Hlola ezinye izindlela zeDrayivu: INGXENYE 1 - Imboni Yegesi
Ngama-70s, uWilhelm Maybach wazama ngemiklamo ehlukene yezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo, washintsha izindlela futhi wacabanga ngama-alloys afaneleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezithile. Uhlala ezibuza ukuthi iziphi izinto ezivuthayo ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ezingafaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinjini zokushisa.
Ngama-70s, uWilhelm Maybach wazama ngemiklamo ehlukene yezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo, washintsha izindlela futhi wacabanga ngama-alloys afaneleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izingxenye ezithile. Uhlala ezibuza ukuthi iziphi izinto ezivuthayo ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ezingafaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinjini zokushisa.
Ngo-1875, lapho esengumsebenzi weGasmotorenfabrik Deutz, uWilhelm Maybach wanquma ukuhlola ukuthi angakwazi yini ukusebenzisa injini yegesi kuphethiloli owuketshezi - ngokunembe kakhulu, kuphethiloli. Kwafika kuyena ukuthi abheke ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma evala iqhude legesi esikhundleni salokho abeke indwangu efakwe uphethiloli phambi kwenqwaba yamafutha. Injini ayimi, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ize “imunce” lonke uketshezi oluphuma esicutshini. Yile ndlela wazalwa ngayo umbono we "carburetor" yokuqala ethuthukisiwe, futhi ngemva kokudalwa kwemoto, uphethiloli waba uphethiloli oyinhloko kuyo.
Ngikhuluma le ndaba ukukukhumbuza ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthi uphethiloli uvele njengenye indlela kaphethiloli, izinjini zokuqala zazisebenzisa igesi njengophethiloli. Ngemuva kwalokho kwakumayelana nokusetshenziswa (kokukhanyisa) igesi yokukhanyisa, okutholwe ngezindlela ezingaziwa namuhla, kepha ngokucubungula amalahle. Injini, eyasungulwa yiSwitzerland Isaac de Rivak, injini yokuqala "engokwemvelo efiselekayo" (engaxinaniswanga) enjini yezinga lezimboni i-Ethylene Lenoir kusukela ngo-1862, kanye neyunithi yakudala yokushaywa unhlangothi eyenziwe ngu-Otto ngemuva kwesikhashana, isebenza ngegesi.
Lapha kuyadingeka ukubalula umehluko phakathi kwegesi yemvelo kanye negesi ye-petroleum ewuketshezi. Igesi yemvelo iqukethe i-methane engu-70 kuya ku-98%, kanti enye ingaphezu kwamagesi aphilayo kanye ne-inorganic afana ne-ethane, i-propane ne-butane, i-carbon monoxide namanye. Uwoyela nawo uqukethe amagesi ngezilinganiso ezihlukene, kodwa la magesi akhululwa nge-fractional distillation noma akhiqizwa izinqubo ezithile eziseceleni ezindaweni zokuhluzwa. Izizinda zegesi zihluke kakhulu - igesi ehlanzekile noma "eyomile" (okungukuthi, equkethe ikakhulukazi i-methane) kanye "nezimanzi" (equkethe i-methane, i-ethane, i-propane, amanye amagesi asindayo, ngisho "nophethiloli" - uketshezi olulula, izingxenyana eziyigugu kakhulu) . Izinhlobo zamafutha nazo zihlukile, futhi ukuhlushwa kwamagesi kuzo kungaba ngaphansi noma ngaphezulu. Izinkambu zivame ukuhlanganiswa - igesi ikhuphuka ngaphezu kukawoyela futhi isebenza "njengesivalo segesi". Ukwakhiwa kwe "cap" kanye nensimu yamafutha eyinhloko kuhlanganisa izinto ezishiwo ngenhla, kanye nezingxenye ezihlukahlukene, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, "ukugeleza" komunye nomunye. I-methane esetshenziswa njengophethiloli wemoto "iphuma" kugesi yemvelo, futhi ingxube ye-propane-butane esiyaziyo ivela kuzo zombili izizinda zegesi yemvelo nezizinda zikawoyela. Cishe i-6% yegesi yemvelo emhlabeni ikhiqizwa ngamalahle, avame ukuhambisana nediphozithi yegesi.
