Izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba wonke zango-2019
Isikhumulo sezindiza saseHong Kong sakhiwe esiqhingini sokwenziwa esinendawo engamahektha ayi-1255, esakhiwe ngemva kokumiswa kwezimbili ezingomakhelwane: iChek Lap Kok neLam Chau. Ukwakhiwa kwathatha iminyaka eyisithupha futhi kubiza u-$20 billion.
Ngonyaka odlule, izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba zanikeza abagibeli abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9,1 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-121,6 ezimpahla, futhi izindiza zokuxhumana zenze imisebenzi engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-90 zokusuka nokuhlalisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, isibalo sabagibeli sikhuphuke ngo-3,4%, kanti umthamo wempahla wehle ngo-2,5%. Amachweba amakhulu kunawo wonke abagibeli asele: i-Atlanta (izigidi ezingu-110,5 zamathani), iBeijing (izigidi ezingu-100), i-Los Angeles, i-Dubai ne-Tokyo Haneda, kanye namachweba wezimpahla: i-Hong Kong ( amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4,8), i-Memphis ( amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4,3), i-Shanghai, i-Louisville ne- I-Seoul. Esicongweni se-Skytrax esigabeni esihlonishwayo sesikhumulo sezindiza esihamba phambili emhlabeni, iSingapore iwinile, kwathi uTokyo Haneda noQatari Doha Hamad bebesemsamo.
Imakethe yezokuthutha ngomoya ingomunye wemikhakha emikhulu yomnotho womhlaba. Ivula ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nohwebo futhi iyisici esenza intuthuko yabo ibe namandla. Isici esibalulekile emakethe izikhumulo zezindiza zokuxhumana kanye nezindiza ezisebenza kuzo (PL). Kunezinkulungwane ezimbili nengxenye zazo, kusukela kwenkulu kunazo zonke, lapho izindiza zenza imisebenzi engamakhulu amaningana ngosuku, kuya kwencane kunazo zonke, lapho zenziwa khona ngezikhathi ezithile. Ingqalasizinda yechweba ihlukene futhi iguqulelwe kumthamo wokuhamba kwezindiza okuhlinzekwayo.
Isikhumulo sezindiza esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni iHong Kong, esithwala amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4,81 wempahla. Abathwali bempahla abangama-40 basebenza njalo, okuhlanganisa i-Cathay Pacific Cargo, i-Cargolux, i-DHL Aviation kanye ne-UPS Airlines.
Izikhumulo zezindiza ikakhulukazi zitholakala eduze kwama-agglomerations asemadolobheni, futhi ngenxa yokuphepha kokusebenza kwezindiza, izindawo ezinkulu ezinabantu abaningi kanye nokuphazamiseka komsindo, ngokuvamile zitholakala ebangeni elide ukusuka esikhungweni sazo. Ezikhumulweni zezindiza zaseYurophu, ibanga eliphakathi nendawo liyi-18,6 km. Ziseduze kakhulu nesikhungo, okuhlanganisa nalezo eziseGeneva (4 km), Lisbon (6 km), Düsseldorf (6 km) kanye neWarsaw (7 km), kanti ezikude kakhulu ziyiStockholm-Skavsta (90 km) kanye nechweba laseSandefjord-Torp (100 km), elisebenzela i-Oslo. Ngokwezici zokusebenza nezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenzeka kokusevisa izinhlobo ezithile zezindiza, izikhumulo zezindiza zihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nesistimu yamakhodi okubhekisela. Iqukethe inombolo kanye nohlamvu, izinombolo zazo ezisuka ku-1 kuye ku-4 ezimele ubude bomzila wendiza, futhi izinhlamvu ezisuka ku-A ziye ku-F zinquma imingcele yezobuchwepheshe yendiza. I-Aerodrome evamile engakwazi ukuhlalisa, isibonelo, indiza ye-Airbus A320, kufanele ibe nekhodi encane engu-3C (okungukuthi umzila wezindiza 1200-1800 m, amaphiko aphiko angama-24-36 m). E-Poland, i-Chopin Airport kanye ne-Katowice zinamakhodi ereferensi e-4E aphezulu kakhulu. Amakhodi anikezwe i-ICAO kanye ne-IATA Air Carriers Association asetshenziselwa ukuqoka izikhumulo zezindiza namachweba. Amakhodi e-ICAO angamakhodi anezinhlamvu ezine futhi anesakhiwo sesifunda: incwadi yokuqala ibonisa ingxenye yomhlaba, eyesibili ibonisa isifunda sokuphatha noma izwe, kanti ezimbili zokugcina zibonisa isikhumulo sezindiza esithile (isibonelo, EDDL - Europe, Germany, Düsseldorf). Amakhodi e-IATA amakhodi anezinhlamvu ezintathu futhi avame ukubhekisela egameni ledolobha lapho itheku likhona (isibonelo, i-BRU - Brussels) noma igama lalo (isibonelo, i-LHR - London Heathrow).
