Umhlaba webhethri - ingxenye 1

Umklomelo weNobel kuChemistry wango-2019 waklonyeliswa ngokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Ngokungafani nezinye izinqumo zeKomidi likaNobel, lona alimangalanga - ngokuphambene nalokho. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anika amandla ama-smartphones, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amathuluzi kagesi aphathwayo ngisho nezimoto zikagesi. Ososayensi abathathu, u-John Goodenough, uStanley Whittingham kanye no-Akira Yoshino, bathole amadiploma, izindondo zegolide kanye nezigidi ezingu-9 SEK ukuze basatshalaliswe. 

Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesizathu somklomelo kumagazini wangaphambilini womjikelezo wethu wekhemistri - futhi isihloko ngokwaso saphetha ngesimemezelo sesethulo esinemininingwane eyengeziwe yendaba yamaseli namabhethri. Yisikhathi sokugcina isethembiso sakho.

Okokuqala, incazelo emfushane yokungalungi kwamagama.

Izikhombo lena ukuphela kwesekethe eyenza i-voltage.

Ibhetri iqukethe amaseli axhumeke kahle. Umgomo uwukukhulisa i-voltage, amandla (amandla angathathwa ohlelweni), noma kokubili.

ibhethri iseli noma ibhethri elingashajwa kabusha uma seliphelile. Akuwona wonke ama-chip analezi zakhiwo - eziningi ziyalahlwa. Enkulumweni yansuku zonke, amagama amabili okuqala avame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana (lokhu kuzoba njalo esihlokweni), kodwa umuntu kufanele aqaphele umehluko phakathi kwawo (1).

1. Amabhethri ahlanganisa amaseli.

Amabhethri awazange asungulwe emashumini eminyaka adlule, anomlando omude kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi usuzwile ngalokho okwenzeka Galvaniego i Ama-volts ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, okwaphawula ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi ku-physics nakumakhemikhali. Nokho, umlando webhethri waqala ngisho nangaphambili. Lokho kwakukudala...

... isikhathi eside e-Baghdad

Ngo-1936 isazi semivubukulo saseJalimane UWilhelm Koenig wathola isitsha sobumba eduze kwaseBaghdad kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC. Okutholakele akuzange kubonakale kungavamile, uma kubhekwa ukuthi impucuko yase-Ewufrathe naseTigris yachuma izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Nokho, okuqukethwe umkhumbi kwakungaqondakali: umqulu ogqwalile weshidi lethusi, induku yensimbi, nezinsalela ze-resin yemvelo. U-Koenig waxakeka ngenjongo ye-artifact waze wakhumbula evakashela i-Alley of Jewelers e-Baghdad. Imiklamo efanayo yayisetshenziswa izingcweti zendawo ukuze zemboze imikhiqizo yethusi ngezinsimbi eziyigugu. Umqondo wokuthi kwakuyibhethri lasendulo awuzange ukholise abanye abavubukuli ukuthi abukho ubufakazi bogesi obasinda ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngakho-ke (yilokho okutholakalayo okubizwa ngakho) ingabe lokhu kuyinto yangempela noma inganekwane kusukela ngobusuku obuyi-1001? Vumela ukuhlolwa kunqume.

Uzodinga: ipuleti yethusi, isipikili sensimbi kanye noviniga (qaphela ukuthi zonke lezi zinto zaziwa futhi zitholakala kabanzi ezikhathini zasendulo). Faka esikhundleni i-resin ukuze uvale umkhumbi futhi ubeke esikhundleni se-plasticine njenge-insulation.

Yenza isilingo ku-beaker noma i-flask, nakuba ukusebenzisa isitsha sobumba kuzonikeza ukuhlolwa ukunambitheka kwangempela. Usebenzisa i-sandpaper, hlanza izindawo zensimbi ezisuka ku-plaque futhi unamathisele izintambo kuzo.

Roll ipuleti yethusi ibe umqulu bese uyibeka emkhunjini, bese ufaka isipikili ku-roll. Usebenzisa ipulasitiki, lungisa ipuleti nesipikili ukuze zingathintani (2). Thela uviniga (cishe isixazululo esingu-5%) emkhunjini futhi, usebenzisa i-multimeter, ulinganise i-voltage phakathi kwamaphethelo ezintambo ezixhunywe epuleti lethusi kanye nesipikili sensimbi. Setha ithuluzi lokulinganisa i-DC yamanje. Yiziphi izigxobo ezithi "plus" futhi iziphi "i-minus" yomthombo wamandla kagesi?