IPropane-butane ivela endaweni yesehlakalo ngendlela exakayo. Ngo-1911, iklayenti laseMelika elithukuthele lenkampani kawoyela layala umngani walo, usokhemisi odumile uDkt Snelling, ukuba athole izizathu zomcimbi ongaqondakali. Isizathu sokuthukuthela kwamakhasimende ukuthi ikhasimende liyamangala ukuthola ukuthi uhhafu wethangi lesiteshi sokugcwalisa usanda kugcwaliswa. UFord wanyamalala ngezindlela ezingaziwa ngesikhathi esohambweni olufushane emzini wakhe. I-tank ayiphumeli ndawo ... Ngemuva kokucwaninga okuningi, uDkt.Snelling uthole ukuthi isizathu semfihlakalo kwakuwukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamagesi e-propane nama-butane kuphethiloli, futhi kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho wenza izindlela zokuqala ezisebenzayo zokuthambisa kubo. Kungenxa yale ntuthuko eyisisekelo lapho uDkt Snelling manje esethathwa njengo "baba" wemboni.
Phambilini, eminyakeni engaba ngu-3000 4 eyedlule, abelusi bathola "umthombo ovutha amalangabi" eNtabeni iParanas eGrisi. Kamuva, kwakhiwa ithempeli elinamakholomu avuthayo kule ndawo "engcwele", futhi i-oracle Delphius yafunda imithandazo yayo phambi kwekholomu enkulu, okwenza abantu bazizwe benomqondo wokubuyisana, ukwesaba nokuncoma. Namuhla, okunye kwalolo thando kulahlekile ngoba siyazi ukuthi umthombo welangabi yi-methane (CHXNUMX) ogeleza usuka emifantwini yamadwala ehambisana nokujula kwezinkundla zegesi. Kunemililo efanayo ezindaweni eziningi e-Iraq, e-Iran nase-Azerbaijan ngasogwini loLwandle iCaspian, nayo ebilokhu ivutha amakhulu eminyaka futhi osekuyisikhathi eside yaziwa ngokuthi "Amalangabi Okuphakade wasePheresiya."
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, amaShayina nawo asebenzisa amagesi avela emasimini, kodwa ngenhloso ye-pragmatic - ukushisa ama-boilers amakhulu ngamanzi olwandle futhi akhiphe usawoti kuwo. Ngo-1785, abaseBrithani benza indlela yokukhiqiza i-methane emalahleni (eyasetshenziswa ezinjinini zokuqala ezivuthayo zangaphakathi), kwathi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, osokhemisi baseJalimane u-Kekule noStradonitz bagunyaza inqubo yokukhiqiza uphethiloli owuketshezi osindayo kuwo.
Ngo-1881, uWilliam Hart wamba umthombo wokuqala wegesi edolobheni laseMelika iFredonia. UHart wabuka amagwebu ekhuphuka phezu kwamanzi echwebeni eliseduze isikhathi eside futhi wanquma ukumba umgodi ukusuka phansi ukuya endaweni ehlongozwayo yegesi. Ekujuleni okungamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphansi komhlaba, wafinyelela emthanjeni okwaphuma kuwo igesi, kamuva wawuthatha, futhi Inkampani yakhe eyayisanda kumiswa iFredonia Gas Light Company yaba iphayona ebhizinisini legesi. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwempumelelo kaHart, igesi yokukhanyisa eyasetshenziswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX yakhishwa ikakhulukazi emalahleni ngendlela echazwe ngenhla - ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla okuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuthutha igesi yemvelo isuka emasimini.
Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kukawoyela wezohwebo kwase kuyiqiniso ngaleso sikhathi. Umlando wabo waqala e-USA ngo-1859, futhi umqondo wawuwukusebenzisa uwoyela okhishiwe ukugalela uphalafini wokukhanyisa namafutha ezinjini zesitimu. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abantu babebhekene namandla okubhubhisa egesi yemvelo, ecindezelwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka emathunjini omhlaba. Amaphayona eqembu lika-Edwin Drake acishe afa phakathi nokubhoboza kokuqala okungahleliwe eduze kwaseTitusville, ePennsylvania, lapho kuvuza igesi endaweni ebhobokile, kwaqubuka umlilo omkhulu, owathatha zonke izinto zokusebenza. Namuhla, ukuxhashazwa kwamasimu kawoyela negesi kuhambisana nesimiso sezinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvimbela ukugeleza kwamahhala kwegesi evuthayo, kodwa umlilo nokuqhuma akuyona into engavamile. Kodwa-ke, igesi efanayo ezikhathini eziningi isetshenziswa njengohlobo "lwepompo" eliphusha amafutha phezulu, futhi lapho ukucindezela kwawo kwehla, abenzi bamafutha baqala ukufuna nokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ukuze bakhiphe "igolide elimnyama".