Imali engenayo yezimali yezikhumulo zezindiza evela emisebenzini yaminyaka yonke isezingeni lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-160-180. Izimali ezitholwe emisebenzini yezokundiza zakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngemali ekhokhwayo: ukuphatha abagibeli nempahla esikhumulweni semikhumbi, ukuhlalisa kanye nokuma okuphuthumayo kwendiza, kanye: nokususa uqhwa nokususwa kweqhwa, ukuvikelwa okukhethekile nokunye. Benza cishe u-55% wemali engenayo yechweba (isibonelo, ngo-2018 - 99,6 billion dollars). Imali engenayo ye-non-aeronautical accounting cishe i-40% futhi itholakala ikakhulukazi: amalayisense, ukupaka kanye nemisebenzi yokuqasha (isibonelo, ngo-2018 - $ 69,8 billion). Izindleko ezihlobene nokusebenza kwechweba minyaka yonke zisebenzisa u-60% wemali engenayo, ingxenye yesithathu yayo ibalwa ngamaholo abasebenzi. Minyaka yonke, izindleko zokwandisa kanye nokwenza ingqalasizinda yesikhumulo sezindiza ibe yesimanje ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30-40.
Inhlangano ehlanganisa izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni yi-ACI Airports Council International, eyasungulwa ngo-1991. Ibamele ezingxoxweni nasezingxoxweni nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe (isb. I-ICAO ne-IATA), izinsizakalo zethrafikhi yezindiza nabathwali, futhi ithuthukisa amazinga ezinsiza zamachweba. NgoJanuwari 2020, opharetha abangama-668 bajoyine i-ACI, besebenzisa izikhumulo zezindiza eziyi-1979 emazweni ayi-176. I-95% yethrafikhi yomhlaba idlula lapho, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucabangela izibalo zale nhlangano njengabameleli bazo zonke izindlela zokuxhumana zezindiza. Izibalo zamanje ezihlobene nemisebenzi yechweba zishicilelwa yi-ACI emibikweni yanyanga zonke, cishe njalo ngonyaka ekupheleni kwekota yokuqala yonyaka olandelayo, futhi imiphumela yokugcina ishicilelwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva. Ikomkhulu le-ACI World lizinze eMontreal futhi lisekelwa amakomiti akhethekile namabutho asebenzayo futhi linamahhovisi ezifunda ezinhlanu: i-ACI North America (Washington); ACI Europe (Brussels); I-ACI-Asia/Pacific (Hong Kong); I-ACI-Africa (Casablanca) kanye ne-ACI-South America/Caribbean (Panama City).
Izibalo zethrafikhi zango-2019
Ngonyaka odlule, izikhumulo zezindiza zomhlaba zanikeza abagibeli abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9,1 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-121,6 ezimpahla. Uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, ukuminyana kwabagibeli kunyuke ngo-3,4%. Ezinyangeni ezithile, ukukhula kwezimoto zabagibeli kwahlala kusuka ku-1,8% kuya ku-3,8%, ngaphandle kukaJanuwari, lapho kufinyelele ku-4,8%. Ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwethrafikhi yabagibeli kwarekhodwa emachwebeni aseNingizimu Melika (3,7%), ukukhula kwakungenxa yezokuthutha zasekhaya (4,7%). Ezimakethe ezinkulu e-Asia-Pacific, eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, ukukhula kuphakathi kuka-3% no-3,4%.
Ukuthuthwa kwempahla kushintshe kakhulu, okukhombisa isimo somnotho wezwe. Ukuhamba kwezindiza zomhlaba wonke kwehle ngo-2,5%, nokusebenza kabi e-Asia Pacific (-4,3%), eNingizimu Melika (-3,5%) naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukwehla okukhulu kokuhamba kwezimpahla kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari (-5,4%) noJuni (-5,1%), kanti okuncane kakhulu - ngoJanuwari nangoDisemba (-0,1%). Emakethe enkulu yaseNyakatho Melika, ukwehla bekungaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso somhlaba wonke sika -0,5%. Imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokuthuthwa kwempahla ngonyaka odlule iwumphumela wokuwohloka komnotho womhlaba, okubangele ukwehla kokuthuthwa kwempahla, kanye nokuqala kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 ekupheleni konyaka (umkhuba ongemuhle waqalwa yizikhumulo zezindiza zase-Asia).
