Imoto kagesi yebhethri

Emotweni kagesi, ibhethri, noma kunalokho iphakethe lebhethri, lidlala indima ebalulekile. Le ngxenye inquma, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ububanzi, isikhathi sokushaja, isisindo kanye nenani lemoto kagesi. Kulesi sihloko, sizokuhambisa kukho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana namabhethri.

Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi izimoto zikagesi zisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Amabhethri alolu hlobo angatholakala nakumaselula namalaptop. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri e-lithium-ion acubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene ezifana ne-cobalt, i-manganese noma i-nickel. Inzuzo yamabhethri e-lithium-ion ukuthi anomthamo omkhulu wamandla kanye nempilo ende yesevisi. Ububi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa amandla aphelele. Ukushajwa ibhethri ngokuphelele kuyingozi. Lezi zindaba zizonakwa kakhulu ezigabeni ezilandelayo.

Ngokungafani nefoni noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo, izimoto zikagesi zinebhethri elishajekayo elakhiwe isethi yamaseli. Lawa maseli akha iqoqo elingaxhunywa ngochungechunge noma ngokuhambisana. Ibhethri lithatha isikhala esiningi futhi linesisindo esiningi. Ukuze usabalalise isisindo ngangokunokwenzeka emotweni yonkana, ibhethri ivamise ukwakhelwa kupuleti elingaphansi.

Amandla

Umthamo webhethri uyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemoto kagesi. Umthamo ucaciswe ngamahora e-kilowatt (kWh). Isibonelo, iTesla Model 3 Long Range inebhethri elingu-75 kWh, kanti iVolkswagen e-Up inebhethri elingu-36,8 kWh. Isho ukuthini ngempela le nombolo?

I-Watt - kanjalo ne-kilowatt - isho amandla angakhiqizwa ibhethri. Uma ibhethri iletha amandla angu-1 kilowatt ngehora, lokho kuyi-kilowatt engu-1.ihora amandla. Umthamo inani lamandla ibhethri elingawagcina. Amahora we-Watt abalwa ngokuphindaphinda inombolo yama-amp-amahora (ishaji kagesi) ngenani lama-volts (voltage).

Empeleni, awusoze waba namandla ebhethri aphelele onawo. Ibhethri elilahlwe ngokuphelele - futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusebenzisa u-100% womthamo walo - kuyingozi empilweni yalo. Uma i-voltage iphansi kakhulu, izakhi zingase zilimale. Ukuvimbela lokhu, izinto zikagesi zihlala zishiya isilondolozi. Ukushaja okugcwele nakho akulifaki ibhethri. Kungcono ukushaja ibhethri kusuka ku-20% kuya ku-80% noma kwenye indawo phakathi. Uma sikhuluma ngebhethri elingu-75kWh, lokho kuwumthamo ogcwele. Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni, kufanele uhlale ubhekana nomthamo ongasebenziseki kancane.

lokushisa

Izinga lokushisa liyisici esibalulekile esithinta umthamo webhethri. Ibhethri elibandayo liholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwamandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ikhemistri ebhethrini ayisebenzi kahle emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngenxa yalokho, ebusika kufanele ubhekane nobubanzi obuncane. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu nawo anomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni, kodwa kancane kancane. Ukushisa kunomthelela omubi kakhulu empilweni yebhethri. Ngakho, ukubanda kunomphumela wesikhashana, kuyilapho ukushisa kunomphumela wesikhathi eside.

Izimoto eziningi zikagesi zine-Battery Management System (BMS) eqapha izinga lokushisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Isistimu ivame ukungenelela ngokushisisa, ukupholisa kanye / noma ukungena komoya.

ubude bempilo

Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi iyini impilo yebhethri yemoto kagesi. Njengoba izimoto zikagesi zisezincane, ayikho impendulo eqondile okwamanje, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa kumabhethri akamuva. Yiqiniso, lokhu kubuye kuncike emotweni.

Impilo yesevisi ngokwengxenye inqunywa inani lemijikelezo yokushaja. Ngamanye amazwi: ibhethri ishajwa kangaki ukusuka ekungenalutho ukuya ekugcwaleni. Ngakho, umjikelezo wokushaja ungahlukaniswa ngamashaji amaningana. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kungcono ukushaja phakathi kuka-20% no-80% isikhathi ngasinye ukuze unwebe impilo yebhethri.

