Izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba wonke zango-2020
I-PL Los Angeles ikhonze abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-28,78 futhi yalahlekelwa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-59,3 (-67,3%) uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Isithombe sibonisa i-American Airlines B787 kwenye yezindiza zayo eziya esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Onyakeni wezinkinga ka-2020, izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba zanikeza abagibeli abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,36 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-109 wempahla, futhi izindiza zokuxhumana zenze imisebenzi yokusuka nokuhlalisa izigidi ezingu-58. Uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, ukuhamba ngendiza kwehle ngo--63,3%, -8,9% no-43%, ngokulandelana. Kube nezinguquko ezimangalisayo ekulinganisweni kwezikhulu zezindiza ezinkulu, futhi imiphumela yezibalo ibonise umthelela wobhubhane lwe-coronavirus emsebenzini wazo. Amachweba amakhulu kunawo wonke abagibeli i-Chinese Guangzhou (abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-43,8), i-Atlanta (abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-42,9), i-Chengdu, i-Dallas-Fort Worth ne-Shenzhen, kanye namachweba wezimpahla: i-Memphis (amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4,5), i-Hong Kong ( amathani abagibeli ayizigidi ezingu-4,6), i-Shanghai , Anchorage kanye ne-Louisville.
Imakethe yezokuthutha ngomoya idlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho womhlaba, ibe yinto ehlala njalo yomphakathi wanamuhla. Ukuhamba kwezindiza ezifundeni ezithile zomhlaba kusatshalaliswa ngokungalingani futhi kuncike kakhulu ezingeni lezomnotho lamazwe (ichweba elikhulu lase-Asia noma laseMelika linethrafikhi yezimpahla eziningi kunawo wonke amachweba ase-Afrika ehlangene). Izikhumulo zezindiza zokuxhumana kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza ezisebenza kuzo ziyisici esibalulekile emakethe. Cishe zingu-2500 zazo ezisebenzayo, kusukela kwenkulu kunazo zonke, ezikhonza amakhulu amaningana ezindiza nsuku zonke, kuya kwencane kunazo zonke, lapho zihlala khona njalo.
Izikhumulo zezindiza zokuxhumana ikakhulukazi zitholakala eduze kwama-agglomerations asemadolobheni, futhi ngenxa yezidingo zokuphepha, izindawo ezinkulu kanye nokuphazamiseka komsindo, ngokuvamile zitholakala kude kakhulu nesikhungo sazo (ngokwesilinganiso eYurophu - 18,6 km). Izikhumulo zezindiza ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngendawo yilezi: iSaudi Arabia Dammam King Fahd (776 km²), Denver (136 km²), Istanbul (76 km²), Texas Dallas-Fort Worth (70 km²), Orlando (54 km²). ), Washington Dulles (49 km²), Houston George Bush (44 km²), Shanghai Pudong (40 km²), Cairo (36 km²) kanye neBangkok Suvarnabhumi (32 km²). Kodwa-ke, ngokuya nezici zokusebenza nezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokusevisa izinhlobo ezithile zezindiza, izikhumulo zezindiza zihlukaniswa ngokuya ngohlelo lwamakhodi okubhekisela. Iqukethe inombolo kanye nohlamvu, izinombolo zazo ezisuka ku-1 kuye ku-4 ezimele ubude bomzila wendiza, futhi izinhlamvu ezisuka ku-A ziye ku-F zinquma imingcele yezobuchwepheshe yendiza. Isikhumulo sezindiza esijwayelekile esingaphatha indiza ye-Boeing 737 kufanele sibe nekhodi yereferensi encane engu-3C (umzila wesitimela 1200-1800m).
Amakhodi anikezwe iNhlangano ye-ICAO kanye ne-IATA Air Carriers Association asetshenziselwa ukukhomba indawo yezikhumulo zezindiza namachweba. Amakhodi e-ICAO amakhodi anezinhlamvu ezine, incwadi yokuqala eyingxenye yomhlaba, eyesibili isifunda sokuphatha noma izwe, kanti amabili okugcina awokuhlonza isikhumulo sezindiza esinikeziwe (isibonelo, i-EPWA - Europe, Poland, Warsaw). Amakhodi e-IATA amakhodi anezinhlamvu ezintathu futhi avame ukubhekisela egameni ledolobha lapho itheku likhona (isibonelo, i-OSL - Oslo) noma igama elifanele (isibonelo, i-CDG - Paris, uCharles de Gaulle).
Isikhumulo sezindiza esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sase-China, i-Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, sikhonze abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-43,76 (-40,5%). Ngenxa yemiphumela emibi kakhulu kwamanye amachweba, ikhuphuke izikhundla eziyi-10 emhlabeni jikelele. I-China South Line A380 phambi kwetheminali yechweba.