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amachweba ase-Afrika abonise ukukhula okuphezulu kakhulu kokuhamba kwabagibeli kanye namandla amancane kakhulu okuncipha kwethrafikhi yempahla, efinyelele ku-6,7% kanye -0,2% ngokulandelana. Nokho, ngenxa yesisekelo sazo esiphansi (isabelo esingu-2%), lokhu akuwona umphumela obalulekile ngokwezibalo esikalini somhlaba.
Izikhumulo zezindiza ezinkulu
Azikho izinguquko ezinkulu ekubekweni kwezikhumulo zezindiza ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-Atlanta yaseMelika isalokhu ingumholi (i-110,5 million pass.), kanti iBeijing Capital isendaweni yesibili (i-100 million pass.). Balandelwa yi: Los Angeles (88 million), Dubai (86 million), Tokyo Haneda, Chicago O'Hare, London Heathrow neShanghai. I-Hong Kong iseyichweba elikhulu kakhulu elithwala impahla, elithwala amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4,8, ilandelwa iMemphis (emathani ayizigidi ezingu-4,3), iShanghai (amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3,6), iLouisville, iSeoul, i-Anchorage ne-Dubai. Kodwa-ke, ngokwenani lokusuka nokufika, okumatasa kakhulu yi-Chicago O'Hare (920), Atlanta (904), Dallas (720), Los Angeles, Denver, Beijing Capital kanye ne-Charlotte.
Ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezinkulu zabagibeli ezingamashumi amathathu (23% wethrafikhi yomhlaba), eziyishumi nantathu zise-Asia, eziyisishiyagalolunye eNyakatho Melika, eziyisikhombisa eYurophu kanye nesisodwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kulawa, amashumi amabili nantathu aqophe ukwanda kwethrafikhi, okuzuzwe amandla amakhulu kakhulu: i-American Dallas-Fort Worth (8,6%) ne-Denver, kanye ne-Chinese Shenzhen. Phakathi kwezimpahla ezingamashumi amabili ezinkulu ezisingathwa ngamathani (amaphesenti angama-40 ethrafikhi), eziyisishiyagalolunye zise-Asia, ezinhlanu eNyakatho Melika, ezine eYurophu kanye nezimbili eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kulawa, afinyelela kwabayishumi nesikhombisa aqophe ukwehla kwethrafikhi, aphezulu kakhulu okuyiBangkok yaseThailand (-11,2%), i-Amsterdam ne-Tokyo Narita. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinhlwini ezinkulu ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu zokusuka nokuhlalisa, eziyishumi nantathu ziseNyakatho Melika, ziyisithupha e-Asia, ezinhlanu eYurophu, neyodwa eNingizimu Melika. Kulawa, angu-19 aqophe ukwanda kwenani lemisebenzi, okunamandla kakhulu amachweba ase-US: i-Phoenix (10%), i-Dallas-Fort Worth ne-Denver.
Amandla aqhubezela ukukhula kwethrafikhi yabagibeli kwaba ezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe, ukushintshashintsha kwazo (4,1%) kube phezulu ngo-2,8% kune-dynamics yezindiza zasekhaya (86,3%). Ichweba elikhulu kunawo wonke ngokwenani labagibeli bamazwe ngamazwe yiDubai, ekhonze abagibeli abayizigidi ezingama-76. Amachweba alandelayo akleliswe kulesi sigaba: London Heathrow (72M), Amsterdam (71M), Hong Kong (12,4M), Seoul, Paris, Singapore kanye neFrankfurt. Phakathi kwabo, amandla amakhulu kakhulu alotshwe yiQatari Doha (19%), iMadrid neBarcelona. Ngokuphawulekayo, kulesi simo, ichweba lokuqala laseMelika liku-34,3 kuphela (New York-JFK - XNUMX million pass.).
Iningi lezindawo ezinkulu zamadolobha amakhulu endaweni ye-agglomeration yazo zinezikhumulo zezindiza ezimbalwa zokuxhumana. Umthamo omkhulu wabagibeli wawuse: London (izikhumulo zezindiza: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City and Southend) - imizila eyizigidi ezingu-181; I-New York (i-JFK, i-Newark ne-La Guardia) - izigidi ezingu-140; I-Tokyo (i-Haneda ne-Narita) - izigidi ezingu-130; Atlanta (Hurstsfield) - 110 million; I-Paris (uCharles de Gaulle no-Orly) - izigidi ezingu-108; Chicago (O'Hare futhi Midway) - 105 million futhi Moscow (Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo futhi Vnukovo) - 102 million.