Izwe lamagesi e-hydrocarbon
Ngo-1885, ngemva kweminyaka emine uWilliam Hart emba igesi okokuqala, omunye waseMelika, uRobert Bunsen, wasungula ithuluzi kamuva elaziwa ngokuthi "iBunsen burner". Lokhu okusungulwe kusebenzela ukulinganisa nokuxuba igesi nomoya ngesilinganiso esifanele, esingase sisetshenziselwe ukuvutha okuphephile - yilesi sishisi namuhla esiyisisekelo semibhobho ye-oxygen yesimanje yezitofu nemishini yokushisisa. Ukusungulwa kukaBunsen kwavula amathuba amasha okusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo, kodwa nakuba ipayipi lokuqala legesi lakhiwa kusukela ngo-1891, uphethiloli oluhlaza awuzange uzuze ukubaluleka kwezentengiselwano kwaze kwaba yiMpi Yezwe II.
Kwakuphakathi nempi lapho kwakhiwa izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa ngokwanele zokusika nokushisela, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha amapayipi egesi ensimbi aphephile. Izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha azo zakhiwa eMelika ngemuva kwempi, kanti ipayipi elisuka eLibya liya e-Italy lakhiwa ngeminyaka yama-60s. Kuye kwatholakala nenqwaba yegesi yemvelo eNetherlands. Lawa maqiniso amabili achaza ingqalasizinda engcono yokusebenzisa igesi yemvelo ecindezelwe (i-CNG) kanye ne-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) njengophethiloli wezimoto kulawa mazwe womabili. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwamasu igesi yemvelo eqala ukutholwa kuqinisekiswa yiqiniso elilandelayo - lapho uReagan enquma ukubhubhisa "uMbuso Omubi" ngawo-80s, waphikisa ukuhlinzekwa kwemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bokwakhiwa kwepayipi legesi elivela I-USSR ukuya eYurophu. Ukuze kunxeshezelwe izidingo zaseYurophu, ukwakhiwa kwepayipi legesi elisuka emkhakheni waseNorway oLwandle Olusenyakatho kuya ezweni laseYurophu liyakhula ngesivinini, futhi i-USSR ilenga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthunyelwa kwegesi kwamanye amazwe kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wemali eqinile yeSoviet Union, futhi ukushoda okukhulu okwabangelwa izinyathelo ze-Reagan ngokushesha kwaholela ezenzakalweni zomlando ezaziwa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwawo-90.
Namuhla, iRussia yentando yeningi ingumnikezeli omkhulu wegesi yemvelo ezidingweni zamandla zaseJalimane futhi engumdlali omkhulu womhlaba kule ndawo. Ukubaluleka kwegesi yemvelo kwaqala ukukhula ngemva kwezinkinga ezimbili zikawoyela zama-70s, futhi namuhla kungenye yemithombo yamandla eyinhloko yokubaluleka kwe-geostrategic. Njengamanje, igesi yemvelo inguphethiloli oshibhile kakhulu wokushisa, isetshenziswa njenge-feedstock embonini yamakhemikhali, ukukhiqiza ugesi, izinto zikagesi zasendlini, futhi "umzala" wayo i-propane ingatholakala ngisho nasemabhodleleni e-deodorant njenge-deodorant. esikhundleni sezinhlanganisela ze-fluorine eziqeda i-ozone. Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo kukhula njalo, futhi inethiwekhi yamapayipi egesi iba yinde. Mayelana nengqalasizinda eyakhiwe kuze kube manje ukuze kusetshenziswe la mafutha ezimotweni, konke kusemuva kakhulu.
