Bane - noma isibusiso
Abafundi ngokuvamile abakuthandi ngempela ukubala ngama-logarithms. Ngokwethiyori, zaziwa ngokusiza ukuphindaphindeka kwezinombolo ngokuzehlisela ku-? kulula? ngaphezu kwalokho, kodwa empeleni uyithatha kalula. Ubani owayengakhathalela? namuhla, enkathini yokubala okutholakala yonke indawo ngisho nakumaselula? ukhathazekile ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokwengeza: ngemuva kwakho konke, bobabili behlele ngokucindezela okhiye abambalwa?
Iqiniso. Kodwa kuze kube muva nje? okungenani esikalini sesikhathi salowo osayine ngezansi? kwakuhluke ngokuphelele. Ake sithathe isibonelo sizame ukuphindaphinda ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umshini wokubala?Ngonyawo? ezinye izinombolo ezimbili ezinkulu; ake sithi asenze isenzo 23 × 456. Akuwona umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu, akunjalo? Okwamanje, lapho usebenzisa ama-logarithms, yonke into ilula kakhulu. Sibhala inkulumo ebhaliwe:
log (23 456 789 × 1 234 567) = log 23 456 789 + log 1 234 567 = 7,3703 + 6,0915 = 13,4618
(sizikhawulela ezindaweni ezine zedesimali, njengoba lokhu kuvame ukunemba kwezinhlu ze-logarithmic eziphrintiwe), ngakho-ke i-logarithm injalo? esiphinde sayifunda ematafuleni - cishe 28. Iphoyinti lokugcina. Kuyakhathaza kodwa kulula; ngaphandle uma, kunjalo, une-logarithms ezinzile.
Ngike ngizibuze ukuthi ubani owafika kuqala ngalo mbono? futhi ngadumala kakhulu lapho uthisha wami wezibalo okhaliphile ongenakulibaleka uZofia Fedorovich ethi kwakungenakwenzeka ukukusungula ngokuphelele. Mhlawumbe iNgisi elinguJohn Napier, owaziwa ngelikaNapier. Noma mhlawumbe umngane wakhe wangaleso sikhathi uHenry Briggs? Noma mhlawumbe umngane kaNapier, u-Swiss Jost Burgi?
Angazi ngabafundi balo mbhalo, kodwa ngandlela thize ngithanda uma okusunguliwe noma okutholakele kunombhali oyedwa. Ngeshwa, lokhu ngokuvamile akunjalo: ngokuvamile abantu abambalwa banombono ofanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ikhambi lenkinga ngokuvamile livela ngokunembile lapho lidingwa yizidingo zezenhlalo, ngokuvamile ezingokomnotho; ngaphambi kwalokho, njengomthetho, akekho ocabanga ngakho?
Ngakho nalesi sikhathi? futhi kwakuyikhulu leshumi nesithupha, kwaba njalo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwempucuko ephoqelelwe ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zekhompyutha; inguquko yezimboni empeleni yayingqongqoza emasangweni aseYurophu.
Ngokuqondile phakathi nekhulu le-1550? ngo-XNUMX? wazalelwa eScotland, emndenini okuhlala kuwo iMerchiston Castle eduze kwase-Edinburgh, iNkosi eshiwo ngenhla uJohn Napier. Ngokusobala, lo mnumzane wayebhekwa njengento engavamile kusukela esemncane: esikhundleni sempilo evamile eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ejabulisayo ye-aristocrat, wayethatheka ngezinto ezisunguliwe? futhi (okwakuvele kuyivelakancane ngaleso sikhathi) izibalo. Kanye ne? yini, ngokuphambene, ngaleso sikhathi evamile? i-alchemy? Wazama ukuthola indlela yokukhipha amanzi ezimayini zamalahle; wasungula ama-prototypes emishini namuhla esicabangela izibonelo zethangi noma umkhumbi-ngwenya; wazama ukwakha isimiso sezibuko ayefuna ukushisa ngaso imikhumbi ye-Great Armada yamaKatolika aseSpain ayesongela iNgilandi yobuProthestani? Ubenentshisekelo yokukhulisa umkhiqizo wezolimo ngokusebenzisa umanyolo wokwenziwa; ngamafuphi, i-Scot yayinekhanda hhayi embukisweni.
