Isitshalo se-Biogas sezinja

Ngo-September 1, 2010, indawo yokuqala emhlabeni ye-biogas yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke enikwa amandla udoti wezinja yethulwa epaki e-Cambridge, Massachusetts. Le phrojekthi exakile iwumzamo wokubheka kabusha ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kanye nokuthola amandla kwalawo “angaphandle”. imithombo.

Imfucuza yezinja iphendulwa isizinda samandla epaki

Umdali yiciko laseMelika elineminyaka engu-33 ubudala uMatthew Mazzotta. Indalo yakhe yakamuva ibizwa ngePark Spark. Uhlelo luqukethe amathangi amabili. Kwesinye sazo, ukuvutshelwa kwe-methane (anaerobic) kwenziwa, kanti okwesibili, inani lamanzi okokuqala lilawulwa. Kufakwe isibani segesi eduze kwemigodi. Isibani sihlinzekwa nge-biogas evela endle yenja. Abahamba ngezinja bayelulekwa ukuba bathathe izikhwama ezibolayo, bazifake esitsheni esiseduze nendawo yesibani, baqoqe lokho inja ekushiya otshanini, bese bephonsa izikhwama kumvubelo. Khona-ke kufanele uvule isondo ohlangothini lwethangi, lokhu kuzoxuba okuqukethwe ngaphakathi. Iqoqo lamabhaktheriya ahlala ethangini liqala ukusebenza, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, kuvela i-biogas equkethe i-methane. Lapho abanikazi bekhuthele ngokwengeziwe, behlanza indle yezinja zabo ethangini, kulapho umlilo wegesi waphakade uvutha khona.

I-Project Park Spark ku-BBC Radio Newshour 9 Septhemba 13

Igesi eshisiwe kufanele ikhanyise ingxenye yendawo ezungeze lesi sikhungo, kodwa ngemva kokuhlanganisa uhlelo lwakhe, uMnu. Mazzotta wabhekana nezinkinga eziningana. Ekuqaleni kwavela ukuthi yayinokushaja okuncane kakhulu ukuqalisa ngempumelelo idivayisi? futhi kuyodingeka aqashe zonke izinja edolobheni ukuze aqedele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithangi kwakudingeka ligcwaliswe amagciwane afanelekile, kodwa ayengekho eduze. Ekugcineni, umbhali nabambisene nabo kwadingeka balungise kokubili ngokuletha ubulongwe bezinkomo obuvela emapulazini aseduze.

Enye inkinga kwakungamanzi. Leyo esetshenziswa ku-Park Spark akumele ibe ne-chlorine, eyingozi ezinqubweni zokuvutshelwa, i.e. angeke kube amanzi edolobha. Amakhulu amaningana amalitha e-H ehlanzekile uma kuqhathaniswa.₂Ivela emfuleni iCharles. Futhi, naphezu kwemizamo yabo emihle, ababukeli abazange balibone ngokushesha isibani se-methane esikhangisiwe sisebenza. Inqubo yokuvutshelwa yaqala, kodwa esigabeni sokuqala yayincane kakhulu i-methane ukuze isibani sikhanyise. Ababhali bachazele ababukeli ukuthi ngaphakathi ethangini, amagciwane e-methane kufanele aqale aphindaphindeke abe yinani elifanele, lapho ukukhula kwawo kwehliswa kancane ngenxa yokubanda ebusuku. Kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto ngaphambi kokuba kukhiqizwe igesi engaka engase ivuthelwe.

Ngeshwa, ilangabi layo eliluhlaza lalincane kangangokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukulithwebula ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo kwezinye izibani. Khona-ke yanda kancane kancane futhi ngaleyo ndlela ekugcineni yathethelela ukuba khona kwawo wonke ukufakwa kwegesi yobuciko. Umthelela wangempela wokufakwa awukona ukukhanya kwelangabi, kodwa i-hype emaphephandabeni. Umbhali ubenethemba lokubandakanya abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka enkingeni yokulahlwa kukadoti okunengqondo. Ngokusho komdwebi, ukukhanya okunesizotha esibanini kuyinto efana nelangabi elingapheli, elikhumbuza abadlulayo ngesidingo sokuvikela imvelo, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nokudala ekukhiqizeni amandla. Umbhali akafuni ukuthola inzuzo yemali emsebenzini wakhe.

I-biogas enkulu

Ukufakwa kwe-Mazzotta kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa kumane kuyi-echo yezinhlelo ezibucayi kakhulu. Umqondo wokuguqula udoti wezinja ube amandla wazalelwa eSan Francisco eminyakeni emine edlule. I-Sunset Scavenger, inkampani elahla imfucuza ngaleso sikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Norcal, ibifuna ukwenza imali.

Ochwepheshe babo balinganisela ukuthi e-San Francisco Bay Area, indle yenja yenza cishe u-4% wayo yonke imfucuza yasendlini, amanabukeni aphikisanayo ngobuningi. Futhi lokho kusho izinkulungwane zamathani wezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwezibalo, lokhu amandla aphezulu e-biogas. Ngokwesisekelo sokuhlola, iNorcal yaqala ukuqoqa indle yezinja isebenzisa iziqukathi zezikhwama zendle nemigqomo engaboli ukuze iqoqe "izikhwama" ezigcwele ezindaweni ezivame ukuvame ukujwayela kuzo izinja ezihambayo. Lesi sitshalo sabe sesithunyelwa kwesinye sezitshalo ezikhona ze-biomethane.