Ukushaja okusheshayo kakhulu nakho akusizi ekwandiseni impilo yebhethri. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo, izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kakhulu. Njengoba sekushiwo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu liyithinta kabi impilo yebhethri. Empeleni, izimoto ezinesistimu yokupholisa esebenzayo zingamelana nalokhu. Ngokuvamile, kunconywa ukushintsha ukushaja okusheshayo nokushaja okuvamile. Akukhona ukuthi ukushaja okusheshayo kubi.

Izimoto zikagesi sezinesikhathi eside zisemakethe. Ngakho-ke, ngalezi zimoto, ungabona ukuthi umthamo webhethri wehle kangakanani. Ukukhiqiza ngokuvamile kwehla cishe ngo-2,3% ngonyaka. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri akumile, ngakho izinga lokuwohloka liyehla kuphela.

Ngezimoto zikagesi ezihambe amakhilomitha amaningi, ukwehla kwamandla akukubi kangako. I-Teslas, ehambe ibanga elingaphezu kuka-250.000 90 km, kwesinye isikhathi ibisisele ngaphezu kwe-XNUMX% yebhethri yayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ne-Teslas lapho ibhethri lonke lishintshiwe ngamakhilomitha amancane.

ukukhiqiza

Ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi nakho kuphakamisa imibuzo: ingabe ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri anjalo kuhambisana kanjani nemvelo? Ingabe kwenzeka izinto ezingafuneki phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza? Lezi zinkinga zihlobene nokwakheka kwebhethri. Njengoba izimoto zikagesi zisebenza ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion, i-lithium iyimpahla eluhlaza ebalulekile noma kunjalo. Nokho, ezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa eziningana nazo zisetshenziswa. I-cobalt, i-nickel, i-manganese kanye / noma i-iron phosphate nayo isetshenziswa ngokuya ngohlobo lwebhethri.

Imvelo

Ukukhishwa kwalezi zinto zokusetshenziswa kuyingozi emvelweni futhi kulimaza indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla aluhlaza ngokuvamile awasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni. Ngakho, izimoto zikagesi nazo zithinta imvelo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa zebhethri zigaywa kabusha kakhulu. Amabhethri alahliwe ezimotweni zikagesi angasetshenziswa nangezinye izinjongo. Funda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko esihlokweni sendlela izimoto zikagesi ezihambisana nemvelo.

Izimo zokusebenza

Ngokombono wezimo zokusebenza, i-cobalt iyimpahla eluhlaza eyinkinga kakhulu. Kunokukhathazeka ngamalungelo abantu ngesikhathi kunezimayini eCongo. Bakhuluma ngokuxhashazwa nokusetshenziswa kwezingane. Ngendlela, lokhu akuhlobene kuphela nezimoto zikagesi. Le nkinga iphinda ithinte amabhethri efoni nawekhompyutha ephathekayo.

Izindleko

Amabhethri aqukethe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibizayo. Isibonelo, isidingo se-cobalt, kanye nayo intengo, senyuke kakhulu. I-nickel nayo iyimpahla eluhlaza ebizayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindleko zokukhiqiza amabhethri ziphezulu kakhulu. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenza izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi zibize kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezilingana nopetrol noma udizili. Kusho futhi ukuthi imodeli ehlukile yemoto kagesi enebhethri elikhudlwana ngokuvamile ibiza kakhulu ngokushesha. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi amabhethri ashibhile ngokwesakhiwo.

Landa

Indawo yokuhlala

Imoto kagesi ihlale ikhombisa ukuthi yiliphi iphesenti lokushajwa kwebhethri. Ibizwa nangokuthi Isimo sokushaja ebizwa. Enye indlela yokulinganisa yile Ukujula kokukhipha... Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ibhethri likhishwe kangakanani, hhayi ukuthi ligcwele kangakanani. Njengezimoto eziningi zikaphethiloli noma zikadizili, lokhu kuvame ukuhumusha esilinganisweni semayela elisele.

Imoto ayikwazi ukusho kahle ukuthi yiliphi iphesenti lokushajwa kwebhethri, ngakho-ke kuhle ukuthi ungalingi isiphetho. Uma ibhethri selizoncipha, izinto zokunethezeka ezingadingekile ezifana nokushisisa nokupholisa umoya zizovalwa. Uma isimo siba sibi ngempela, imoto ingahamba kancane kuphela. U-0% akusho ibhethri elikhishwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yebhafa eshiwo ngenhla.

