Hlola uphethiloli wemoto: i-biodiesel INGXENYE 2

Izinkampani zokuqala ukuhlinzeka ngeziqinisekiso zezinjini zazo ze-biodiesel kwakungabakhiqizi bemishini yezolimo nezokuthutha njengoSteyr, John Deere, Massey-Ferguson, Lindner noMercedes-Benz. Ngemuva kwalokho, isibalo sokusatshalaliswa kwama-biofuels sandisiwe kakhulu futhi manje sifaka amabhasi ezokuthutha umphakathi namatekisi kwamanye amadolobha.

Ukungaboni ngaso linye ngokunikezwa noma ukuyekiswa kwamawaranti avela kubakhiqizi bezimoto maqondana nokufaneleka kwezinjini ezisebenzisa i-biodiesel kuholela ezinkingeni eziningi nasekungaqondakali. Isibonelo sokungaqondi okunjalo yizimo ezivamile lapho umkhiqizi wohlelo lukaphethiloli (kunesibonelo esinjalo noBosch) engaqinisekisi ukuphepha kwezakhi zawo lapho esebenzisa i-biodiesel, futhi umenzi wezimoto, ukufaka izinto ezifanayo ezinjini zazo, kunikeza isiqinisekiso esinjalo ... Izinkinga zangempela ezingqubuzaneni ezinjalo Kwezinye izimo, aqala ngokubonakala kokukhubazeka okungahlobene nhlobo nophethiloli osetshenzisiwe.

Ngenxa yalokho, angasolwa ngezono lapho kungekho cala, noma okuphambene nalokho - alungisiswe lapho zikhona. Uma kunesikhalo, abakhiqizi (okwaVW okuyisibonelo sabo esijwayelekile eJalimane) ezimweni eziningi bageza izandla zabo ngophethiloli osezingeni eliphansi, futhi akekho ongafakaza ngenye indlela. Empeleni, umenzi angakwazi ukuthola umnyango njalo futhi agweme isibopho sanoma yimuphi umonakalo ayethi ngaphambilini wawufakwe kuwaranti yenkampani. Ukuze kugwenywe ukungaboni ngaso linye nezingxabano zalolu hlobo esikhathini esizayo, onjiniyela bakwa-VW basungule inzwa yezinga likaphethiloli (engase yakhelwe kuGolf V) ukuze ihlole uhlobo kanye nekhwalithi kaphethiloli, okuthi, uma kunesidingo, ibonise isidingo sokulungiswa umzuzu. izinto zikagesi zokujova uphethiloli ezilawula izinqubo enjinini.

Izinzuzo

Njengoba sekushiwo, i-biodiesel ayinaso isibabule, ngoba iqukethe ngokuphelele amafutha emvelo futhi alungiswa ngamakhemikhali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutholakala kwesibabule kumafutha akudala kadizili kuyasiza ngoba kuyasiza ukugcobisa izakhi zohlelo lwamandla, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi kuyalimaza (ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zesimanje zodizili ngokunemba), ngoba yakha ama-oxide esulfure nama-acid ayingozi ezintweni zawo ezincane. Okuqukethwe yisulfure kukaphethiloli kadizili eYurophu nasezingxenyeni ezithile zaseMelika (California) kwehle kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo, nakho okuholele ekutheni nakanjani kube nezindleko eziphakeme zokulungisa. Ukuthambisa kwawo kubuye kwehla ngokuncipha kokuqukethwe kwesibabule, kepha lokhu kunxephezelwa kalula kunxeshezelwa ngokungezwa kwezithasiselo kanye ne-biodiesel, kulokhu okuba yinhle kakhulu.

I-Biodiesel yakhiwe ngokuphelele ngama-hydrocarbon aqondile futhi anamagatsha kaparafini futhi ayiqukethe ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi (i-mono- ne-polycyclic). Ukuba khona kwamakhemikhali wokugcina (azinzile futhi, ngakho-ke, aphansi kacetane) kumafutha kaphethiloli kaphethiloli kungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko zokusha okungaphelele ezinjinini nasekukhishweni kwezinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekukhishweni, futhi ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo inani le-cetane le-biodiesel liphakeme kunezinga elijwayelekile. udizili. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ngenxa yezakhi zamakhemikhali ezicacisiwe, kanye nokuba khona komoya-mpilo kuma-molecule e-biodiesel, kusha ngokuphelele, futhi izinto eziyingozi ezikhishwe ngesikhathi somlilo mancane kakhulu (bheka iThebula).