Kodwa-ke, akukho nowodwa wale mibono owawungamnikeza inguquko emlandweni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe, uma kungenjalo kuma-logarithms. Inganono yakhe ye-logarithmic yanyatheliswa ngo-1614? futhi ngokushesha yathola ukumenyezelwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Kanyekanye ? futhi ngokuzimele, nakuba abanye bekhuluma phambi kwenkosi yethu? Umngane wakhe oseduze, u-Swiss Jost Burgi, naye waqhamuka nombono walo mthethosivivinywa, kodwa umsebenzi kaNapier waziwa. Ochwepheshe bathi uNapier uhlele umsebenzi wakhe kangcono kakhulu futhi wabhala kahle kakhulu, ngokugcwele. Okokuqala nje, kwakuyithisisi yakhe eyayaziwa uHenry Briggs, okwathi, ngesisekelo senkolelo-mbono kaNapier, wadala amatafula okuqala ama-logarithm ngokubala okwenziwa ngesandla okuyisicefe; futhi yilawa mathebula agcina ephenduke ukhiye wokuduma kwe-akhawunti.
Njengoba usho? isihluthulelo se-computing logarithms ama-array. U-John Napier ngokwakhe akazange abe nomdlandla ngaleli qiniso: ukuthwala ivolumu ekhukhumezayo nokubheka izinombolo ezifanele kuwo akusona isisombululo esilula kakhulu. Akumangalisi ukuthi inkosi ehlakaniphile (okuthi, ngendlela, engazange ithathe isikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu ebukhosini bobukhosi, owesibili kusukela phansi esigabeni sezigaba ezihloniphekile zamaNgisi) yaqala ukucabanga ngokwakha idivayisi ehlakaniphile kunezinhlayiya. Futhi? waphumelela, futhi wachaza umklamo wakhe encwadini ethi "Rabdology", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1617 (lokhu, ngendlela, kwaba unyaka wokufa kososayensi). Ngakho-ke ingabe izinti zenziwe, noma amathambo kaNapier, ithuluzi lekhompyutha elidume kakhulu? ncane! ? cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka; kanye ne-rhabdology ngokwayo yayinezincwadi eziningi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngabona amakhophi amaningana ala mathambo esetshenziswa eminyakeni embalwa edlule eTechnological Museum eLondon; zenziwe ngezinguqulo eziningi, ezinye zazo zokuhlobisa kakhulu futhi zibiza kakhulu, ngingasho - zinhle.
Isebenza kanjani?
Pretty elula. U-Napier wamane wabhala phansi itafula lokuphindaphinda elaziwayo eqoqweni lezinti ezikhethekile. Kuwo wonke amazinga? ngokhuni noma, ngokwesibonelo, ezenziwe ngethambo, noma enguqulweni ebiza kakhulu yezinyo lendlovu ezibizayo, ezihlotshiswe ngegolide? Umkhiqizo wokuphindaphinda lapho uphindaphindwa ngo-1, 2, 3, ..., 9 wawutholakala ngobuhlakani ngokukhethekile. Izinti zaziyisikwele futhi zozine izinhlangothi zazisetshenziselwa ukonga indawo. Ngakho, iqoqo lezinti eziyishumi nambili linikeze umsebenzisi amasethi emikhiqizo angama-48. Uma ubufuna ukwenza ukuphindaphinda, bekufanele ukhethe eqoqweni lamapheshana ahambisana nezinombolo zokuphindaphinda, uwabeke eduze komunye nomunye esitendini, futhi ufunde eminye imikhiqizo engaphelele ukuze uyihlanganise ndawonye.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamathambo kaNapier kwakulula; ngaleso sikhathi kwakulula kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhulule umsebenzisi ekubambeni ngekhanda ithebula lokuphindaphinda. Zenziwe ngezinguqulo eziningi; ngendlela, umqondo wokushintsha izinti ezine-quadrangular wazalwa? elula kakhulu futhi ithwala ama-data roller engeziwe.
Umqondo kaNapier? ngokuqondile enguqulweni enamarola - athuthukiswe futhi athuthukiswa ngu-Wilhelm Schickard ekwakhiweni komshini wakhe wokubala ngomshini, owaziwa ngokuthi "iwashi lokubala".