Sesikutshelile kakade ngezinqumo eziyinqaba amaJapane azithatha ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli owawudingeka kakhulu futhi oyivelakancane phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, saphinde sakhuluma ngohlelo lokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli wokwenziwa eJalimane. Kodwa-ke, kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana neqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni yempi engenawo amandla eJalimane kwakukhona izimoto zangempela ezigijima ... ngokhuni! Kulokhu, lokhu akukona ukubuyela enjinini endala ye-steam, kodwa izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ezaklanyelwe ukusebenzisa uphethiloli. Eqinisweni, lo mbono awuyona inkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa udinga ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu ye-generator yegesi enzima, enzima futhi eyingozi. Amalahle, amalahle noma izinkuni nje zibekwe endaweni ekhethekile futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwayo, zivutha lapho kungekho umoya-mpilo, futhi ezimweni zokushisa nomswakama ophezulu, kukhishwa igesi equkethe i-carbon monoxide, i-hydrogen ne-methane. Ngemva kwalokho iyapholiswa, ihlanzwe, futhi ifakwe isiphephetha-moya ezingxenyeni eziningi zenjini ukuze isetshenziswe njengophethiloli. Yiqiniso, abashayeli bale mishini benza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enzima yabacimi bomlilo - i-boiler kwakudingeka ishaje futhi ihlanzwe ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi imishini yokubhema yayibukeka ifana ne-steam locomotives.
Namuhla, ukuhlola igesi kudinga obunye bobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emhlabeni, kanti ukumba igesi yemvelo namafutha kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Leli qiniso liyiqiniso ikakhulukazi e-US, lapho izindlela eziningi ezingajwayelekile zisetshenziselwa "ukuncela" igesi eshiywe emasimini amadala noma ashiywe, kanye nokukhipha okuthiwa "igesi eliqinile". Ngokusho kososayensi, manje kuzodinga ukumba okuphindwe kabili ukuze kukhiqizwe igesi ezingeni lobuchwepheshe ngo-1985. Ukusebenza kahle kwezindlela kwanda kakhulu, futhi isisindo semishini sincishiswe ngo-75%. Izinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezithuthukayo ziya ngokuya zisetshenziswa ukuhlaziya idatha evela kuma-gravimeters, ubuchwepheshe bokuzamazama komhlaba kanye namasathelayithi e-laser, lapho kwakhiwa khona amamephu ekhompuyutha anezinhlangothi ezintathu zamadamu. Izithombe ezibizwa nge-4D nazo zidaliwe, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo amafomu nokunyakaza kwamadiphozithi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokho, izikhungo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zisasele ezokukhiqiza igesi yemvelo ogwini—ingxenye kuphela yenqubekelaphambili yomuntu kule ndawo—izinhlelo zokumisa umhlaba wonke zokumba, ukubhoboza okujulile, amapayipi aphansi olwandle, nezinhlelo zokususa uketshezi oluwuketshezi. i-carbon monoxide nesihlabathi.
Ukucwenga uwoyela ukuze kukhiqizwe uphethiloli wezinga eliphezulu kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunowokucwenga amagesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthutha igesi olwandle kubiza kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Amathangi e-LPG ayinkimbinkimbi ekwakhiweni, kepha abathwali be-LNG bayindalo emangalisayo. I-Butane incibilika ku--2 degrees, kuyilapho i-propane incibilika ku--42 degrees noma umfutho ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Nokho, kuthatha -165 degrees ukucwilisa i-methane! Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kwamathangi e-LPG kudinga iziteshi zokucindezela ezilula kunegesi yemvelo namathangi aklanyelwe ukumelana nezingcindezi eziphakeme kakhulu ezingama-20-25 bar. Ngokuphambene, amathangi egesi yemvelo afakwe uketshezi afakwe izinhlelo zokupholisa eziqhubekayo kanye namathangi afakwe kakhulu - empeleni, lawa ma-colossi amafriji amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yegesi iyakwazi "ukushiya" lokhu kufakwa, kodwa enye isistimu iyithatha ngokushesha bese iyifaka kumasilinda enjini yomkhumbi.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezingenhla, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kakade ngo-1927 ubuchwepheshe bavumela amathangi e-propane-butane ukuba aphile. Lona umsebenzi we-Dutch-English Shell, ngaleso sikhathi eyayivele iyinkampani enkulu. Umphathi wakhe u-Kessler uyindoda ethuthukile futhi engumhloli osekunesikhathi eside enephupho lokusebenzisa ngandlela thize isamba esikhulu segesi esiputshukele emkhathini noma esishiswe ezindaweni ezihluza uwoyela. Emcabangweni wakhe kanye nesinyathelo sakhe, umkhumbi wokuqala wasogwini onamandla okuthwala amathani angu-4700 wadalelwa ukuthutha amagesi e-hydrocarbon enobukhulu obubukeka ngendlela engavamile futhi obuhlaba umxhwele ngaphezu kwamathangi edekhi.