Ukusebenza kwenjini ye-Biodiesel

Ngokusho kwenani elikhulu lezifundo eziqhutshwa e-US nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwe-biodiesel kunciphisa ukuguga kwezakhi ze-cylinder uma kuqhathaniswa namacala lapho kusetshenziswa udizili ojwayelekile kaphethiloli oqukethe isibabule esiphansi. Ngenxa yokuba khona komoyampilo ku-molecule yayo, i-biofuel inokuqukethwe kwamandla kancane kancane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-petroleum diesel, kodwa umoya-mpilo ofanayo ukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zokuvutha futhi ucishe unxephezele ngokuphelele okuqukethwe kwamandla okwehlisiwe. Inani le-oksijini kanye nokuma okuqondile kwama-molecule e-methyl ester kuholela komunye umehluko enambeni ye-cetane nokuqukethwe kwamandla e-biodiesel kuye ngohlobo lwe-feedstock. Kwezinye zazo, ukusetshenziswa kuyenyuka, kodwa uphethiloli ojovwe kakhulu odingekayo ukuze unikeze amandla afanayo kusho izinga lokushisa eliphansi lenqubo, kanye nokwenyuka okulandelayo ekusebenzeni kahle kwawo. Imingcele eguquguqukayo yokusebenza kwenjini evame kakhulu eYurophu uphethiloli we-biodiesel okhiqizwa ku-rapeseed (okuthiwa "i-rapeseed" ebizwa ngokuthi "ubuchwepheshe", eguquliwe futhi engafaneleki ukudla nokudla), iyafana nedizili yamafutha. Uma usebenzisa imbewu ye-sunflower eluhlaza noma amafutha asetshenzisiwe avela ku-restaurant fryers (okwawo okuyingxube yamafutha ahlukene), kunesilinganiso sokwehla kwamandla ka-7 kuya ku-10%, kodwa ezimweni eziningi ukwehla kungaba kukhulu kakhulu. enkulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi izinjini ze-biodiesel zivame ukugwema ukwanda kwamandla ngomthwalo omkhulu - ngamanani afika ku-13%. Lokhu kungachazwa yiqiniso lokuthi kulezi zindlela isilinganiso phakathi kwe-oksijeni yamahhala kanye nophethiloli ojojowe sincishiswa kakhulu, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yomlilo. Kodwa-ke, i-biodiesel ihambisa umoya-mpilo, ovimbela le miphumela emibi.

Izinkinga

Futhi-ke, ngemuva kokubuyekezwa okuhle okuningi, kungani i-biodiesel ingabi ngumkhiqizo ojwayelekile? Njengoba sishilo, izizathu zalokhu ngokuyinhloko yingqalasizinda nengqondo, kepha ezinye izici zobuchwepheshe kufanele zengezwe kubo.

Imiphumela yalo mafutha wezinsalela ezingxenyeni zezinjini, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni zohlelo lokudla, ayikatholakali ngokuphelele, naphezu kwezifundo eziningi kule ndawo. Amacala abikiwe lapho ukusetshenziswa kokugxila okuphezulu kwe-biodiesel kwinhlanganisela ephelele kuholele ekulimaleni nasekuboleni okuhamba kancane kwamapayipi enjoloba kanye namanye amapulasitiki athambile, amabhasikidi namabhasikidi abe manamathele, athambile futhi avuvukale. Empeleni, kulula ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokufaka amapayipi esikhundleni sepayipi, kepha akukacaci ukuthi abenzi bezimoto bazokulungela yini ukutshalwa kwezimali okunjalo.

Okuphakelayo kwe-biodiesel okuhlukile kunezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinhlobo ze-biodiesel zifaneleka kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ebusika kunezinye, futhi abakhiqizi be-biodiesel bengeza izithasiselo ezikhethekile kuphethiloli okwehlisa iphuzu lefu futhi basize ukwenza ukuqala kube lula ngezinsuku ezibandayo. Enye inkinga engathi sína ye-biodiesel ukwanda kwezinga le-nitrogen oxides emagesini aphumayo ezinjini ezisebenza kulaphethiloli.

Izindleko zokukhiqiza i-biodiesel zincike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwe-feedstock, ukusebenza kahle kokuvuna, ukusebenza kahle kwemboni yokukhiqiza kanye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, uhlelo lwentela kaphethiloli. Isibonelo, ngenxa yekhefu lentela elihlosiwe eJalimane, i-biodiesel ishibhe kancane kunodizili ovamile, futhi uhulumeni wase-US ukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-biodiesel njengophethiloli kwezempi. Ngo-2007, ama-biofuel esizukulwane sesibili asebenzisa isisindo sezitshalo njengesiphakeli sizokwethulwa - kulokhu okubizwa ngokuthi inqubo ye-biomass-to-liquid (BTL) esetshenziswa yi-Choren.