Nokho, ngo-2008 umsebenzi wavalwa. Ukuqoqwa kwendle yezinja emapaki kwehlulekile ngenxa yezizathu zezimali kuphela. Ukuthatha ithani likadoti endaweni yokulahla kushibhile kunokuqala iphrojekthi ye-bioenergy, futhi akekho onendaba ukuthi uthola uphethiloli ongakanani kuyo.

Umkhulumeli we-Sunset Scavenger uRobert Reed waphawula ukuthi lezi zikhwama ezibolayo, okuyizona kuphela ezivunyelwe ukuphonswa kumvubelo we-methane, seziphenduke ithebhu esikalini. Iningi labanikazi bezinja abaqeqeshelwe ukuhlanza ngemva kokuba izilwane ezifuywayo zijwayele ukusebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki, ezimisa ngokushesha yonke inqubo yokwakheka kwe-methane.

Uma ufuna abanikazi bezinja bahlale benodoti obalulekile ukuze uqhubeke ugaywa ube yi-methane, udinga ukubeka iziqukathi ezinezikhwama ezibolayo yonke indawo. Futhi umbuzo usalokhu ungaphenduliwe, kanjani ukuhlola ukuthi izikhwama zepulasitiki ziphonswa kubhasikidi?

Esikhundleni samandla wezinja, i-Sunset Scavenger, ngokubambisana nezinye izinkampani, yaqala ukukhiqiza amandla "kusuka endaweni yokudlela", okungukuthi, baqala ukuqoqa imfucuza yokudla, beyihambisa emathangini afanayo okuvutshelwa.

Abalimi basebenza kangcono

Izinkomo zilula. Imihlambi ikhiqiza amanani ezimboni zomanyolo. Kungakho kunenzuzo ukwakha izinsiza ze-biogas ezinkulu emapulazini noma kuma-agro-communes. Lezi zitshalo ze-biogas azikhiqizi nje amandla epulazini, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi zize ziwathengisele kugridi. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, imboni yokucubungula ubulongwe bezinkomo ezi-5 ibe ngugesi yethulwa eCalifornia. Lo msebenzi obizwa nge-CowPower, kuthiwa usize izinkulungwane zemizi. Futhi i-BioEnergy Solutions yenza imali kulokhu.

Umanyolo osezingeni eliphezulu

Muva nje, abasebenzi bakwaHewlett-Packard bamemezele umbono wezikhungo zedatha ezinikwa amandla ubulongwe. Engqungqutheleni ye-ASME International e-Phoenix, ososayensi be-HP Lab bachaza ukuthi izinkomo ezingu-10 zingahlangabezana nezidingo zamandla esikhungo sedatha esingu-000MW.

Kule nqubo, ukushisa okukhiqizwa yisikhungo sedatha kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokugaya kwe-anaerobic kwemfucuza yezilwane. Lokhu kubangela ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane, engasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amandla ezikhungweni zedatha. Le symbiosis isiza ukuxazulula inkinga yemfucuza ebhekene namapulazi agxile kubisi kanye nesidingo samandla esikhungweni sedatha yesimanje.

Ngokwesilinganiso, inkomo yobisi ikhiqiza cishe amakhilogremu angu-55 (amakhilogremu angu-120) omquba ngosuku kanye namathani angaba ngu-20 ngonyaka? okucishe kufane nesisindo sezindlovu ezine esezikhulile. Ubulongwe obukhiqizwa inkomo nsuku zonke “bungakhiqiza” ugesi ongu-3 kWh, owanele ukunika amandla ama-TV aseMelika ama-3 ngosuku.

I-HP iphakamisa ukuthi abalimi bangaqasha indawo ezinhlanganweni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, bazinikeze "amandla ansundu". Kulokhu, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezinkampani ezitshalweni ze-methane kuzokhokha esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili, bese zihola cishe u-$2 ngonyaka ngokuthengisa amandla e-methane kumakhasimende esikhungo sedatha. Abalimi bazoba neholo elizinzile ezinkampanini ze-IT, bazoba nomthombo wamandla okahle kanye nesithombe sezazi zemvelo. Sonke besingaba ne-methane encane emkhathini wethu, okuyenza ingabi sengozini yokushisa komhlaba. I-Methane inamandla okuthiwa yi-greenhouse ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-000 kune-CO₂. Ngokukhipha ubulongwe obungakhiqizi, i-methane iyaqhubeka kwakheka kancane kancane futhi idedelwe emkhathini, futhi ingangcolisa namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Futhi lapho kushiswa i-methane, isikhutha asinangozi kangako njengoba siyiyo.

Ngoba kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ngamandla nangokwezomnotho lokho okudilikayo emasimini nasezitshanini, futhi lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho iqhwa lasebusika lincibilikile. Kodwa ingabe kuyafaneleka? Kodwa inja ingcwatshiwe.