Umthamo wokuthwala

Isikhathi sokushaja sincike kukho kokubili imoto kanye nendlela yokushaja. Emotweni ngokwayo, umthamo webhethri namandla okushaja kuyanquma. Umthamo webhethri usuxoxiwe kakade ngaphambili. Uma amandla evezwa ngamahora e-kilowatt (kWh), umthamo wokushaja uvezwa ngama-kilowatts (kW). Ibalwa ngokuphindaphinda i-voltage (kuma-ampere) nge-current (volts). Uma uphakeme umthamo wokushaja, imoto izoshaja ngokushesha.

Iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi ezijwayelekile zishaja amandla angu-11 kW noma angu-22 kW AC. Nokho, akuzona zonke izimoto zikagesi ezifanele ukushaja okungu-22 kW. Amashaja ashaja ngokushesha ashajwa ngamanje. Lokhu kungenzeka ngomthamo ophakeme kakhulu wokuphakamisa. ITesla Supercharger Ishaja u-120kW kanye neFast Fast Chargers angu-50kW 175kW. Akuzona zonke izimoto zikagesi ezifanele ukushajwa ngamandla amakhulu angu-120 noma angu-175 kW.

Iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukushaja kuyinqubo engaqondile. Ukushaja ekugcineni okungu-20% kuhamba kancane. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi isikhathi sokushaja sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukushaja ku-80%.

Isikhathi sokulayisha sincike ezintweni ezimbalwa. Isici esisodwa ukuthi ngabe usebenzisa ukushaja kwesigaba esisodwa noma kwezigaba ezintathu. Ukushaja kwezigaba ezintathu kuyashesha kakhulu, kodwa akuzona zonke izimoto zikagesi ezifanele lokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindlu zisebenzisa kuphela uxhumano lwesigaba esisodwa esikhundleni sesigaba sesithathu.

Iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi ezijwayelekile zinezigaba ezintathu futhi zitholakala ngo-16 no-32 amps. Ukushaja (0% kuya ku-80%) imoto kagesi enebhethri engu-50 kWh kuthatha cishe amahora angu-16 eziteshini zokushaja eziyinqwaba eziyi-11 A noma ezingu-3,6 kW. Kuzothatha amahora angu-32 neziteshi zokushaja ezingama-amp angu-22 (izigxobo ezingu-1,8 kW).

Nokho, ingenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu: ngeshaja esheshayo engu-50 kW, ithatha imizuzu engaphansi nje kwengama-50. Namuhla kukhona namashaja asheshayo angu-175 kW, okungashajwa ngawo ibhethri elingu-50 kWh ngisho lize lifike ku-80% emizuzwini eyi-XNUMX. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngeziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi, bheka isihloko sethu seziteshi zokushaja e-Netherlands.

Iyashaja ekhaya

Kungenzeka futhi ukushaja ekhaya. Izindlu ezindala kancane ngokuvamile azikho uxhumano lwezigaba ezintathu. Isikhathi sokushaja, kunjalo, sincike emandleni amanje. Esikhathini samanje sama-ampere angu-16, imoto kagesi enebhethri engu-50 kWh ishaja u-10,8% emahoreni angu-80. Esikhathini samanje sama-ampere angu-25, lokhu kungamahora angu-6,9, futhi kuma-ampere angu-35, amahora angu-5. I-athikili yokuzitholela isiteshi sakho sokushaja ingena emininingwaneni eyengeziwe mayelana nokushaja ekhaya. Ungase futhi ubuze: libiza malini ibhethri eligcwele? Lo mbuzo uzophendulwa esihlokweni mayelana nezindleko zokushayela ngogesi.

Ukufingqa

Ibhethri liyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemoto kagesi. Ukungalungi okuningi kwemoto kagesi kuhlotshaniswa nale ngxenye. Amabhethri asabiza, asindayo, azwela izinga lokushisa futhi awahambisani nemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehliswa kwesithunzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi akukubi kangako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhethri asevele eshibhe kakhulu, alula futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu kunangaphambili. Abakhiqizi basebenza kanzima ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwamabhethri, ngakho-ke isimo sizoba ngcono.