2. Umdwebo wekhophi yesimanje yebhethri evela e-Baghdad.

Imitha ibonisa i-0,5-0,7 V, ngakho ibhethri yaseBaghdad iyasebenza! Sicela uqaphele ukuthi isigxobo esihle sohlelo siyithusi, futhi isigxobo esinegethivu siyinsimbi (imitha ibonisa inani le-voltage eqondile kunketho eyodwa kuphela yokuxhuma izintambo kumatheminali). Ingabe ugesi ungaphehlwa ngekhophi eyakhelwe umsebenzi owusizo? Yebo, kodwa yenza amanye amamodeli futhi uwaxhume ochungechungeni ukwandisa i-voltage. I-LED idinga cishe ama-volts angu-3 - uma uthola okungako ebhethrini lakho, i-LED izokhanya.

Ibhethri lase-Baghdad lihlolwe kaningi ukuthi likwazi yini ukunika amandla okokusebenza okunosayizi omncane. Ukuhlolwa okufanayo kwenziwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule ngababhali bohlelo lwehlelo iMythBusters. I-Mythbusters (ingabe usakhumbula u-Adam noJamie?) nabo bafika esiphethweni sokuthi isakhiwo singasebenza njengebhethri yasendulo.

Ngakho ingabe uhambo lwesintu ngogesi lwaqala eminyakeni emi-2 edlule? Yebo futhi cha. Yebo, ngoba noma kunjalo kwakungenzeka ukuklama izinto zamandla. Cha, ngoba ukusungulwa akuzange kusabalale - akekho owayekudinga ngaleso sikhathi nasemakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ezayo.

Uxhumano? Kulula!

Hlanza ngokuphelele indawo yamapuleti ensimbi noma izintambo, i-aluminium, insimbi, njll. Faka amasampula ezinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene esithelweni esinamanzi (esizosiza ukuhamba kukagesi) ukuze angathintani. Xhuma ama-clamp e-multimeter ekugcineni kwezintambo eziphuma esithelweni, futhi ufunde i-voltage phakathi kwazo. Shintsha izinhlobo zezinsimbi ezisetshenzisiwe (kanye nezithelo) futhi uqhubeke uzama (3).

3. Iseli lesithelo (i-aluminium kanye nama-electrode ethusi).

Kuzo zonke izimo izixhumanisi zakhiwe. Amanani ama-voltage akaliwe ayahluka kuye ngezinsimbi nezithelo ezithathiwe ekuhlolweni. Ukuhlanganisa amaseli ezithelo ebhethri kuzokuvumela ukuthi uyisebenzise ukuze unike amandla imishini encane ye-elekthronikhi (kulokhu, kudinga inani elincane lamanje, ongayithola ekwakhiweni kwakho).

Xhuma iziphetho zezintambo eziphuma ezithelweni ezidlulele ezintanjeni, futhi lezi, ngokulandelayo, ziye emaphethelweni e-LED. Lapho nje uxhume izigxobo zebhethri "kumatheminali" ahambisanayo e-diode futhi i-voltage idlule umkhawulo othile, i-diode izokhanya (ama-diode anemibala ehlukene ane-voltage ehlukile yokuqala, kodwa cishe ama-volts angu-3 kufanele anele. ).

Umthombo wamandla okhanga ngokulinganayo iwashi le-elekthronikhi - lingasebenza “kwibhethri lezithelo” isikhathi eside (yize okuningi kuncike kumodeli yewashi).

Imifino ayikho ngaphansi kwezithelo futhi ikuvumela ukuthi wakhe ibhethri ngayo. Njengoba? Thatha ama-pickle ambalwa kanye nenani elifanele lamashidi ethusi ne-aluminium noma izintambo (ungashintsha lezi zinzipho zensimbi, kodwa uzothola i-voltage ephansi kusuka kusixhumanisi esisodwa). Hlanganisa ibhethri futhi uma uyisebenzisela ukunika amandla isekethe ehlanganisiwe evela ebhokisini lomculo, ikhwaya yekhukhamba izocula!

Kungani ukhukhamba? U-Konstantin Ildefons Galchinsky waphikisana ngokuthi: "Uma ikhukhamba ingaculi futhi nganoma isiphi isikhathi, cishe ayikwazi ukubona ngentando yezulu." Kuvele ukuthi usokhemisi uyakwazi ukwenza izinto ezingaphuphi ngisho nezimbongi.