Inhlangano ehlanganisa izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni yi-ACI Airports Council International, eyasungulwa ngo-1991. Imele izintshisekelo zabo ezingxoxweni nasezingxoxweni: izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe (isibonelo, i-ICAO, i-IATA ne-Eurocontrol), izindiza, izinsizakalo zethrafikhi yezindiza, ithuthukisa izindinganiso zezinsizakalo zezindiza zezindiza. NgoJanuwari 2021, ama-opharetha angama-701 ajoyine i-ACI, asebenzisa izikhumulo zezindiza eziyi-1933 emazweni ayi-183. I-95% yethrafikhi yomhlaba yenzeka lapho, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubheka izibalo zale nhlangano njengabameleli bazo zonke izindlela zokuxhumana zezindiza. Ikomkhulu le-ACI World lizinze eMontreal futhi lisekelwa amakomiti akhethekile namabutho asebenzayo, kanye namahhovisi amahlanu ezifunda.
Ngo-2019, imali engenayo yezimali zesikhumulo sezindiza ifinyelele ku-$180,9 billion, okuhlanganisa: $97,8 billion. kusukela emisebenzini yezindiza (isibonelo, izimali zokuphatha abagibeli nempahla, ukuhlalisa kanye nokupaka) kanye namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-72,7. kusukela emisebenzini engeyona eyendiza (isibonelo, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo, ukudla, ukupaka kanye nokuqashwa kwezakhiwo).
Izibalo zokuhamba ngendiza zango-2020
Ngonyaka odlule, izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba zakhonza abagibeli abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,36, i.e. 5,8 billion ngaphansi konyaka odlule. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla kwethrafikhi yezimpahla kwaba -63,3%, futhi ephezulu yabhalwa emachwebeni aseYurophu (-69,7%) naseMpumalanga Ephakathi (-68,8%). Ezimakethe ezimbili ezinkulu zase-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, ukuhamba kwabagibeli kwehle ngo -59,8% kanye -61,3%, ngokulandelana. Ngokwezibalo, inani elikhulu labagibeli lalahleka emachwebeni ase-Asia nasePacific Islands (abagibeli abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,0), iYurophu (abagibeli abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,7) naseNyakatho Melika.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala zika-2020, izindiza emazweni amaningi zasebenza ngaphandle kwemikhawulo emikhulu, futhi amachweba akhonze abahambi abayizigidi eziyi-1592 kule kota, okubalelwa ku-47,7% womphumela wonyaka. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, ukusebenza kwabo kwaphawulwa igagasi lokuqala lobhubhane lwe-coronavirus, lapho ukuvalwa (ukuvinjwa) kanye nemikhawulo yokuhamba ngendiza evamile kwethulwa emazweni amaningi. Ikota yesibili iphele ngabagibeli abayizigidi eziyi-251, okungama-10,8% omphumela wekota wonyaka odlule (abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-2318 97,3). Eqinisweni, imakethe yezokuthutha emoyeni iyekile ukusebenza, futhi ukwehla okukhulu kwekota kwenani lezimoto kubhalwe emachwebeni alandelayo: i-Afrika (-96,3%), iMpumalanga Ephakathi (-19%) kanye neYurophu. Kusukela maphakathi nonyaka, ukuhamba kwezimoto kuye kwaqala kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, ngokufika kwegagasi lesibili lalolu bhubhane kanye nokwethulwa kwemikhawulo eyengeziwe yokuvimbela ukusabalala kwe-Covid-737, ukuhamba ngezindiza kwehle futhi. Ngekota yesithathu, izikhumulo zezindiza zisebenzele abagibeli abayizigidi ezingama-22, okubalelwa ku-85,4% wemiphumela yonyaka. Maqondana nesikhathi esifanayo sonyaka odlule, ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu ngekota kokuhamba kwempahla kwabe sekuqoshwa kula machweba alandelayo: IMpumalanga Ephakathi (-82,9%), i-Afrika (-779%) kanye neNingizimu Melika. Izikhumulo zezindiza zasingatha abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-78,3 engxenyeni yesine, futhi ukuhamba ngendiza emazweni akhethiwe kwaphazanyiswa imingcele yokuhamba. Amachweba aseYurophu aqophe ukwehla okukhulu kwekota kwethrafikhi yabagibeli, ngo-58,5%, kuyilapho amachweba ase-Asia nasePacific Islands (-XNUMX%) naseNingizimu Melika athola ukulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu.