IJalimane isivele ineziteshi eziningi lapho kungathelwa khona uwoyela ohlanzekile, futhi amadivayisi okugcwalisa anelungelo lobunikazi yinkampani yobunjiniyela i-SGS e-Aachen, futhi inkampani yokuguqula i-Aetra evela ePaderborn ibanikeza bobabili abanikazi beziteshi zikawoyela nabantu ngabanye. sebenzisa. Ngokuphathelene nokulungiswa kwezimoto kwezobuchwepheshe, inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo seyenziwe kule ndawo muva nje. Uma kuze kube izolo iningi labathengi bakawoyela bekuyizinjini zikadizili zangaphambi kwegumbi kusukela eminyakeni yama-XNUMX, namhlanje izinjini zomjovo eziqondile zishintshela kumafutha emifino, ngisho nalabo abasebenzisa ama-unit unit injectable kanye nezindlela ze-Common Rail. Isidingo naso siyakhula, futhi muva nje imakethe yaseJalimane inganikeza ukuguqulwa okufanelekile kwazo zonke izimoto ezinezinjini ezisebenza kumgomo wokuzibamba.

Isimo sesivele siphethwe yizinkampani ezinkulu ezifaka amakhithi asebenza kahle. Kodwa-ke, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okumangalisa kakhulu kwenzeka kusithwali samandla uqobo. Kodwa-ke, intengo yamafutha akunakwenzeka ukuthi yehle ngaphansi kwamasenti angama-60 ngelitha, isizathu esiyinhloko salomngcele ukuthi i-feedstock efanayo isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel.

okutholakele

I-Biodiesel isenguphethiloli ophikisana kakhulu futhi ongabazisayo. Abamelene nayo bayisola ngokugqwala kwezintambo zikaphethiloli nama-seal, izingxenye zensimbi ezigqwalile namaphampu kaphethiloli alimele, futhi izinkampani zezimoto kuze kube manje seziziqhelelanisile nezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa emvelweni, mhlawumbe ukuze zizinike ukuthula kwengqondo. Imithethonqubo esemthethweni yokugunyazwa kwaleli phethiloli, okungangabazeki ukuthi iyathakazelisa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, ayikavunyelwa.

Nokho, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ivele emakethe muva nje - cishe akukho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi. Lesi sikhathi sasibuswa amanani aphansi kaphethiloli ojwayelekile, okungakukhuthazi nakancane ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Kuze kube manje, akekho oke wacabanga ukuthi angaklama kanjani zonke izakhi zesistimu kaphethiloli yenjini ukuze zingakwazi ukuphazanyiswa ngokuphelele ukuhlaselwa kwe-biodiesel enolaka.

Kodwa-ke, izinto zingashintsha kakhulu futhi ngokumangalisayo - ngokukhuphuka kwamanje kwamanani kawoyela kanye nokushoda kwawo, naphezu kompompi abavuleleke ngokuphelele bamazwe nezinkampani ze-OPEC, ukuhlobana kwezinye izindlela ezifana ne-biodiesel kungaqhuma ngokoqobo. Khona-ke abakhiqizi bezimoto nezinkampani zezimoto kuzodingeka banikeze amawaranti afanelekile emikhiqizo yabo lapho besebenzelana nenye indlela abayifunayo.

Futhi ngokushesha kuzoba ngcono, ngoba kungekudala ngeke zibe khona ezinye izindlela. Ngokombono wami othobekile, udizili we-bio- ne-GTL maduze uzoba yingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizo, ozothengiswa eziteshini zegesi ngohlobo lwe "classic diesel". Futhi lokhu kuzoba ukuqala nje ...

UCamilo Holebeck-Biodiesel Raffinerie Gmbh, e-Austria: “Zonke izimoto zaseYurophu ezenziwe ngemuva kuka-1996 zingahamba kahle kwi-biodiesel. Amafutha kadizili ajwayelekile agcwaliswa ngabathengi eFrance aqukethe u-5% we-biodiesel, kanti eCzech Republic okuthiwa yi "Bionafta iqukethe i-30% ye-biodiesel"

UTerry de Vichne, eU.SA: “Uphethiloli ophethe udizili ophansi unciphise ukuthambisa nokuthambekela kokunamathela ezingxenyeni zenjoloba. Izinkampani zikawoyela zase-US seziqalile ukwengeza i-biodiesel ukuthuthukisa ukuthambisa. UShell ungeza u-2% we-biodiesel, othwala umoya-mpilo futhi wehlise ukukhishwa okuyingozi. IBiodiesel, njengendaba ephilayo, ijwayele ukumunwa yirabha yemvelo, kepha eminyakeni yamuva lena yokugcina ithathelwe indawo ngamanye ama-polymer. ”

UMartin Styles, ongumsebenzisi waseNgilandi: “Ngemuva kokushayela imayini iVolvo 940 (enenjini engu-2,5 litre five-cylinder VW engine) kwi-biodiesel eyenziwe ekhaya, injini yahlukaniswa ibanga elingu-50 000 km. Kwakungekho umusi nomsizi ekhanda lami! Amaphayiphu okudla nawokukhipha ayehlanzekile futhi izijovo zisebenza kahle ebhentshini lokuhlola. Kwakungekho zimpawu zokugqwala noma umule kuzo. Ukugqokwa kwezinjini bekungaphansi kwemingcele ejwayelekile futhi bekungekho zimpawu zokuthi kube nezinkinga ezengeziwe zikaphethiloli. ”