UWilhelm Schickard (owazalwa ngo-April 22, 1592 e-Herrenberg, wafa ngo-Okthoba 23, 1635 eTübingen) - Isazi sezibalo saseJalimane, uchwepheshe wezilimi zaseMpumalanga nomklami, uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseTübingen futhi ngempela umfundisi wamaLuthela; ngokungafani noNapier, wayengeyena umuntu wezicukuthwane, kodwa wayeyindodana yombazi. Ngo 1623? Unyaka okwazalwa ngawo isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi esikhulu futhi kamuva owasungula i-arithmometer engumshini u-Blaise Pascal wathuma isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile u-Jan Kepler ukuba akhe enye yamakhompyutha okuqala emhlabeni enza ukuhlanganisa, ukususa, ukuphindaphinda nokuhlukanisa izinombolo. , "iwashi" elishiwo ngenhla. Lomshini wokhuni washa ngo-1624 phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, cishe ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha iphelile; ingabe yakhiwa kabusha ngo-1960 kuphela nguBaron Bruno von Freytag? I-Leringhof isekelwe ezincazelweni nemidwebo equkethwe ezincwadini ezitholakele zika-Schickard eziya ku-Kepler. Umshini wawucishe ufane ngomklamo nomthetho wama-slide. Iphinde inamagiya azokusiza ukubala. Eqinisweni, kwakuyisimangaliso sobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi saso.
Kanye nawe?Bukela? Kukhona imfihlakalo eShikard. Umbuzo uphakama: yini eyenza umklami, ebhubhise umshini, angazami ngokushesha ukuwenza kabusha futhi ayeke ngokuphelele ukusebenza emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha? Kungani, eneminyaka engu-11, ahambe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ukuze atshele noma ubani ngewashi lakhe? Akashongo?
Kunesiphakamiso esinamandla sokuthi ukucekelwa phansi komshini akubanga ngengozi. Omunye wemibono kuleli cala uwukuthi isonto lalikubheka njengokuziphatha okubi ukwakha imishini enjalo (khumbula isahlulelo sakamuva, esineminyaka engu-0 kuphela ubudala, esakhishwa iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki eGalileo!) Nokucekela phansi “iwashi”? UShikard wanikezwa isibonakaliso esinamandla sokungazami "ukuthatha indawo kaNkulunkulu" kule ndawo. Omunye umzamo wokucacisa imfihlakalo? ngokubona kwalabo abasayine ngezansi, kungenzeka? ukuthi umenzi womshini ngokwezinhlelo zikaSchickard, uJohann Pfister, umenzi wamawashi, wajeziswa ngokucekelwa phansi komsebenzi ngabalingani bakhe esitolo, ababengafuni ukwenza lutho ngokuvumelana nezinhlelo zabanye abantu, okuyinto. kwakubhekwa njengokwephula umthetho wenhlangano.
Noma ngabe kuyini? imoto yakhohlwa ngokushesha. Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kokufa kukaKepler omkhulu, eminye yemibhalo yakhe yatholwa uMpress Catherine II; eminyakeni kamuva bagcina sebesendaweni edumile yeSoviet astronomical observatory ePulkovo. Evunyelwe kuleli qoqo elivela eJalimane, uDkt. Franz Hammer wathola izincwadi zikaSchickard lapha ngo-1958; ngaso leso sikhathi, imidwebo kaSchickard eyayihloselwe uPfizer yatholwa kwelinye iqoqo lemibhalo eStuttgart. Ngokusekelwe kule datha, amakhophi ambalwa "ewashi" aphinde akhiwa kabusha. ; omunye wabo wayethunywe yi-IBM.
Ngendlela, amaFulentshi ayengajabule ngayo yonke le ndaba: umlingani wabo uBlaise Pascal iminyaka eminingi wayebhekwa njengomklami wendlela yokuqala yokubala ephumelelayo.
Futhi yilokhu umbhali walawa magama akubheka okuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi okuhlekisayo emlandweni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe: ukuthi lapha, futhi, akukho lutho olufana nalokho okucabangayo?