Ibhethri ye-Bivouac

Esimeni esiphuthumayo, ungakwazi ukudizayina ibhethri ngokwakho futhi ulisebenzisele ukunika amandla i-LED. Yiqiniso, ukukhanya kuzoba lufifi, kodwa kungcono kunokungabikho.

Uzodingani? I-diode, yebo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta se-ice cube, intambo yethusi, nezipikili zensimbi noma izikulufo (izinsimbi kufanele zihlanzwe indawo yazo ukuze kube lula ukuhamba kukagesi). Sika ucingo lube yizicucu bese ugoqa ikhanda lesikulufu noma isipikili ngohlangothi olulodwa lwesiqephu. Yenza izakhiwo eziningana zensimbi-zethusi ngale ndlela (8-10 kufanele yanele).

Thela inhlabathi emanzi emaceleni esikhunjeni (ungafafaza futhi ngamanzi anosawoti, okuzonciphisa ukumelana nogesi). Manje faka isakhiwo sakho emgodini: isikulufu noma isipikili kufanele singene emgodini owodwa, futhi ucingo lwethusi lube kwenye. Beka okulandelayo ukuze kube khona insimbi emgodini ofanayo ngethusi (izinsimbi azikwazanga ukuxhumana). Yonke yakha uchungechunge: insimbi-ithusi-insimbi-ithusi, njll. Hlela izakhi ngendlela yokuthi imigodi yokuqala neyokugcina (kuphela equkethe izinsimbi ngazinye) ilale eduze komunye nomunye.

Nakhu kufika kuvuthondaba.

Faka umlenze owodwa we-diode endaweni yokuqala emgqeni bese omunye umlenze ungene kowokugcina. Ingabe liyakhanya?

Uma kunjalo, siyakuhalalisela (4)! Uma kungenjalo, bheka amaphutha. I-LED diode, ngokungafani nesibani esivamile, kufanele ibe noxhumano lwe-polarity (ingabe uyazi ukuthi iyiphi insimbi eyi-"plus" futhi yikuphi "ukususa" kwebhethri?). Kwanele ukufaka imilenze ohlangothini oluphambene nomhlabathi. Ezinye izimbangela zokwehluleka i-voltage ephansi kakhulu (ubuncane be-3 volts), isifunda esivulekile noma isifunda esifushane kuyo.

4. "Ibhethri lomhlaba" liyasebenza.

Esimweni sokuqala, ukwandisa inani lezingxenye. Okwesibili, hlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinsimbi (futhi vala umhlabathi ozungezile). Esimweni sesithathu, qiniseka ukuthi iziphetho zethusi nezensimbi azithintani ngaphansi komhlaba nokuthi inhlabathi noma udaka omanzise ngalo akuxhumi imigodi eseduze.

Ukuhlola "ibhethri lomhlaba" kuyathakazelisa futhi kufakazela ukuthi ugesi ungatholakala cishe lutho. Ngisho noma kungadingeki usebenzise isakhiwo esakhiwe, ungahlala ujabulisa abavakashi ngamakhono akho afana ne-MacGyver (mhlawumbe akhunjulwa kuphela ochwepheshe abaphezulu) noma umpetha wokusinda.

Asebenza kanjani amaseli?

Insimbi (i-electrode) ecwiliswe kwisisombululo se-conductive (i-electrolyte) ikhokhiswa kuyo. Inani elincane lama-cations liya kwisixazululo, kuyilapho ama-electron ehlala ensimbi. Mangaki ama-ion asesixazululo nokuthi mangaki ama-electron angaphezu kwensimbi kuncike ohlotsheni lwensimbi, isixazululo, izinga lokushisa, nezinye izici eziningi. Uma izinsimbi ezimbili ezihlukene zicwiliswa ku-electrolyte, kuzovela i-voltage phakathi kwazo ngenxa yenani elihlukile lama-electron. Lapho uxhuma ama-electrode ngocingo, ama-electron avela ensimbi anenani elikhulu lazo (i-electrode negative, i.e. cell anode) azoqala ukugeleza ensimbi enenani elincane lazo (i-electrode positive - cathode). Yiqiniso, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweseli, ibhalansi kufanele igcinwe: ama-cations ensimbi avela ku-anode aya esixazululweni, futhi ama-electron alethwe ku-cathode asabela nama-ion azungezile. Isifunda sonke sivalwa yi-electrolyte ehlinzeka ngezokuthutha ze-ion. Amandla ama-electron ageleza ku-conductor angasetshenziselwa umsebenzi owusizo.