inguqulo yayo ye-hydrogen injini, ngendlela ye-rotary block emotweni yezemidlalo ye-RX-8. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba izici zokuklama zenjini ye-Wankel zifaneleka kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli.
Igesi igcinwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ethangini elikhethekile futhi uphethiloli ujojowe ngqo emakamelweni omlilo. Ngenxa yokuthi esimweni sezinjini ezijikelezayo, izindawo lapho umjovo nomlilo zenzeka khona zihlukile, futhi izinga lokushisa engxenyeni yokudla liphansi, inkinga yokuthi kungenzeka kube khona ukuthungela okungalawuleki kuncishiswe kakhulu. Injini yeWankel iphinde inikeze indawo eyanele yokujova okubili, okubaluleke kakhulu ukujova inani elifanele le-hydrogen.

H2R

I-H2R iyi-supersport prototype esebenzayo eyakhiwe onjiniyela bakwa-BMW futhi inikwa amandla yinjini engu-12-cylinder efinyelela ku-285 hp okukhiphayo. lapho usebenza ne-hydrogen. Ngenxa yabo, imodeli yokuhlola isheshisa isuka ku-0 iye ku-100 km / h ngemizuzwana eyisithupha futhi ifinyelela isivinini esikhulu esingu-300 km / h. Injini ye-H2R isekelwe phezulu okujwayelekile okusetshenziswe kuphethiloli we-760i futhi kuthathe izinyanga eziyishumi kuphela ukuthuthukisa .

Ukuze kuvinjwe ukusha okuzenzakalelayo, ochwepheshe baseBavaria benze isu elikhethekile lokugeleza nokujova imijikelezo egunjini elivuthayo, besebenzisa amathuba anikezwe isistimu ye-valve eguquguqukayo yenjini. Ngaphambi kokuba ingxube ingene kumasilinda, okugcina apholiswa ngomoya, futhi ukuthungela kwenziwa kuphela endaweni ephezulu efile - ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuvutha nge-hydrogen fuel, ukuthungela kusengaphambili akudingeki.