Nokho, eminye iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili iyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe umkhumbi wokuqala we-Methane Pioneer methane, owakhiwa ngomyalo wenkampani yegesi i-Constock International Methane Limited. UShell, osevele unengqalasizinda ezinzile yokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa i-LPG, wathenga le nkampani, futhi ngokushesha nje kwakhiwa amanye amathangi amakhulu amabili - uShell waqala ukuthuthukisa ibhizinisi legesi yemvelo ewuketshezi. Lapho izakhamuzi zasesiqhingini saseNgilandi saseConway, lapho inkampani yakha izindawo zokugcina i-methane, zibona ukuthi yini ngempela egcinwe futhi ithuthelwa esiqhingini sabo, bayethuka futhi besaba, becabanga (futhi kufanele) ukuthi imikhumbi ingamabhomu amakhulu nje. Khona-ke inkinga yokuphepha yayifaneleka ngempela, kodwa namuhla amathangi okuthuthwa kwe-methane e-liquefied aphephe kakhulu futhi awawona nje kuphela aphephe kakhulu, kodwa futhi omunye wemikhumbi yasolwandle enobungani bemvelo - ephephe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa emvelweni kunamathangi kawoyela. Ikhasimende elikhulu kunawo wonke lomkhumbi wamathangi yiJapan, engenawo imithombo yamandla yasendaweni, futhi ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi egesi aya esiqhingini kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. I-Japan iphinde ibe "nepaki" elikhulu kunazo zonke lezimoto zegesi. Abahlinzeki abakhulu begesi yemvelo engamanzi (LNG) namuhla yi-United States, Oman kanye neQatar, Canada.
Muva nje, ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza ama-hydrocarbon angama-liquid kusuka kugesi yemvelo selidume kakhulu. Lokhu ikakhulukazi uphethiloli wedizili ohlanzekile kakhulu owenziwe ku-methane, futhi le mboni kulindeleke ukuthi ithuthuke ngesivinini esisheshayo esikhathini esizayo. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo kaBush yamandla idinga ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla yasendaweni, kanti i-Alaska inezinqwaba zegesi yemvelo. Lezi zinqubo zikhuthazwa amanani entengo kawoyela aphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, okwenza izimfuneko zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obubizayo - i-GTL (Gas-to-Liquids) ingenye nje yazo.
Ngokuyisisekelo, i-GTL akuwona ubuchwepheshe obusha. Yasungulwa ngawo-20 osokhemisi baseJalimane u-Franz Fischer no-Hans Tropsch, okukhulunywe ngabo ezindabeni ezedlule njengengxenye yohlelo lwabo lokwenziwa. Nokho, ngokungafani ne-hydrogenation ebhubhisayo yamalahle, izinqubo zokuhlanganisa ama-molecule okukhanya zibe yizibopho ezinde zenzeka lapha. INingizimu Afrika ibilokhu ikhiqiza amafutha anjalo ngezinga lezimboni kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-50. Nokho, isithakazelo kubo siye sakhula eminyakeni yamuva nje ekufuneni amathuba amasha okunciphisa ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli okuyingozi e-United States. Izinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela ezifana ne-BP, ChevronTexaco, Conoco, ExxonMobil, Rentech, Sasol kanye neRoyal Dutch/Shell zisebenzisa izizumbulu zemali ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene ne-GTL, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuthuthuka, izici zezepolitiki nezenhlalo ziya ngokuya zidingidwa ubuso bokukhuthaza. izintela kubathengi bamafutha ahlanzekile. Lawa maphethiloli azovumela abasebenzisi abaningi bakadizili ukuthi bafake esikhundleni sawo ngokuhambisana nemvelo futhi kuzonciphisa izindleko ezinkampanini zezimoto ukuhlangabezana namazinga amasha esisi esiyingozi esibekwe umthetho. Ukuhlola okujulile kwakamuva kukhombisa ukuthi amafutha e-GTL ehlisa i-carbon monoxide ngo-90%, ama-hydrocarbons ngo-63% kanye nensimu ngo-23% ngaphandle kwesidingo sezihlungi zezinhlayiya zikadizili. Ukwengeza, imvelo ephansi yesulfure yaleli phethiloli ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-catalyst eyengeziwe enganciphisa ukukhishwa kwezimoto.
Inzuzo ebalulekile kaphethiloli weGTL ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ngqo ezinjinini zikadizili ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwamayunithi. Zingabuye zixutshwe namafutha afaka isibabule esingu-30 kuye ku-60 ppm. Ngokungafani negesi yemvelo kanye nophethiloli onamanzi amponjwana, asikho isidingo sokushintsha ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha ekhona ukuhambisa okokubasa okungamanzi. Ngokusho kukaMengameli weRentech, uDenis Yakubson, lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli lungagcwalisa amandla ezomnotho athanda izinjini zikadizili, kanti abakwaShell njengamanje bakha isitshalo esikhulu samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu eQatar esinamandla okuklama amalitha ayizigidi ezingama-22,3 kaphethiloli wokwenziwa ngosuku. ... Inkinga enkulu ngala mafutha isuselwa kutshalomali olukhulu oludingekayo ezikhungweni ezintsha kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza ebiza kakhulu.
Ama-Biogas
Nokho, umthombo we-methane awugcini nje ngokufaka imali engaphansi komhlaba. Ngo-1808 u-Humphry Davy wenza isivivinyo ngotshani obubekwe endaweni engenalutho futhi wakhiqiza i-biogas equkethe ikakhulukazi i-methane, i-carbon dioxide, i-hydrogen ne-nitrogen. UDaniel Defoe naye ukhuluma nge-biogas encwadini yakhe "ngesiqhingi esilahlekile". Kodwa-ke, umlando walo mbono umdala nakakhulu - ngekhulu le-1776, uJan Baptita Van Helmont wayekholelwa ukuthi amagesi avuthayo angatholakala ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi u-Count Alexander Volta (umdali webhethri) naye wafinyelela eziphethweni ezifanayo. ngo-1859. Imboni yokuqala ye-biogas yaqala ukusebenza e-Bombay futhi yasungulwa ngawo lowo nyaka u-Edwin Drake akhiqiza ngawo uwoyela wokuqala oyimpumelelo. Imboni yaseNdiya igaya indle futhi inikeze amalambu emigwaqo ngegesi.
Kuzothatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba izinqubo zamakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni ama-biogas ziqondisiswe kahle futhi zifundwe kahle. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngeminyaka yama-30s yekhulu lama-XX futhi kungumphumela wokuqhuma ekukhuleni kwe-microbiology. Kuvela ukuthi le nqubo idalwa ngama-anaerobic bacteria, angenye yezindlela zokuphila ezindala kakhulu eMhlabeni. "Zigaya" izinto eziphilayo endaweni eyi-anaerobic (ukubola kwe-aerobic kudinga umoya-mpilo omningi futhi kukhiqize ukushisa). Izinqubo ezinjalo zenzeka ngokwemvelo emaxhaphozini, emaxhaphozini, ezinkambeni ze-paddy, emachibini amboziwe, njll.
Izinhlelo zesimanje zokukhiqiza i-biogas ziya zithandwa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, futhi iSweden ingumholi kukho kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwe-biogas kanye nezimoto eziguqulelwe ukusebenza kuyo. Amayunithi e-synthesis asebenzisa ama-biogenerator aklanywe ngokukhethekile, amadivaysi angabizi futhi alula adala indawo efanelekile yamagciwane, okuthi, kuye ngohlobo lwawo, "asebenze" ngokuphumelelayo emazingeni okushisa avela ku-40 kuya ku-60 degrees. Imikhiqizo yokugcina yezitshalo ze-biogas, ngaphezu kwegesi, iqukethe nezinhlanganisela ezicebile nge-ammonia, i-phosphorus nezinye izakhi ezifanele ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo njengomanyolo wenhlabathi.
